FINAL Flashcards
how many drugs are given during ART?
3
What does ART stand for?
antiretroviral therapy
how many of each kind of drug are used for ART?
2 - NRTIs
1 - NNRTI or PI
where are HIV1 and HIV2 most prevalent geographically?
HIV1 - Worldwide
HIV2 - Western Africa
What is the common suffix for NRTIs?
bine, dine, sine
What NRTI cannot be given to pregnant women?
Tenofovir
Which NRTI is deadly and used only as the last resort now?
Didanosine
If an NRTI has been prescribed to a pregnant woman, which one is it?
Zidovudine
What is the function of NRTIs?
Inhibit HIV replication by suppressing the synthesis of viral DNA and inhibiting the reverse transcriptase
- AFFECTS MITOCHONDRIA
Can NRTIs be used against both HIV1 and HIV2?
Yes
Name 4 side effects of NRTIs.
- neuropathy
- pancreatitis
- anemia
- lactic acidosis
What kind of drug would you see ___vir___.
NNRTI
Which NNRTI is preferred for the first line of HIV treatment?
Efavirenez
What is NNRTI mechanism?
Bind to active center of reverse transcriptase and cause direct inhibition
Do NNRTIs have a large potential for drug-drug interactions?
YAAAA
What is the suffix of Protease Inhibitors (PIs)?
___navir
What do Protease inhibitors do?
Inhibit the enzyme PROTEASE from cutting proteins into smaller fragments so they can spread more quickly around the body
What are major side effects of PI drugs?
- weight gain
- ^ CVD
- ^ cholesterol
- hyperglycemia
- bone deterioration
- lipodystrophy
When on NNRTIs, women must be on _____.
2 forms of birth control
What is the destruction of RBC called?
Hemolysis
A mutation in the Fibrillin1 (FBN1) gene causes what?
Loss of connective tissue elasticity
What is thalassaemia?
Inherited blood condition that affects Hemoglobin
What is the hormone released by the kidney that stimulates blood cell production?
Erythropoeitin
Do RBCs have DNA?
No
What is an erythroblast?
Immature RBC
How long are RBC lifespans?
120 days
How can we determine whether it is underproduction or destruction anemia?
The level of Reticulocytes
- if greater than 3%, we can assume destructive
- b/c body is trying to compensate for lack of O2 in the body
What protein helps to store iron in the TISSUES?
Ferritin
What protein helps to bring iron back into the BLOOD?
Transferrin
Is the addition of more dietary iron sufficient to cure anemia?
No
What enhances absorption of iron?
Vitamin C
DNA is made up of 4 _____.
nitrogenous bases
What are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases and the 2 nitrogenous bases that are apart of that group?
purine: adenine, guanine
pyrimidine: cytosine, thymine
70% of CFTR gene mutations are located at ___?
delta F508
Whats the difference between heterozygous and homozygous chromosomes?
Heterozygous: the pair of chromosomes contains one dominant and one recessive gene for the same feature (blue and brown eye gene)
Homozygous: the pair of chromosomes contains the same gene for the same feature (blue and blue eye gene or brown and brown)
Females are 2X more likely to be affected than males with ____ ____ ____ disorders.
X linked dominant
The stats for autosomal recessive disorders for “unaffected, carriers, affected”…
unaffected: 25%
carrier: 50%
affected: 25%
X inked recessive are more likely to affect MALE or FEMALE?
MALE
What is the most common autosomal chromosomal anomaly?
Down syndrome
What causes down syndrome?
Error in cell division that causes an extra chromosome 21
Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation at what gene?
Delta F508
What is an allele?
A different variation of the same gene that yields a different phenotype
- brown eyes vs. blue eyes
What is the protein that is affected if there is a mutation in the delta F508? What does it do?
CFTR
- pumps chloride into secretions to promote water retention (thinning of mucus)
Is CF a recessive or dominant autosomal disorder?
RECESSIVE
What are the areas of the body affected by CF?
Lung mucus, colon/bowel movements, pancreas
What is hemoptysis?
Coughing up blood
What are 2 signs that confirm a diagnosis of CF?
- high levels of chloride in sweat
- IRT pancreatic enzymes in the blood (means the pancreas is damaged)
What 4 vitamins aid in fat absorption?
Vitamin A,D,E,K
If someone has penicillin allergy, what antibiotic would work for them?
Macrolide
What is megaloblastic anemia?
MACROCYTIC
Deficiency in vitamin B12 or folate
What is a reticulocyte and what are the normal levels?
An immature RBC
0.5% - 2.5%
What is albumin and what is its function?
- a protein made by the liver
- to control fluid levels in the cells of the body
- KEEPS FLUID FROM LEAVING BLOOD VESSELS FOR THE TISSUES…
What blood cells make antibodies?
B cells
T cells
What is creatinine clearance and what is the normal range?
The ability of the kidney to clear out waste
107-139mL/min
What kind of bacteria causes poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
Group A Beta-hemolytic streptococci bacteria
Transcription results in the formation of _____.
Messenger RNA
What is mRNA?
Mirror copy of the DNA segment
What is the suffix for a macrolide? Bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?
__mycin
- bacteriostatic, but bacteriocidal at high concentration
What are the 2 antiviral drugs for influenza?
What kind of drug are they?
- oseltamivir (tamiflu) ORAL
- zanamivir (relenza) INHALED
- NEURAMINIDASE INHIBITORS
What antiviral drug for influenza may cause bronchospasm and is risky for asthmatics?
Zanamivir
What are the 3 drugs for herpesvirus?
- acyclovir
- valacyclovir
- gancyclovir
What type of herpes infection does famciclovir not work on?
chicken pox and cold sores
What is the range of bioavailability for NRTIs?
23-93%
Do not give protease inhibitors to someone if…
- Diabetes
- Liver damage
- Weight conscious
- osteoporosis
- hemophilia
What is the CCR5 inhibitor drug for HIV?
Maraviroc
What is the fusion inhibitor drug for HIV?
Enfuvurtide
What HIV drug gives you increased risk of pneumonia and does not change dose if you have renal/hepatic damage?
Enfuvurtide
When WBC count falls below ___, HIV has turned into AIDS.
200
What is the drug of choice for systemic mycosis?
Amphotenicin B
Amphotenicin B can only be administered by ___.
IV
Nystatin is a type of Amphotenicin B and is used for _____ and ____.
Oral thrush and vaginal candidiasis
What is the protein in the fungal membrane?
Ergosterol
What antibiotic for fungus is both fungistatic and fungicidal?
Amphotericin B
What antifungal drug is nephrotoxic?
Amphotenicin B
What antifungal drug is hepatotoxic?
Azoles
What antifungal drug has the suffix ___fungin?
Echinocardin
What antifungal drugs inhitbits the synthesis of chitin?
echinocardin
What drug acts against dermatophytes?
Griseofluvin
What antifungal drug inhibits mitosis by binding to microtubules?
Griseofluvin
What percentage of HIV/AIDS patients use CAM therapies?
55%
Are pyrimidine analogs harmful to liver or kidney?
BOTH
What are the 3 chemotherapy drugs that are CCNS?
- Alkylating agents
- Platinum compounds
- Antracyclines
Alkaloids affect what phase of the cell cycle?
M phase
Taxanes effect what phase of the cell cycle?
Late G2 and M phase
What are 2 taxane symptoms?
Allergic reactions
Arrhythmia
What is bleomycin toxic to?
LUNGS
Antracyclines can cause what kind of damage?
- HEART damage
- Lung damage
Doxorubicin is part of what chemotherapy drug family?
Antracycline
Paclitaxel is from what chemotherapy drug family?
Taxanes
What is the suffix for platinum compound chemotherapy drugs?
___Platin
What are the normal sodium blood levels?
135-145 mEq/L
What are normal potassium blood levels?
3.5-5 mEq/L
Diuretics help with…
- hypertension
- kidney disease
- liver cirrhosis
- heart failure
What is the function of a diuretic?
Block the reabsorption of sodium and chloride
What percent of sodium chloride is absorbed at the ascending loop of henle?
20%
What are the 2 best diuretics?
- mannitol
2. furosemide
What is the normal urine output?
800-2000mL
What can you not take while on integrase inhibitors for HIV?
Antacids
What is the suffix for integrase inhibitors?
___gravir
What is the CCR5 chemokine inhibitor drug called?
Maraviroc
When would you administer CC35 entry inihibitor chemokine drugs and fusion inhibitor drugs?
As a last resort, they are ADDED to therapy when patient is unwell
What is the name of the fusion blocker that increases risk of pneumonia?
Enfuvurtide
Can you give enfuvurtide (fusion blocker) to someone with renal or hepatic damage?
Yes, the does does not change in this case
(Fungus) What are the class 1: polyene antibiotics?
Amphotenicin B
(Fungus) What drug would be used for hair, skin, nail fungi?
griseofluvin (part of heterocyclic benzofuran)
What are the chemotherapy drugs that are CCNS?
Alkylating agents
Platinum compounds
Antracyclines
What are the chemotherapy drugs that are CCS?
Antimetabolites
Alkaloids
What does CCNS mean?
Cell cycle non specific: the drug will attack the cell at any stage of mitosis
