Final Flashcards
Nonverbal communication
intentional or unintentional transmission of meaning through individual’s nonspoken physical and behavioral cues
Principles of nonverbal communication
- Uses multiple channels
- More ambiguous
- Fewer rules
- More meaning
- Influenced by culture
- Influenced by gender
- Liberated through technology
- Combine w/ verbal to create communication
Women and nonverbal communication
- women are better than men at both sending and receiving nonverbal messages
- women show greater facial expressiveness than men, and they smile more
- women gaze more at others during interpersonal interactions
Haptics
using touch to communicate nonverbally
Functional-professional touch
used to accomplish task
Social-polite touch
derives from social norms and expectations
Friendship-warmth touch
used to express our like for another person
Love-intimacy touch
lets you convey deep feelings
Sexual-arousal touch
intended to stimulate another person physically
Aggressive-hostile touch
involves forms of physical violence, like grabbing, slapping, and hitting – designed to hurt and humiliate others
Proxemics
nonverbal code for communication through use of physical distance
Personal space
18 inches to 4 feet; for friends
Social space
4 to 12 feet; for acquaintances and strangers
Public space
12 feet; formal settings
Territoriality
tendency to claim physical space as our own and define certain locations as areas we do not want others to invade w/o permission
Gesture types
- Emblems
- Illustrators
- Regulators
- Adaptors
Illustrators
accent or illustrate verbal messages
Pseudo conflict
perception that conflict exists when in fact it does not
Power currency
resource that other people value
Resource currency
material things such as money, property, and food
Expertise currency
special skills or knowledge
Social network currency
linked w/ network of friends, family, and acquaintances w/ substantial influence
Personal currency
personal characteristics that people consider desirable – beauty, intelligence, communication skill, humor
Intimacy currency
when you share a close bond w/ someone that no one else shares
sniping
communicating in negative fashion and then abandoning encounter by physically leaving scene of refusing to interact further
Approaches to handling conflict
- Avoidance
- Accommodation
- Competition
- Reactivity
- Collaboration
Cumulative annoyance
repressed irritation grows as mental list of grievances we have against our partner builds
Destructive messages
- Sudden-death statements
- Dirty secrets
Sudden-death statements
when people get so angry that they suddenly declare end of relationship, even though breaking up wasn’t possibility before conflict
Dirty secrets
statements that are honest in content, have been kept hidden to protect partner’s feelings, and are designed to hurt
Coming together
- Initiating
- Experimenting
- Intensifying
- Integrating
- Bonding
Coming apart
o Differentiating o Circumscribing o Stagnating o Avoiding o Terminating
Avoiding
one or both of you decide that you can no longer be around each other, and you begin distancing yourself physically
Relational dialectics
competing tensions between ourselves and our feelings toward others in relationships
- Openness vs protection
- Autonomy vs connection
- Novelty vs predictability
Relational maintenance strategies
- Positivity
- Assurances
- Sharing tasks
- Acceptance
- Self-disclosure
- Relationship talks
- Social networks
Romantic relationship
chosen interpersonal involvement forged through communication in which participants perceive bond as romantic
Key elements of romantic relationships
- Perception
- Diversity
- Choice
- Commitment – strong psychological attachment to partner and intention to continue relationship long into future
- Tensions
- Communication
What are the factors that cause romantic attraction?
- Proximity
- Physical attractiveness
- Similarity
- Reciprocal liking
- Resources
Mere exposure effect
phenomenon where your feel more attracted to those w/ whom you have frequent contact and less w/ whom you interact rarely
Social exchange theory
proposes that you’ll feel drawn to those you see as offering substantial benefits w/ few associated costs
Family stories
narrative accounts shared repeatedly within family that retell historical events and are meant to bond family together
- Courtships stories
- Birth stories
- Survival stories
- Telling family stories
Conversation orientation
degree to which family members are encouraged to participate in unrestrained interaction about wide array of topics
Conformity orientation
degree to which families believe that communication should emphasize similarity or diversity in attitudes, beliefs, and values
Nuclear family
wife, husband, and biological or adopted children
Extended family
when relatives such as aunts, uncles, parents, children, and grandparents live together in common household
Stepfamily
at least one of adults has child or children from previous relationship
Cohabiting couples
consist of two unmarried, romantically involved adults living together in household w/ or w/o children
Single-parent family
only one adult resides in household, possessing sole responsibility as caregiver for children
Voluntary kin family
group of people who lack blood and legal kinship but who consider themselves “family”
Maintenance strategies for families
o Positivity
o Assurances
o Self-disclosure
Best friends
o Usually same sex
o Intimacy, disclosure, commitment
o “have each other’s back”
Identity support
behaving in ways that convey understanding, acceptance, and support for a friend’s valued social identities
Valued social identities
aspects of your public self that you deem the most important in defining who you are – for example, musician, athlete, poet, dancer, teacher, mother
Friendship rules
general principles that prescribe appropriate communication and behavior within friendship relationships o Show support o Seek support o Respect privacy o Keep confidences o Defend your friends o Avoid public criticism o Make your friends happy o Manage jealousy o Share humor o Maintain equity
Communal friendships
focus primarily on sharing time and activities together
Workplace relationship
any affiliation you have w/ professional peer, supervisor, subordinate, or mentor
Defensive climate
environment is unfriendly, rigid, and unsupportive of workers’ professional and personal needs
