Abby Yaske Flashcards
Exam 1
Health
Sate of complete physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being.
Physical Health
Biological integrity of the individual
Mental health
Emotional and intellectual capabilities; the the individuals subjective sense of well being
Social health
The ability of the individual to interact effectively with other people and the social environment.
Wellness
The process of adopting patterns of behavior that can lead to improved mental health and heightened life satisfaction
What are the dimensions of wellness?
Physical emotional intellectual spiritual interpersonal / social environmental occupational
Socioeconomic model of health and wellness
A framework that recognizes the interrelationship between individuals and their environment; it emphasizes that where we live, work, and play influences our health.
Social determinants of health
Societal conditions that effect health and can potentially be altered by social and health policies and programs.
income, status, education, literacy, employment, working conditions, housing, transportation, social support networks, and access to healthcare.
Built physical environment factors
housing streets schools sanitation transportation systems
Natural physical environment factors
Air/water quality, proximity to environmental hazards, and access to parks and natural settings.
Ethnicity
The sense of identity an individual draws from national, religious, tribal, language and cultural origins.
Race
describes ethnic groups based on physical characteristics; race does not exist as a biological reality.
Public health
the study and practice of health promotion and disease prevention at a population level.
Health promotion
Public health-related actions designed to maintain a current healthy state or advance to a more desirable state.
Disease prevention
Public health-related actions designed to ward off or protect against certain diseases.
Health belief model
model of behavior change that uses the constructs of perceived susceptibility, seriousness of consequences, benefits of action, and barriers to action.
Stage of change model
model of behavior change that focuses on stages of change. - change is a process
What are the stages of change?
Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination
Health literacy
the ability to read, understand, and act on health information.
health risk
probability of a exposure to a hazard that can result in negative consequences
genome
total set of organisms DNA
Differentiation
process of which an unspecialized cell divides and gives rise to a specialized cell
Stem cell
undifferentiated cell that is capable of giving rise to different types of specialized cells
Positive psychology
Area within the field of psychology that focuses on positive emotions, character strengths, and conditions that create happiness
Altruistic
Unselfishly concerned for the welfare of others
Self actualization
In Moslows work, the state attained when a person has reached his or her full potential
3 components of happiness
positive emotion and pleasure
engagement
meaning
Emotional intelligence
includes and understanding go emotional experience, self-awareness, and sensitivity to others
Phases of bereavement after the loss of a loved one
Numbness and shock
separation
disorganization
reorganization
Frontal cortex
The part of the brain where the executive functions of planning, organizing, and rational thinking are controlled
Neurotransmitters
Brain chemicals that conduct signals from one brain sell to the next
Depression
characterized by a depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure in activities and other related symptoms
Major depressive disorder
mood disorder characterized by one or more episodes of depression lasting at least 2 weeks
Bipolar disorder
mood disorder characterized by one or more manic episodes that may alternate with depressive episodes
Manic episode
an abnormally elevated or irritable mood during a specific period of time
Panic attack
physiological and psychological experience of apprehension or intense fear in the absence of a real danger
Panic disorder
anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks along with concern about having another attack
Specific phobia
An intense, irrational fear of a particular object or situation
Social phobia
An intense fear of particular social or performance situations
Generalized anxiety disorder
anxiety disorder characterized by chronic, excessive worrying about everyday events; unwarranted anxiety
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Anxiety disorder characterized by ritualized behaviors in response to persistent distressing thoughts
Addiction
dependence on a substance or behavior
Physiological dependence
consequence of chronic substance use characterized by tolerance and withdrawal
Psychotic disorders
mental disorders characterized by signs that the individual has lost touch with reality
Schizophrenia
Psychotic disorder characterized by disorganized and disordered thinking and perceptions, bizarre ideas, hallucinations and impaired functioning
psychotherapy
treatment for psychological problems usually based on the development of a positive relationship between a client and therapist
Stress
The general state of the body, mind, and emotions when an environmental stressor has triggered the stress response
Eustress
positive stress
stress response / fight or flight response
A series of physiological changes that activate body systems, providing a burst of energy to deal with a perceived threat or danger
relaxation response
A series of physiological changes that calm body systems and return them to normal functioning
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Selye’s classic model describing the physiological changes associated with stress response.
The 3 phases of GAS
alarm
resistance
exhaustion
burnout
adverse work related stress reaction with physical, psychological and behavioral components
intimacy
Emotional component of love, inlacing feelings of closeness, warmth, openness, and affection
Passion
Sexual component of love, including attraction, romance, excitement, and physical intensity
Commitment
The decision aspect of a relationship, the pledge to stay with a partner through good times and bad.
metamessage
The unspoken message in a communication; the meaning behind the message, conveyed by nonverbal behavior and by situational factors such as how, when, and where the message is delivered
Assertivness
The ability to standup for oneself without violating other peoples rights
Sex
a persons biological status - determined at birth by genitalia
intersex
having ambiguous reproductive or sexual anatomy
Gender
masculine or feminine behavior characteristics considered appropriate for male / female in a particular culture
Gender role
behaviors and activities a person engages in to conform to societies expectations of his or her sex
cohabitation
living arrangement in which two people of the opposite sex live together as unmarried partners
Community
A group of people connected by values, purpose and goals
values
Set of criteria for judging what is good and bad that underlies moral decisions and behavior
Spirituality
The experience of connection to self, others, and the community at large, providing a sense of purpose and meaning
Service learning
Form of education that combines coursework with community service
Circadian Rhythm
Daily 24 hour cycle of physiological and behavioral functioning
Sleep Debt
The difference between the amount of sleep attained and the amount needed to maintain alert wakefulness during the daytime, when the amount attained is less than the amount needed
Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep
Type of sleep characterized by slower brainwaves than are seen during wakefulness as well as other physiological markers; divided into 4 stages of increasingly deep sleep p
Rapid eye movement sleep (REM)
Type of sleep characterized by brain waves and other physiological signs characteristic of a waking state but also characterized by reduced muscle tone, or sleep paralysis; most dream occur during REM sleep
REM rebound effect
increase in the length and frequency of REM sleep episodes that are experienced when a person sleeps for a longer time after a period of sleep deprivation
Sleep latency
amount of time it takes a person to fall asleep
Multiple Sleep latency test
Test of sleep latency, administered as an index of daytime sleepiness and usually given 5 times during the day at a sleep clinic
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
An umbrella term for 4 sets of dietary recommendations:
- Estimated Average Requirement
- Recommended dietary allowance
- Adequate intake
- Tolerable upper intake level
designed to promote optimal health and prevent both nutritional deficiencies and chronic disease.
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
The average daily amount of any one nutrient an individual needs to protect against nutritional deficiency
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)
Intake ranges that provide adequate nutrition and that are associated with reduced risk of chronic disease.
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Scientifically based recommendations designed to promote health and reduce the risk for many chronic diseases through diet and physical activity
MyPlate
Graphic nutritional tool developed by the USDA that can be customized depending on your calorie needs
Daily Values
Dietary standards used on food labels to indicate how a particular food contributes to the recommended daily intake of major nutrients in a 2000 calorie diet
Essential nutrients
chemical substances used by the body to build, maintain, and repair tissues and regulate body functions. They can not made by the body and must be obtained from foods or supplements
Electrolytes
Mineral components that carry electrical charges and conduct nerve impulses
Simple carbohydrates
Easily digestible carbohydrates composed of one or two units of sugar
Glycogen
the complex carbohydrate from which glucose is stored in the liver and muscles
Added sugars
sugars that are added to foods when they are processed; they are listed as ingredients on food packages
complex carbohydrates
carbohydrates that are composed of multiple sugar units and that must be broken down further before they can be used by the body
Starches
complex carbohydrates found in many plant foods
Refined carbohydrates
foods made from plant sources, such as grain or sugar cane, whose fiber has been processed away and which have been ground into small particles
Whole grains
Grains, such as wheat, rice, corn, whose outer coating is intact
Dietary fiber
complet carbohydrate found in plants that can not be broken down in the digestive tract`
functional fiber
natural or synthetic fiber that has been added to food
Total fiber
combined amount of dietary fiber and functional fiber in a food
protein
essential nutrient made up of amino acids, needed to build and maintain muscles, bones, and other body tissues
Essential amino acids
amino acids that the body can not produce on its own
complete proteins
proteins composed of ample amounts of all the essential amino acids
incomplete proteins
proteins that contain small amounts of essential amino acids or some, but not all, of the essential amino acids
Fats
aka lipids,
fats are an essential nutrient composed of fatty acids and used for energy and other body functions
Saturated fats
lipids that are the predominant fat in animal products and other fats that remain solid at room temperature
mono saturated fats
lipids that are liquid at room temperature and semisolid or solid when refrigerated
polyunsaturated fats
lipids that are liquid at room temp and in fridge
cholesterol
a waxy substance produced by the liver and obtained from animal food sources, essential to the functioning of the body but a possible factor in cardiovascular disease if too much is circulating in blood stream
Trans fatty acids
lipids that have been chemically modified through the process of hydrogenation so that they remain solid at room temperature
hydrogenation
process whereby liquid vegetable oils are turned into more solid fats
omega 3 fatty acids
Polyunsaturated fatty acids that contain the essential nutrient alpha-linoenic acid and that have beneficial effects on cardiovascular health
omega 6 fatty acids
polyunsaturated fatty acids that contain linoliec acid and that have beneficial health effects
Minerals
naturally occurring inorganic micronutrients, such as magnesium, calcium and iron, that contribute to proper functioning of the body
Vitamins
naturally occurring organic micronutrients that aid chemical reactions in the body and help maintain healthy body systems
phytochemical
substances that are naturally produced by plants to protect themselves and that provide health benefits in the human body
Free radicals
Unstable molecules that are produced when oxygen is metabolized and that damage cell structures and DNA
Antioxidants
substances in foods that neutralize the effects of free radicals
Kilocalorie
amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by 1 degree centigrade; commonly shortened to calorie
nutrient density
the proportion of nutrients to total calories in a food
% Daily Value
the % that a nutrient in a serving of food contributes to a daily diet
Food desert
low-income are where more than 500 people, or 33% of the population has low access to a supermarket or large grocery story
Food intoxication
a kind of food poisoning in which a food is contaminated by natural toxins or by microbes that produce toxins
food infection
a kind of food poisoning in which a food is contaminated by disease causing microorganisms, or pathogens
genetically modified (GM) organisms
organisms whose genetic makeup has been changed to produced desirable traits
Physical Fitness
Ability of the body to respond to the phyisical demands places upon it
Skill related fitness
Ability yo perform specific skills associated with various sports and leisure activities
health-related fitness
ability to perform daily living activities with vigor
physical activity
activity that requires any types of movement
exercise
structured, planned physical activity, often carried out to improve fitness
Cardiorespiratory fitness
ability of the heart and lungs to efficiently deliver oxygen and nutrients to the body’s muscles and cells via the bloodstream
Target Heart Rate (THR) zone
Range of exercise intensity that allows you to stress you cardiorespiratory system for optimal benefit without overloading the system
Heart Rate Reserve (HRR)
Difference between maximum heart rate and resting heart rate
Muscular strength
Capacity of a muscle to exert force against resistance
Muscular Endurance
capacity of a muscles to exert force repeatedly over a period of time
Muscular Power
Amount of work performed by muscles in a given period of time
Core-strength training
Strength training that conditions the body torso from the neck to the lower back
Flexibility
Ability of joints to move through their full range of motion
Body composition
Relative amounts of body fat and lean body mass
Hypothermia
Low body temperature, a life-threatening condition
Overweight
body weight that exceeds the recommended guidelines for good health
Obesity
Body weight that greatly exceeds the recommended guidelines for good health, as indicated by a body mass index of 30 or more
Body mass index (BMI)
Measure of body weight in relation to height
Weight Cycling
Repeated cycles of weight loss and weight gain as a result of dieting; sometimes called yo-yo dieting
Energy balance
Relationship between caloric intake and caloric output
Thermic Effect of food
Estimate of the energy required to process the food you eat
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Rate at which your body uses energy for basic life functions, such as breathing, circulation, and temperature regulation
Body image
Mental representation that a person has of his or her own body, including perceptions, attitudes, thoughts, emotions, and actions
Calorie Restriction
A reduction in calorie intake below daily needs
Purging
Using self-induces vomiting, laxatives, or diuretics to get rid of excess calories that have been consumed
Muscle Dysmorphia
Disorder in which a person perceives his body to be underdeveloped no matter how highly developed his muscles really are
Disordered eating behaviors
Abnormal eating patterns that may not fit the diagnostic rules for anorexia or bulimia but affect quality of life
Eating disorders
conditions characterized by severely disturbed eating behaviors and distorted body image; eating disorders jeopardize physical and psychological health
Anorexia Nervosa
Eating disorder marked by distortion of body image and refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight
Bulimia Nervosa
eating disorder marked by distortion of body image and repeated episodes of binge eating, followed by purging in the form of self-induced vomiting, misuse of diuretics or laxatives, excessive exercising, or fasting
Binge-eating disorder
Eating disorder marked by binge-eating behavior without the vomiting or purging of bulimia
Body Dysmorphic disorder
Preoccupation with an imagined exaggerated defect in appearance
Female athlete triad
Interrelated conditions of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis
