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SSH 301 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Qualitative interviewing is

A
  • More likely to reflect natural conversation
  • Often in the form of participants narrating their personal experiences
  • Unstructured or semi-structured
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2
Q

What are qualitative interviews compared to structured interviews?

A
  • More open-minded
  • Going off on tangents is encouraged
  • Flexible
  • Greater interest in the interviewee’s concerns
  • Rich, detailed answers
  • Interviewee is often interviewed multiple times
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3
Q

What are unstructured interviews?

A

The researcher only briefly introduces topics

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4
Q

What are semi-structured interviews?

A

The researcher has a list of topics to be covered

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5
Q

Things to consider when preparing an interview guide

A
  • What is interesting about the topic?
  • Always be open to new issues that may arise
  • Establish loose order of questions
  • Use language that the participants can understand
  • No leading questions
  • Prompts to ensure sufficient personal information
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6
Q

Introduction questions

A

“When did your interest in X begin?”

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7
Q

Follow up questions

A

“What did you mean by that?”

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8
Q

Probing questions

A

“How so?”

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9
Q

Specifying, factual questions

A

“What did you do then?”

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10
Q

Direct, interviewee perceptions questions

A

“Do you find it difficult to keep smiling when serving customers?”

  • best kept until the end of the interview to avoid direction
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11
Q

Indirect, perceptions of others questions

A

“How do you feel about so and so?”

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12
Q

Structuring questions

A

“Now I would like to move on to another topic”

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13
Q

Silence

A

A pause will allow the interviewee to reflect and amplify their answer (but don’t pause for too long it’s awkward)

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14
Q

Interpreting questions

A

“Did you mean that..?”

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15
Q

What are focus groups?

A

An interview with 4+ people who can interact with each other as well as the interviewer

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16
Q

What are the advantages of focus groups?

A
  • Allow access to the meanings that develop during interaction with others rather than in isolation
  • May bring out a variety of perspectives
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17
Q

What do modulators/facilitators do?

A
  • Makes sure the discussion remains on topic without direction too much
  • Makes sure everyone participates
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18
Q

What about focus groups is naturalistic?

A
  • Bring out how individuals collectively make decisions and interpretations
  • Interviewees may show conformity or be argumentative
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19
Q

What is a good size for a focus group?

A

Depends on the topic and goals of research but 6 typically

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20
Q

How many focus groups are needed?

A
  • Usually 10-15

- Enough for theoretical saturation

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21
Q

What are natural focus groups?

A
  • People who already know each other

- Useful if the research is about social interaction

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22
Q

What are the disadvantages of natural focus groups?

A
  • Pre-existing styles of interaction or hierarchies may affect discussion
  • The group may have taken-for-granted assumptions are not challenged
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23
Q

Limitations of focus groups

A
  • Less control over discussion than in interviews
  • Too much data to analyze sometimes
  • Personality traits interfere
  • Difficulties with sensitive issues, social hierarchies and strongly opposed positions
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24
Q

Focus groups as a feminist method

A
  • Less artificial
  • Studies the individual in a social context
  • Less control by participants
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25
Q

Advantages of interviewing over ethnography

A
  • Sometimes issues are not observable
  • Can reconstruct past events and future plans
  • Less intrusive
  • Longitudinal research is easier
  • Greater breadth of topics can be covered
  • Addresses specific issues
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26
Q

What does Chilisa suggest in Decolonizing the Interview Method

A
  • Alternative interview strategies that reflect postcolonial indigenous worldviews
  • Researchers should use indigenous knowledge to guide the research
  • The researched should have access to the research
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27
Q

What does Chilisa say about the current interview method?

A
  • There are power imbalances between the interviewer and interviewee
  • The vocabulary and analysis is informed by Western academia
  • It ignores the postcolonial value system
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28
Q

What is happening in Islam’s “Research as an Act of Betrayal”?

A
  • The ethical issue of exposing a group she is falsely representative of (insider vs outsider)
  • To academia she is the voice of Bangladeshi immigrants, to Bangladeshi immigrants, she is not
  • Should she expose the Bangladeshi immigrants for their bigotries or not?
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29
Q

What is the goal of ethnography?

A

Describe life in the community from the point of view of the participants

30
Q

How to gain access to the field in closed settings

A
  • Contacts
  • Gatekeepers
  • Sponsors
  • Offer something in return
31
Q

What are key informants

A
  • Participants that are knowledgeable and cooperative
32
Q

What are the drawbacks of key informants?

A
  • Researcher may ignore other group members

- May not be representative of the group as a whole

33
Q

Complete participation

A
  • Covert
  • Researcher adopts a secret role
  • Gets closest to participants but risks “going native” or disliking the participants which may skew data
34
Q

Participant-as-observer

A
  • Researcher adopts a role in the group
  • Participants are aware of the researcher
  • Risk of reactivity
35
Q

Observer-as-participant

A
  • Researcher observes from the edge of the group
  • Risk of reactivity
  • Risk of misinterpretation of the activity
36
Q

Complete observer

A
  • Researcher does not engage with participants at all
  • No risk of reactivity
  • Researcher has limited information for understanding the actions of the participants
37
Q

Should researchers be active or passive?

A

Depends.
Sometimes an active role is necessary in order to maintain credibility in the minds of the people studied
But that can be dangerous and unethical in some cases

38
Q

What is feminist ethnography?

A

Study of the lives and activities of women as a marginalized subgroup in society

39
Q

What are the criticisms of feminist ethnography?

A

The researcher can leave whenever they wish but the subjects cannot, social inequalities

40
Q

What is institutional ethnography?

A
  • Study of the daily practices in institutions and how those reveal power inequalities in organizations
  • How does institutional discourse relate to everyday life?
  • Which groups aren’t represented
41
Q

Rules about field notes

A
  • Write them down, however fast, asap
  • Write full field notes by the end of the day
  • Recordings also work, but be sure to allow time for transcription
42
Q

Steps to analytic induction

A
  • A general research question is devised
  • Some data are collected
  • A hypothesis is proposed
  • Researcher continues to gather data or alter hypothesis until no contradictory cases are found
43
Q

Steps to grounded theory

A
  • Systematically gather data
  • Analysis throughout the research process
  • Coding
  • Theoretical saturation
44
Q

Substantive theories in grounded theory

A

Observed patterns are related to each other and a theory is developed to explain the connections in that setting

45
Q

Formal theories in grounded theory

A

Formulated at a higher level, requires data collection in different settings and to be applicable to many settings

46
Q

Criticisms of grounded theory

A
  • Difference between concepts and categories is vague
  • Observation and data collection may not be as “theory neutral” as claimed
  • May not result in theory (especially formal)
  • Coding may result in fragmentation, loss of narrative flow
47
Q

Considerations for coding

A
  • Code and transcribe asap
  • Read through the data before considering any interpretation
  • Read again and make notes
  • Don’t be concerned with having too many codes
  • Review codes to consider associations
48
Q

Criticisms of general coding

A
  • Risk of losing context

- Fragmentation of data

49
Q

Criticisms of computer software

A
  • Quantifies coded text, negates qualitative
  • Fragments textual data
  • Too closely related to grounded theory, loses flexibility
50
Q

Advantages of computer software

A
  • Proposes new way of looking at data

- Improves transparency, researchers can be explicit about how they analyzed the data

51
Q

Narrative analysis

A
  • Researching the stories people tell to understand their lives
  • Focus on context, events, and the interpretation people have of them
52
Q

What are the 4 models of narrative analysis?

A

1) Thematic
2) Structural
3) Interactional
4) Performance

53
Q

Criticisms of narrative analysis

A
  • Over relies on the story
  • Stories may be accepted at face value
  • Taking a broader stance may help the researcher to understand
54
Q

Ethnographic content analysis

A
  • The researcher is constantly revising the themes/categories as the data are examined
  • Emphasizes the context the documents are generated in
55
Q

What is conversation analysis (CA)?

A
  • Examines the structure of talk

- Examines how social order is created

56
Q

What are the basic characteristics of conversation?

A
  • Turn-taking
  • Adjacent pairs
  • Preference organization
57
Q

What are 2 aspects of content analysis?

A

Semiotics and hermeneutics

58
Q

What is discourse analysis (DA)?

A
  • Examines how a view of the world is produced through discourse
  • Covers communication methods other than talking
  • How the relationships of power are reproduced in discourse
59
Q

What is the methodological stance on DA

A
  • Anti-realist: no objective waiting to be found
  • Toward a constructionist orientation
  • Priority to the accounts by actual participants
  • Recognizes that different accounts are possible
  • Action-oriented
60
Q

DA strategies

A

1) Attention to specific detail

2) Attention to rhetorical detail

61
Q

What is critical DA?

A

Exposes the political nature of the examined texts, considers the issues of power hierarchies, structural inequalities, and historical political struggles

62
Q

What is the methodological stance on critical DA?

A

Discourse is not purely the use of language, ut viewed through links to social structures

63
Q

Advantages of content analysis

A
  • Allows for longitudal analysis
  • Is an unobtrusive method
  • Flexible
  • Overcomes barriers to researcher access
64
Q

Disadvantages of content analysis

A
  • Limitations due to the reliability of texts analyzed
  • Usually some inter/intra-coder unreliability
  • Potential for invalid conjuncture, especially in discussions of latent meanings
  • Difficult to answer “why”
  • Emphasis on the time may make it atheoretical in nature
65
Q

What is the decolonization of action research?

A
  • Research designed to increase the voice and participation of the colonized Other
  • Requires indigenation and decolonization of the basic models of research
66
Q

What are the 2 types of action research that Chilisa calls for?

A

1) Participant as co-researcher

2) Participatory transformative research

67
Q

What is participant as co-researcher?

A

Questions:

  • How is the research question produced?
  • Do the questions energize the researched to engage in a dialogue about their material world
  • Are the methods and theories suitable for the researched?
68
Q

What is participatory transformative research?

A
  • Purposeful active engagement and political action by both the researcher and the researched
  • Both work from the premise that research is not neutral and ideology determines the methodology of searching for knowledge and defining what can be known
69
Q

Conscientization

A
  • Important in political activism of the researched, as it helps the learner to move toward a new awareness of relations of power, myths, and oppression
70
Q

What are the politically engaged methods of PAR?

A

1) An activist researcher
2) Geopolitical power relations
3) Reflexivity
4) Change and transformation

71
Q

What does PAR aim to do?

A
  • Demystify the research process so that it does not remain solely in the hands of researchers (notions of “expert”)
  • Lead to healing and representation of the researched

SSH 301 (2 decks)

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