Final Flashcards
Enzymes regulated by BOTH ATP/ADP
Inhibited by High ATP
PFK-1, Pyruvate Kinase, PDComplex, Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
Enzymes only INHIBITED by high ADP
Pyruvate Carboxylase, PEPCK
ATP has no effect
Activation step for Glycogen Synthesis
1 UTP + G-1-P –> UDP-Glucose (During Fed State!)
By udp-glucose-pyrophosphatase
Activation step for FAS
ACC - Adds CO2 + ATP to Acetyl CoA to make Malonyl CoA (Fed State)
Activation step for Cholesterol Synthesis
(Not rate limiting step)
Making Isoprene Unit = 3 ATP + Mevalonate –> 3-Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate (Fed State)
Activation step for Phospholipid synthesis
CTP + Polar Head group or DAG (Fed State)
Activation step for Triglyceride synthesis
Sike! there is none
Activation steps for Gluconeogenesis
6 ATP/GTP, during various regulation steps - Energy Source = beta-oxidation of FAs (Fasted state)
Activation step for FA oxidation (Beta oxidation)
Fatty Acid chain + Acyl (not acetyl) CoA + ATP –> FattyAcid-CoA (Driven by pyrophosphate hydrolysis)
Processes during fed state
Glycolysis, PDC, Glycogen synthesis, FA synthesis, Cholesterol Synthesis
Processes during fasted state
Ketogenesis, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen degradation, FA oxidation
Rate Limiting step for Cholesterol Synthesis
HMG CoA Reductase:
HMG-CoA –> Mevalonate
Requires 2 NADPH
Rate Limiting Step for Fatty Acid Synthesis
Acetyl CoA Carboxylase:
Acetyl CoA + CO2 + ATP –> Malonyl CoA
All Carboxylases require ______ as coenzyme
Biotin
Rate Limiting step for Glycolysis
PFK1
F-6-P –> F-1,6-BP
Rate Limiting Step for TCA Cycle
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase:
Isocitrate + NAD+ –> alpha-ketoglutarate + CO2
Rate Limiting Step for Gluconeogenesis
F-1,6-Bisphosphatase
F-1,6-BP –> F-6-P
Reactions in mitochondria
FA oxidation
PDC (Acetyl CoA Production)
TCA Cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
Both mito + cytosol:
Gluconeogenesis
Reactions in Cytoplasm
Glycolysis
FA Synthesis
Cholesterol Synthesis
Both:
GNG
Structure of cholesterol
three 6 membered, one 5 membered
Acetone must be exhaled because ketone body production leads blood pH to ______
Decrease – Acidosis
TCA Cycle Regulated by
[Acetyl CoA] and [OAA], ATP utilization, O2, NAD+/NADH
Muscle Contraction effects:
TCA cycle increases, O2 consumption increases, ADP increases, H+ gradient decreases (ox. phos. increases to restore H+ Gradient)
Insulin receptor cascade
NO G Protein
Binds –> IRS-1 phos. –> PI-3-Kinase phos. –> PIP2 phos. to PIP3 –> PDK-1 phos. –> AKT phos