Final Flashcards
Study for Final
1
Q
What is Affection Exchange Theory?
A
A theory that explains how affection is a key component of relational connections. The theory addresses how affection is shared and what its impact is on partners.
2
Q
How do people communicate affection (Affection Exchange Theory)?
A
1) Non-verbal expressions
2) Verbal Expressions
3) Expressions of support
3
Q
What are the five postulates of Affection Exchange Theory?
A
1) Affection needs and capacity are innate
2) Feeling affection and expressing affection are related but not the same
3) Affectionate communication increases human survival and fertility
4) People vary in their tolerance for affection, so different relationships need to be judged in their specific context
5) People don’t like affection behaviors that violate their tolerances
4
Q
Why does affectionate communication contribute to survival and fertility?
A
1) It helps create connected relationships, improving access to material and emotional resources
2) Expressing affection increases reproductive opportunities by demonstrating one’s suitability as a parent
3) Exchanging affection feels good and not receiving affection feels bad
5
Q
What as Affection Deprivation (Affection Exchange Theory)?
A
The desire to have more tactile affectionate communication than one is currently getting.
6
Q
What is relational dialectics theory?
A
A theory that builds on the work of Bakhtin. It explains how the natural tensions (dialectics) of relationships between people are managed through coordinated dialogue, and how communication is used to manage similarity and difference within relationships.
7
Q
What is a discursive struggle (relational dialectics theory)?
A
A discursive struggle is the process one goes through to alleviate dialectical tensions within the self.
8
Q
What does it mean that relationships are both dialogical and dialectical (relational dialectics theory)?
A
It means that relationships have natural tensions and that those tensions are managed through coordinated dialogue.
9
Q
What is social penetration theory?
A
This theory examines the process of increasing disclosure and intimacy within a relationship. It explains that people are constantly managing the tension between openness/public persona and privacy, and that they must negotiate permeable and impermeable boundaries as a result.
10
Q
What is social exchange?
A
Social exchange is the process of making decisions about human interaction that are balanced between the costs and the rewards. People generally disclose information when the rewards outweigh the costs.
11
Q
What is a schema in the context of Family Patterns of Interaction?
A
A schema is a way of looking at something.
It is comprised of an organized set of memories, or a mental map based on past experience
12
Q
What are the three levels of schema (Family Patterns of Interaction)?
A
1) What we know about relationships in general
2) What we know about family relationships as a type
3) What we know about our specific relationships with family members.
13
Q
How do we create family schemas (Family Patterns of Interaction)?
A
We create mini-schemas for each relationship based on the three levels of schema, then we compile those schemas into larger family schemas
14
Q
What are the four types of family schemas (Family Patterns of Interaction)?
A
1) Consensual (high conversation, high conformity)
2) Pluralistic (high conversation, low conformity)
3) Protective (low conversation, high conformity)
4) Laissez-Faire (low conversation, low conformity)
15
Q
What are the characteristics of a consensual family schema?
A
People in consensual families tend to have traditionalist views of family relationships, including spousal roles and parental authority. There is a lot of communication, so people feel heard and appreciated.
16
Q
What are the characteristics of a pluralistic family schema?
A
Partners in these families tend to have independent marriages with non-traditional divisions of labor. Family members operate more independently, however, high levels of conversation keep people communicating and this leads to familial satisfaction.
17
Q
What are the characteristics of a protective family schema?
A
Protective families do not talk about things very much, yet they expect high levels of conformity. Spouses tend to exist in separate marriages where they stick to traditional roles because it is expected, not because it is agreed to. Low levels of communication cal lead people to feel stifled, which means these marriages tend to break up over time.
18
Q
What are the characteristics of a laissez-faire family schema?
A
People in these families don’t talk and they don’t expect anyone to conform. These marriages are dysfunctional because they have neither conversation to connect partners nor traditional roles to fall back on. Because people don’t have anything tying them together, these families fall apart.
19
Q
What is the narrow ridge?
A
Martin Buber defines the narrow ridge as an I-Thou dialogue where participants are both clearly expressing their own ideas and listening carefully to others while honoring them and their ideas. This sort of dialogue is a genuine exchange among equals, and allows for the most productive exchange of ideas.
20
Q
What is social penetration theory?
A
Social penetration theory studies how we increase disclosure and intimacy in conversations. It is related to social exchange theory, which believes that people make decisions based on costs and rewards. I
21
Q
What is self-disclosure (social penetration theory)?
A
Information you reveal about yourself that people wouldn’t know otherwise. Self-disclosure can lead to reciprocity, where there is a mutual exchange.
22
Q
Why is social penetration theory considered a descriptive theory?
A
Because social penetration theory describes relationships but does not prescribe action.
23
Q
What is a comparison level and/or a comparison level alternative (social penetration theory)?
A
A comparison level is a mental benchmark that you can use to compare the costs and rewards of your relationship to see what it should be. A comparison level alternative happens when you make a direct comparison of the costs and rewards of one specific relationship to that of another specific relationship
24
Q
What is the difference between an I-It view of the other and an I-Thou view?
A
And I-It relationship occurs when we think of ourselves as important and we we think of others as things to be labeled, manipulated and steered for our benefit.
An I-Thou relationship happens when we see both ourselves and others as important whole persons who cannot be reduced to a simple characterization. There is an idea that we have to stand by what is important to us, acknowledge life experiences, as well as the ideas and feelings of others, and that we believe that people have an inherent dignity that should be honored.
25
What does Buber mean by dialogue?
Buber thinks of dialogue as a manifestation of the I-Thou relationship where participants walk the narrow ridge. True dialogue can only take place in the I-Thou relationship
26
What are the three types of interaction within the I-It relationship?
1) Monologue - where one person dominates/monopolizes the conversation to the exclusion of the other
2) Technical dialogue - a conversation that centers around information rather than participants' experiences
3) Disguised Monologue - a conversation where participants talk around the issues without honestly and directly engaging with either the self or the other in their complexity
27
What is a dialectic?
A push-pull tension between opposing forces.
28
What are the three common dialectics people express within relationships?
1) Integration (connection) vs Separation (autonomy)
2) Expression (open-book) vs Nonexpression (closed book)
3) Stability (predictability) vs. Change (novelty)
Everyone expresses a different level of each of these, and balancing these factors in relationship is normal.
29
What is a Self-Other Face Dialectic (Identity Management Theory)?
This dialectic is the push-pull tension that happens when we both want to support the other person's identity and assert our own identity. This is most apparent in intercultural relationships where identities are clearly disparate and those disparities must be managed.
30
What is Identity Management Theory?
A theory explaining how identities are established, maintained, and changed within relationships as a result of constant renegotiation between participants. As a result we are always asking questions like 'who are we' and 'what is the nature of our relationship'?
31
Why does Identity Management Theory matter in everyday life?
It supports the idea that you are your five best friends...essentially, people's identities are formed by and through association with other people. We become more like the people we hang out with.
32
What is Interpersonal Deception Theory?
Interpersonal Deception Theory is a way of understanding how people handle deception, or the deliberate manipulation of information/behavior/image to manipulate others within relationships.
33
What is leakage (Interpersonal Deception Theory)?
A small non-strategic behavior that indicates that deception is occurring, such as a poker tell. "Telltale" signs are not always reliable, however, due to other factors such as nervousness.
34
What are the three primary factors influencing the difficulty to detect and/or conceal deception behavior (Interpersonal deception theory)?
1) Truth bias (feeling like we need to tell the truth)
2) Immediacy (being face to face with the person)
3) Conversational demands (how much are we trying to balance while carrying out the deception?)
35
What does 'interact' mean in the context of interaction analysis?
Interact is the act of one person followed by the act of another. These are classified along the content dimension (the content of the communication) and the relationship dimension (relationship indicators in the communication).
36
Why does Fisher describe interaction analysis as decision emergence (interaction analysis)?
Because almost all communications in a task group are related to a decision proposal, and as a result interact statements are classified in terms of how they respond to said proposal.
37
What are the four stages of group development in interaction analysis?
1) Orientation - when things are being clarified and POVs beginning to be expressed
2) Conflict - the dissent phase when people begin to solidify their attitudes and polarize themselves in their opinions. Members disagree, and engage in persuasion and evaluation, and may form coalitions with allies
3) Emergence - coalitions disappear and cooperation begins to emerge as people soften their viewpoints
4) Reinforcement - where group decision solidifies and is reinforced by members. People are in agreement and comments are almost uniformly favorable
38
What is the inputs-processes-outputs model of groups?
This is a way of describing the process groups go through as they are taking information in, processing that information, and having that information change them. It is a cyclical three step process.
1) Input - Information comes into the group
2) Process - the group examines and processes the information
3) Output - the results circulate back out to affect others and affect the group
Information generated from process and outputs can become input.
39
What is synergy?
Synergy is group effort.
40
What is the difference between intrinsic and effective synergy?
Intrinsic synergy is the amount of group effort that has to be directed towards interpersonal issues.
Effective synergy is the effort available to tackle the actual task.
Synergy is limited within the group.
Conflict increases intrinsic synergy which then takes away from effective synergy.
41
How do the three clusters of difference interact (Effective Intercultural Workgroup Theory)?
All cultures are defined by the way they happen to evince three clusters of difference.
1) Individualism vs. collectivism (is the culture focused on the individual or the group?)
2) Independent vs. Interdependent self-construal (do people in the culture think of themselves as independent an unique or as connected through relationship?)
3) Self face vs. Other Face vs. Mutual face (are people in the culture worried about their own image, others' image, or the image of the relationship?)
42
What is a bona fide group?
Any self-formed, naturally occurring group
43
What are the characteristics of bona fide groups?
Bona fide groups have permeable boundaries defining what is in and what is out of the group. These boundaries are fluid and constantly changing, and must be negotiated through communication and interaction. This is particularly important as old members leave and new members come in and must be socialized.
Bona fide groups are interdependent with the environment. They are influenced by their environment and they in turn influence that same environment.
44
What is liminality (bona fide group theory)?
A sense that the group is in transition and it is not sure how it relates to its history or the institutions it is part of. This can create a feeling of being in a suspended state.
45
What is the core of bona fide group perspective?
Groups cannot be separated from their environments, but are simultaneously both a product of and a determinate force within that environment.
46
What is Groupthink theory?
Groupthink theory is a way of thinking the costs of high cohesiveness within a given group.
47
What is cohesiveness (groupthink)?
Cohesiveness is the degree of mutual interest about and between members in a group. It is based on the idea that people like to be on the same page about what their goals are and what they are trying to do. Cohesiveness boosts mutual rewards by giving people a sense of shared priorities and purpose, making people feel productive. People then put energy into maintaining cohesiveness. It has a downside, however, because it can cause people to feel morally superior to outsiders, as well as prompt them to believe stereotypes about those outsiders. It also gives the illusion of invulnerability (we all agree so we must be right) and encourages people to self-censor when they do not agree with the group.
48
What are the costs of cohesiveness in groupthink theory?
Groups with excessively high cohesiveness get the illusion of unanimity, and can fail in their tasks because they neglect critical thinking and do not adequately examine their actions/decisions.
49
What are the six negative outcomes of groupthink?
1) Limited discussion that does not consider full range of creative possibilities
2) Over-acceptance of first favored position, which prevents that position from being adequately examined from possible problems
3) No reexamination of disfavored alternatives, even if those alternatives are superior
4) Over-reliance on internal knowledge/No consultation of expert and/or outside opinions
5) Selective information gathering that only concentrates on supporting the favored plan, leading to insufficient data
6) Excessive confidence, leading group members to neglect forming contingency plans or plan for the possibility of failure
50
What is Interaction-Process Analysis?
This is a theory of small group communication that examines the kinds of messages people exchange in groups as well as the way these messages shape roles and personalities of group members and effect the overall character of the group.
51
How can people show positive and/or mixed attitudes towards others in Interaction-Process Analysis?
1) Being friendly
2) Dramatizing (telling stories)
3) Agreeing with one another
52
How can people show negative and/or mixed attitudes towards others in Interaction-Process Analysis?
1) Disagreeing with one another
2) Showing tension with one another
3) Being unfriendly to one another
53
What are the six actions people can take when trying to accomplish a group's task (Interaction-Process Analysis)?
1) Ask for information
2) Ask for opinions
3) Ask for suggestions
4) Give suggestions
5) Give opinions
6) Give information
54
How do the six actions reveal the kinds of problems a group may have (Interaction-Process Analysis)?
Insufficiently engaging in any of the six actions leads to specific problems in the group. Insufficient information sharing leads to communication problems. Insufficient opinion sharing leads to evaluation problems. Insufficient suggestion sharing leads to control problems. No agreement leads to no decision, and insufficient dramatizing leads to tension problems.
55
Why are unfriendly groups a problem in Interaction-Process Analysis?
Unfriendly groups struggle with reintegration, which means they cannot build a sense of cohesion between members
56
How should communication be balanced in Interaction-Process Analysis?
People need to balance task and interpersonal issues in order to prevent the group from creating an bad interpersonal climate and/or an unproductive group. As a result, these groups have two kinds of leaders, who may or may not be teh same person -- a task leader and a socioemotional leader.
57
What is symbolic convergence theory?
SCT is a way of understanding how people create a shared reality through communication. It is based on the idea that people's images of reality are guided by stories reflecting the way they believe things to be. People interact and they create common fantasy themes that chain out from person and create a shared world view
58
What is a fantasy type (symbolic convergence)?
A very familiar fantasy theme/stock situation that is repeated over and over again within a group.
59
What is a rhetorical vision (symbolic convergence)?
A composite vision for a group created by a subset of story elements. Rhetorical visions can be righteous (morally based), social (socially based) or pragmatic (practically based).
60
What is concertive control?
Concertive control is a form of democratic group self-management. Members establish group values and perspectives together and monitor one another to ensure that members are conforming to group expectations. In this way, concertive control can be more restrictive than traditional forms of management.
61
What is personal health communication?
Communication about health between an individual and family, friends, and providers
62
What are organizational relationships within health communication?
The relationships providers have with one another within and between health organizations.
63
What is public health communication?
Media messages like PSAs or health communication campaigns that convey information to a large group of people
64
What is Fisher's narrative paradigm?
The narrative paradigm is a traditional look at how we use stories and how we use those stories to persuade others. It is an alternative to Aristotle's ethos/pathos/logos rhetorical construction.
65
How do we evaluate stories within the narrative paradigm?
We evaluate stories using two criteria:
1) Narrative probability - overall coherence of story
2) Narrative fidelity - how 'true' the story seems and how well it goes with other stories we've accepted as true
66
How does the narrative paradigm benefit health communication?
Narratives help people to connect with information in a powerful and personal way. It bypass people's resistance and give them an important tool as part of their sensemaking process. Narratives can shape our decision making process, and also help us transform our identities so we can better cope with our situation and build support communities.
67
What is entertainment education?
The process of combining education and entertainment in media messages. This is often accomplished by integrating health messages inside tv and radio shows in order to increase knowledge, prosocial attitudes, and influence individual behavior and cultural norms.
68
How does entertainment education reduce psychological reactance?
It reduces people's sense that they're being told what to do by encouraging them to personally identify with the story through parasocial interaction (the relationships people feel like they have with the characters).
69
How does entertainment education reduce counterarguing?
It encourages identification and transportation in audience members, leading them to identify with the intended action rather than raising points against it.
70
What is the extended parallel process model?
This model explains how people manage fear generated from messages about a specific threat. In particular, it examines how that fear can be used to produce proactive health behaviors in people exposed to these messages.
71
What are the three responses people can have in extended parallel process model?
1) No response
2) Adopting fear control (you can't control what's happening so you control fear by ignoring messages)
3) Danger control (when you feel you can control threat and take action to mitigate problem)
72
What are the two factors that determine how people will respond to a fear message?
1) Perceived threat -- how susceptible people feel to the threat
2) Perceived efficacy -- how able people feel to avoid the threat
73
What are the two factors that comprise perceived threat (extended parallel process model)?
Severity - how bad the threat is going to be
Susceptibility - how likely the threat will happen to the person
74
What are the two factors that comprise perceived efficacy (extended parallel process model)?
Response efficacy - do we think the action will allow us to avoid the threat?
Self-efficacy - can we perform the recommended action?
75
What is inoculation theory?
A way of examining how mild attacks on one's beliefs builds resistance to future persuasion.
76
What is supportive inoculation?
A pretreatment situation where an individual is given arguments supporting the desired belief before the belief is attacked.
77
What is refutational inoculation?
A pretreatment situation where the desired belief is first attacked and then the person is given a refutation of that attack. This is more effective when people are motivated to develop defenses by a genuine attack to their belief system.
78
What are the three stages of inoculation (inoculation theory)?
1) The individual is warned that people will try to persuade them to create awareness and stimulate resistance
2) The individual is offered weak arguments against the desired behavior, which brings up their resistance
3) The individual engages in an active defending stage when they develop their own resistance and resist persuasivce attempts
79
What are the three factors that affect inoculation effectiveness?
1) Time - Resistance decreases over time
2) Source credibility - can we trust them?
3) Issue involvement - how interested/affected are you?
80
What is normative social influence?
This theory focuses on the idea that other people influence us and that we are influenced by other people. As a result, communication has the power to influence what people see as normal. Communication also is the means for people to learn what behaviors are expected of them and what punishments will be incurred if they fail to conform.
81
What is a descriptive norm (normative social influence)?
A perception of the prevalence of the behavior in the referent group
82
What are the variables that moderate the relationship between the individual and the group in normative social influence?
1) Injunctive norms - beliefs about what ought to be done by others
2) Outcome expectations - beliefs that enacting a behavior will confer desired results
3) Group identity - feelings of affinity with one's social group and desire to be connected to group
4) Behavioral attributes - Conditions under which normative influence should be enhanced or reduced (ex. private vs. public)
83
What is social support theory?
Social support theory explains how perceived and enacted support positively impact health communication and physical health.
84
What is the direct effect in social support theory?
Direct effect describes how the perception and/or provision of social support directly impact a person's positive constructions of health and even chemical changes in their body resulting in positive health. It is directly attributed to level of social integration in a person's social network.
85
What is the buffering effect of social support?
Perceptions and provision of social support can help ease stressful situations and give people resources for dealing with trauma or stress, allowing the to deal with these situations in positive ways.
86
What are the benefits of perceived support?
Perceived support can be just as effective, if not more effective, in conveying the health benefits of social support. Just knowing people are there when you need them has positive health impact.
87
What is patient centered communication?
Patient centered communication examines the quality of the interactions between patients and providers, and how those interactions are associated with patient health outcomes. The better and more patient-focused the interaction, the more likely people will get better, while ineffective communication i associated with errors and malpractice suits.
88
What are the four parts of successful patient centered communication?
1) Data gathering
2) Patient education/counseling
3) Partnership-building
4) Emotional responsiveness
89
What is the risk perception attitude framework?
A way of examining how perceptions of risk and efficacy influence personal motivation to engage in health behaviors, including information seeking. In particular, it deals with risk perception. The central idea is that people are more willing to act when they think they are at risk AND they can affect the outcome through their actions.
90
What is the theory of motivated information management?
A way of examining the importance of information in helping us manage risk and deciding our course of action
91
What is risk perception within risk perception attitude framework?
Risk perception is an individuals beliefs regarding their vulnerability to various diseases, factors, and conditions. Most people think they are less at risk than the average person and will underestimate any given risk to themselves.
92
What are the four response groups in risk perception attitude framework?
1) Responsive group - (high risk, strong efficacy) Feels they can address the threat
2) Anxious group - (high risk, weak efficacy) Feels they cannot address threat so have heightened defensive behaviors including information avoidance
3) Indifferent group (low risk, weak efficacy) Unmotivated because they don't think they're at risk and they can't do anything about it anyway
4) Proactive group (low risk, strong efficacy) Doesn't think they're at risk but feel they can protect themselves, so they are prone to taking action while maintaining low anxiety
93
What are the three stages of active information seeking/avoidance (theory of motivated information management)?
1) Interpretation phase - evaluates how much uncertainty one has and one is okay with
2) Evaluation phase - evaluates outcome and efficacy, looking at pros and cons of specific information seeking strategy
3) Decision phase - when a person decides whether they're going to seek the desired information (and how they will seek it) or avoid the topic entirely
94
What are the three kinds of efficacy assessment in motivated information management?
1) Coping efficacy - do I have the resources to deal with the information I get
2) Communication efficacy - do people have the communication skills to perform the strategy?
3) Target efficacy - does the other person have willingness and ability to share the desired information?
95
What is risk and crisis communication management theory?
A theory that examines the best practices for communicating risk and crisis. It focuses on four key areas where best practices make a large impact
1) Prevention (warning systems, preventative info)
2) Preparation (putting crisis plan in place, role plays, rehearsals)
3) Response (how you need to communicate in and after a crisis)
4) Learning (implementing post-crisis improvements for future)
96
What are the ten best practices of risk and crisis communication management theory?
1) Communicators must have role in policy development
2) Communicators must use prevention planning with risk assessment to inform crisis communication and emergency plans
3) Must create dialogic partnership with public
4) Must listen to public's concerns/needs/position
5) Must communicate messages related to risk/crisis with honesty, candor, and openness
6) Must coordinate and collaborate with credible sources
7) Must meed media needs and provide media access
8) Must communicate with empathy and concern
9) Must accept uncertainty and ambiguity
10) Must provide messages to public than enhance self-efficacy
97
What is the definition of culture?
The way of life of a group of people that continually evolves as people share messages. It is often the result of a struggle between groups who share different perspectives/interests and power relationships.
98
What is ethnography of communication?
A way of studying communication by immersing oneself into a culture's lived experience through participant observation, interviews and analysis of cultural artifacts and texts.
99
What is the SPEAKING community research model?
A heuristic model of analyzing and making sense our of speech events. It uses the SPEAKING acronym to remember the relevant factors.
Setting/scene (where? when?)
Participants (who?)
Ends (what? why?)
Act sequence (what are we doing when?)
Key (what's the indicator/key to what's going on?)
Instrumentalities (how are we interacting?)
Norms (What are the rules for interpreting and producing these behaviors?)
Genres (what are the kinds of speech act/event?)
100
What is uncertainty and anxiety management theory?
A way of examining how we can manage the anxiety and uncertainty we feel in intercultural situations while communicating in order to work well with others. The central idea is that we need predictability to feel comfortable but the intercultural nature of the situation makes it difficult for participants to predict what is happening.
101
What is effective communication (uncertainty and anxiety management theory)?
The exchange of messages that results in maximum understanding
102
What is mindfulness (uncertainty and anxiety management theory)?
An awareness of one's communication situation, strategies, and contributing factors. Being aware of these different thigs and how you're connecting to someone is vital when engaging in intercultural situations.
103
What are the superficial factors that can influence uncertainty and anxiety?
1) Group identity
2) Connections wtih strangers
3) Cultural variability
104
What are the factors of cultural variability in uncertainty and anxiety management theory?
1) Individualism-collectivism
2) Power distance (cultural view/acceptance of inequalities in power distribution)
3) Uncertainty avoidance (how threatened certain cultures are by unknown situations
4) Masculinity-femininity (does culture stress achievement or nurturing?)
105
What is ethnocentrism?
The inherent belief that one's culture is superior. it gets in the way in a big way.
106
What is communication apprehension?
Fear of communicating with others, which can e heightened in intercultural situations
107
What is the developmental model of intercultural sensitivity?
A way of understanding the process of developing the capacity to accommodate and accept cultural differences in communication behavior/values/belief.
108
What are the six stages of the developmental model of intercultural sensitivity?
1) Denial of difference (ethnocentric) - believes all people are the same
2) Defense of difference (ethnocentric) - people are different, and those differences are stupid
3) Minimization of difference (ethnocentric) - people are different in the way they eat and dress, but not in their values and their lived norms
4) Acceptance of difference (ethnorelative) - People are different and I respect that
5) Adaption of differences (ethnorelative) - People are different and I think I might need to adapt my style so I can get along with them better
6) Integration of difference (ethnorelative) - People are different and some of their ways of doing and believing are great, so I'm going to incorporate them into my life.
109
Are the six stages of developing intercultural sensitivity fixed?
No. People can move in and out of each stage at random, or be at one stage in one relationship and in another with another. The model is a diagnostic tool.
110
What is communication accommodation theory?
A way of examining how people adjust their behaviors to match other people's expectations. Convergence (emphasizing sameness) and divergence (emphasizing difference) can be mutual (both) or non-mutual (one)
111
What is the integrative theory of cross-cultural adaption?
A way of examining how an individual adapts to a new/host environment. It is a process of deculturation (unlearning old behaviors/beliefs/values) and acculturation (learning new behaviors, beliefs, values). Change comes about as a result of the stress-adaptation-growth cycle occurring over and over again over a long period of time.
112
What are the key factors that affect how well a person will adapt to their host culture (integrative theory of cross-cultural adaptation)?
1) Host receptivity (how welcoming hosts are)
2) Host conformity pressure (expectations for adaption)
3) Ethnic group strength (how encouraging one's own group is while adapting to new culture)
4) Personal preparedness (personal readiness to learn new culture)
5) Ethnic proximity (similarity between cultures)
6) Personality proximity (openness, strength and positivity of culture)
113
What is differential adaption theory?
A way of looking at immigrant adaption that acknowledges that immigrants do not necessarily want to assimilate into their host culture and may instead choose to maintain the original values of their home culture. It is based on two dialectics.
1) Universal vs. specific (the universal perspective that all people adapt in a similar manner vs. the specific perspective that immigrants adapt according to their individual wants and needs)
2) Individual vs. Society (the idea that individuals change the society they've entered by accepting or resisting its values, vs. the notion that it is society that changes and forms the individual)
114
What is assimilation (differential adaptation theory)?
Assimilation is when people fully adopt the host culture's values and norms as their own rather than maintain the values of their home culture. This theory asserts that the agency for assimilation have less to do with individual want than pressures created by the state and the dominant culture.
115
What is diffusion of innovations theory?
A way of examining how social changes happen and the pattern of adoption within a given community. See the S-Curve of adoption
116
What are the four main factors of diffusion of innovations theory?
1) Time - how quickly is the innovation rolled out
2) Innovation itself - is it of quality? does it meet a need
3) Communication channels - how are people hearing about this
4) Social system - are people adopting changes because they're being told to or because of opinion leaders?
117
What is the S-Curve of Adoption?
A graph of adoption rates with time on the y-axis and adoption on the x-axis It illustrates that early adoption starts out at a fairly flat rate with only early adopters jumping on board in the beginning. As time passes, there is a jump in adoption rates as middle adopters get on the bandwagon. Adoption rates then flatten out again as late adopters trickle in.
118
What is face negotiation theory?
FNT is based on the idea that one's Face--one's desired image that one wants to project for others--is important in many cultures. As a result, people perform facework to build/protect their face and build/protect the face of others.
119
What is facework?
The process of establishing and protecting one's desired/projected social image.
120
What is preventative facework?
Actions designed to protect another person from feelings that threaten personal or group face.
121
What is restorative facework?
Actions designed to rebuild face after a loss of face has already occurred.
122
What is co-cultural theory?
A critical theory based in the perspectives of co-cultural groups, or groups of individuals from underrepresented/marginalized groups in society. It has five primary assumptions
1) A hierarchy exists that privilege some groups over others in society
2) The dominant members occupy positions of power that let them create/maintain systems that mute others while reinforcing their perspectives/experiences
3) The dominant communication systems function to keep co-cultural group members out of power centers
4) Co-cultures vary widely ut they share a marginalized social position within the dominant system
5) Co-cultural group members strategically communicate to negotiate the dominant system they exist in
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What is communication approach in co-cultural theory?
The use of aggression, assertion, or non-assertion in communication
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What is preferred outcome in co-cultural theory?
How a person wants to relate to the dominant culture, whether it be through assimilation, accommodation, and/or separation.
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What are the four factors individuals use to determine their communication strategies in co-cultural theory?
1) Field of experience (what responses are possible for members)
2) Abilities (what can members do)
3) Situational context (what are the particulars)
4) Perceived costs and rewards
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What is cultural contracts theory?
A way for looking at social relationships between people, particularly members of marginalized groups and members of the dominant cultural group. Cultural contracts serve as a metaphor for the social/attitudinal dispositions people have in these situations. Contracts usually operate without participants' awareness.
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What is a cultural contract (cultural contracts theory)?
A cultural contract is an unspoken agreement between two or more people about how individuals will shift their identities in order to coordinate with others in a way that has value for all interacting parties. They are necessary for defining and protecting the self, and individuals are constantly negotiating many contracts with many people. This process is influenced by prior interactions and has consequences for future relationships. Unequal power distribution in cultural contracts results in strategic communication by marginalized group members. (You don't have to be in power if you don't want to communicate.)
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What are the three forms of cultural contract (cultural contracts theory)?
1) Ready to sign - prenegotiated by society and designed to reinforce the status quo
2) Co-Created - Mutually negotiated by individuals and designed to demonstrate respect for differences
3) Quasi-completed - A mix of the above, which balance preserving existing identities with trying to meet the other person where they are. They are most common
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What is Critical Race Theory?
CRT is a theory that is based on the idea that racism is normal and ordinary, which makes it difficult for people to detect. It also believes that this normalcy has a deep bias towards white culture, which leads to interest convergence when dominant groups support anti-racist policies that ultimately benefit them.
According to CRT, race and racism are products of social interaction, thus race is both a structural force and a fluid category.
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What are the six constructions of whiteness (whiteness theory)?
1) white is power
2) white is default
3) white is scientific classification
4) white means national origin
5) white means refusal to label self as any racialized category
6) white means European ancestry
These constructions illustrate the contradictory nature of whiteness
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How can we understand identity in CRT?
Identity is determined by intersectionality between multiple factors, including race. CRT relies on particularism, which means that one's identity is always relative to the context of one's life.
