FINAL Flashcards
1
Q
how many drugs are given during ART?
A
3
2
Q
What does ART stand for?
A
antiretroviral therapy
3
Q
how many of each kind of drug are used for ART?
A
2 - NRTIs
1 - NNRTI or PI
4
Q
where are HIV1 and HIV2 most prevalent geographically?
A
HIV1 - Worldwide
HIV2 - Western Africa
5
Q
What is the common suffix for NRTIs?
A
bine, dine, sine
6
Q
What NRTI cannot be given to pregnant women?
A
Tenofovir
7
Q
Which NRTI is deadly and used only as the last resort now?
A
Didanosine
8
Q
If an NRTI has been prescribed to a pregnant woman, which one is it?
A
Zidovudine
9
Q
What is the function of NRTIs?
A
Inhibit HIV replication by suppressing the synthesis of viral DNA and inhibiting the reverse transcriptase
- AFFECTS MITOCHONDRIA
10
Q
Can NRTIs be used against both HIV1 and HIV2?
A
Yes
11
Q
Name 4 side effects of NRTIs.
A
- neuropathy
- pancreatitis
- anemia
- lactic acidosis
12
Q
What kind of drug would you see ___vir___.
A
NNRTI
13
Q
Which NNRTI is preferred for the first line of HIV treatment?
A
Efavirenez
14
Q
What is NNRTI mechanism?
A
Bind to active center of reverse transcriptase and cause direct inhibition
15
Q
Do NNRTIs have a large potential for drug-drug interactions?
A
YAAAA
16
Q
What is the suffix of Protease Inhibitors (PIs)?
A
___navir
17
Q
What do Protease inhibitors do?
A
Inhibit the enzyme PROTEASE from cutting proteins into smaller fragments so they can spread more quickly around the body
18
Q
What are major side effects of PI drugs?
A
- weight gain
- ^ CVD
- ^ cholesterol
- hyperglycemia
- bone deterioration
- lipodystrophy
19
Q
When on NNRTIs, women must be on _____.
A
2 forms of birth control
20
Q
What is the destruction of RBC called?
A
Hemolysis
21
Q
A mutation in the Fibrillin1 (FBN1) gene causes what?
A
Loss of connective tissue elasticity
22
Q
What is thalassaemia?
A
Inherited blood condition that affects Hemoglobin
23
Q
What is the hormone released by the kidney that stimulates blood cell production?
A
Erythropoeitin
24
Q
Do RBCs have DNA?
A
No
25
What is an erythroblast?
Immature RBC
26
How long are RBC lifespans?
120 days
27
How can we determine whether it is underproduction or destruction anemia?
The level of Reticulocytes
- if greater than 3%, we can assume destructive
- b/c body is trying to compensate for lack of O2 in the body
28
What protein helps to store iron in the TISSUES?
Ferritin
29
What protein helps to bring iron back into the BLOOD?
Transferrin
30
Is the addition of more dietary iron sufficient to cure anemia?
No
31
What enhances absorption of iron?
Vitamin C
32
DNA is made up of 4 _____.
nitrogenous bases
33
What are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases and the 2 nitrogenous bases that are apart of that group?
purine: adenine, guanine
pyrimidine: cytosine, thymine
34
70% of CFTR gene mutations are located at ___?
delta F508
35
Whats the difference between heterozygous and homozygous chromosomes?
Heterozygous: the pair of chromosomes contains one dominant and one recessive gene for the same feature (blue and brown eye gene)
Homozygous: the pair of chromosomes contains the same gene for the same feature (blue and blue eye gene or brown and brown)
36
Females are 2X more likely to be affected than males with ____ ____ ____ disorders.
X linked dominant
37
The stats for autosomal recessive disorders for "unaffected, carriers, affected"...
unaffected: 25%
carrier: 50%
affected: 25%
38
X inked recessive are more likely to affect MALE or FEMALE?
MALE
39
What is the most common autosomal chromosomal anomaly?
Down syndrome
40
What causes down syndrome?
Error in cell division that causes an extra chromosome 21
41
Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation at what gene?
Delta F508
42
What is an allele?
A different variation of the same gene that yields a different phenotype
- brown eyes vs. blue eyes
43
What is the protein that is affected if there is a mutation in the delta F508? What does it do?
CFTR
| - pumps chloride into secretions to promote water retention (thinning of mucus)
44
Is CF a recessive or dominant autosomal disorder?
RECESSIVE
45
What are the areas of the body affected by CF?
Lung mucus, colon/bowel movements, pancreas
46
What is hemoptysis?
Coughing up blood
47
What are 2 signs that confirm a diagnosis of CF?
- high levels of chloride in sweat
| - IRT pancreatic enzymes in the blood (means the pancreas is damaged)
48
What 4 vitamins aid in fat absorption?
Vitamin A,D,E,K
49
If someone has penicillin allergy, what antibiotic would work for them?
Macrolide
50
What is megaloblastic anemia?
MACROCYTIC
| Deficiency in vitamin B12 or folate
51
What is a reticulocyte and what are the normal levels?
An immature RBC
| 0.5% - 2.5%
52
What is albumin and what is its function?
- a protein made by the liver
- to control fluid levels in the cells of the body
- KEEPS FLUID FROM LEAVING BLOOD VESSELS FOR THE TISSUES...
53
What blood cells make antibodies?
B cells
| T cells
54
What is creatinine clearance and what is the normal range?
The ability of the kidney to clear out waste
| 107-139mL/min
55
What kind of bacteria causes poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
Group A Beta-hemolytic streptococci bacteria
56
Transcription results in the formation of _____.
Messenger RNA
57
What is mRNA?
Mirror copy of the DNA segment
58
What is the suffix for a macrolide? Bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?
__mycin
| - bacteriostatic, but bacteriocidal at high concentration
59
What are the 2 antiviral drugs for influenza?
| What kind of drug are they?
- oseltamivir (tamiflu) ORAL
- zanamivir (relenza) INHALED
- NEURAMINIDASE INHIBITORS
60
What antiviral drug for influenza may cause bronchospasm and is risky for asthmatics?
Zanamivir
61
What are the 3 drugs for herpesvirus?
- acyclovir
- valacyclovir
- gancyclovir
62
What type of herpes infection does famciclovir not work on?
chicken pox and cold sores
63
What is the range of bioavailability for NRTIs?
23-93%
64
Do not give protease inhibitors to someone if...
- Diabetes
- Liver damage
- Weight conscious
- osteoporosis
- hemophilia
65
What is the CCR5 inhibitor drug for HIV?
Maraviroc
66
What is the fusion inhibitor drug for HIV?
Enfuvurtide
67
What HIV drug gives you increased risk of pneumonia and does not change dose if you have renal/hepatic damage?
Enfuvurtide
68
When WBC count falls below ___, HIV has turned into AIDS.
200
69
What is the drug of choice for systemic mycosis?
Amphotenicin B
70
Amphotenicin B can only be administered by ___.
IV
71
Nystatin is a type of Amphotenicin B and is used for _____ and ____.
Oral thrush and vaginal candidiasis
72
What is the protein in the fungal membrane?
Ergosterol
73
What antibiotic for fungus is both fungistatic and fungicidal?
Amphotericin B
74
What antifungal drug is nephrotoxic?
Amphotenicin B
75
What antifungal drug is hepatotoxic?
Azoles
76
What antifungal drug has the suffix ___fungin?
Echinocardin
77
What antifungal drugs inhitbits the synthesis of chitin?
echinocardin
78
What drug acts against dermatophytes?
Griseofluvin
79
What antifungal drug inhibits mitosis by binding to microtubules?
Griseofluvin
80
What percentage of HIV/AIDS patients use CAM therapies?
55%
81
Are pyrimidine analogs harmful to liver or kidney?
BOTH
82
What are the 3 chemotherapy drugs that are CCNS?
- Alkylating agents
- Platinum compounds
- Antracyclines
83
Alkaloids affect what phase of the cell cycle?
M phase
84
Taxanes effect what phase of the cell cycle?
Late G2 and M phase
85
What are 2 taxane symptoms?
Allergic reactions
| Arrhythmia
86
What is bleomycin toxic to?
LUNGS
87
Antracyclines can cause what kind of damage?
- HEART damage
| - Lung damage
88
Doxorubicin is part of what chemotherapy drug family?
Antracycline
89
Paclitaxel is from what chemotherapy drug family?
Taxanes
90
What is the suffix for platinum compound chemotherapy drugs?
___Platin
91
What are the normal sodium blood levels?
135-145 mEq/L
92
What are normal potassium blood levels?
3.5-5 mEq/L
93
Diuretics help with...
- hypertension
- kidney disease
- liver cirrhosis
- heart failure
94
What is the function of a diuretic?
Block the reabsorption of sodium and chloride
95
What percent of sodium chloride is absorbed at the ascending loop of henle?
20%
96
What are the 2 best diuretics?
1. mannitol
| 2. furosemide
97
What is the normal urine output?
800-2000mL
98
What can you not take while on integrase inhibitors for HIV?
Antacids
99
What is the suffix for integrase inhibitors?
___gravir
100
What is the CCR5 chemokine inhibitor drug called?
Maraviroc
101
When would you administer CC35 entry inihibitor chemokine drugs and fusion inhibitor drugs?
As a last resort, they are ADDED to therapy when patient is unwell
102
What is the name of the fusion blocker that increases risk of pneumonia?
Enfuvurtide
103
Can you give enfuvurtide (fusion blocker) to someone with renal or hepatic damage?
Yes, the does does not change in this case
104
(Fungus) What are the class 1: polyene antibiotics?
Amphotenicin B
105
(Fungus) What drug would be used for hair, skin, nail fungi?
griseofluvin (part of heterocyclic benzofuran)
106
What are the chemotherapy drugs that are CCNS?
Alkylating agents
Platinum compounds
Antracyclines
107
What are the chemotherapy drugs that are CCS?
Antimetabolites
| Alkaloids
108
What does CCNS mean?
Cell cycle non specific: the drug will attack the cell at any stage of mitosis
