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MCB 2000 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Rate of NADH oxidation to NAD+ will increase if…

A

Uncoupler is added

Muscle is active

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2
Q

Rate of NADH oxidation to NAD+ will decrease (buildup of NADH) if…

A

ATP Synthase inhibited
CO added
Muscle is resting

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3
Q

UCP-1 Found in

A

Brown Adipose Tissue, NOT white adipose tissue

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4
Q

True or False: Beta Subunits have different affinities for ADP, ATP and Pi

A

True, they make up the T, O, and L beta subunits

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5
Q

ACC uses _____ as coenzyme

A

Biotin

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6
Q

ATP Synthesis does not occur unless _____ levels are high

A

ADP…

Need ADP to convert to ATP. If ADP low, ATP synthesis won’t happen

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7
Q

Substrate for glycogen synthase

A

UDP-Glucose

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8
Q

What drives formation of UDP-Glucose

A

hydrolysis of pyrophosphate

UDP-Glucose-Pyrophosphorylase catalyzes!

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9
Q

ACC reaction is reversible or no?

A

It is irreversible, Malonyl CoA is committed to FAS

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10
Q

Steps of FAS:

A
  1. Formation of Malonyl CoA
  2. Condensation - CO2 Released
  3. Reduction of Carbonyl to get Alcohol with NADPH
  4. Dehydration - H2O released
  5. Reduction of Double Bond with NADPH
  6. Passing to Condensing Enzyme to grow chain
  7. Release of Palmitate
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11
Q

Is NADPH used in triglyceride or phospholipid biosynthesis

A

It is not used in either

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12
Q

Pyruvate carboxylase, function and regulation

A

Converts Pyruvate to Oxaloacetate, allosterically activated by Acetyl CoA

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13
Q

Acetyl CoA Carboxylase: function, requires ____

A

Rate limiting step in FAS, adds CO2 to Acetyl CoA to make Malonyl CoA, requires ATP

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14
Q

Sources of NADPH

A
  1. Malic Enzyme - breaks malate

2. G-6-P Dehydrogenase - PPP to turn glucose to 5-C ribulose

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15
Q

Allosteric Regulation of ACC

A

Citrate - Allosterically Activates

Palmitate/Palmitoyl CoA Depolymerizes/inactivates

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16
Q

NADPH is a coenzyme for

A

Fatty Acid Synthase

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17
Q

If oxygen still consumed, NAD+ accumulates, and something is added it is probably…

A

Uncoupler

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18
Q

If ETC stops and NADH accumulates, it is…

A

Either ATP Synthase inhibitor or ETC inhibitor

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19
Q

Respiratory control

A

Control of O2 consumption by ADP concentration – Control of ETC

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20
Q

What is protonated in the catalytic domain of ATP Synthase

A

Aspartic acid

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21
Q

Active cell, ATP/ADP/NAD+/NADH levels

A

Low in NADH, ATP

High in NAD+, ADP

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22
Q

Why is glycogen branched?

A

Faster synthesis and degradation as multiple enzymes can work at once

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23
Q

Glycogen synthase regulation

A

I/G ratio - high - activate protein phosphatase and deactivate glycogen synthase kinase.
Dephosphorylation = Active!

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24
Q

Glycogen synthase allosteric regulation

A

activated by G-6-P

25
Order of initial steps in Glycogen synthesis
G-6-P --> G-1-P | G-1-P + UTP --> UDP-Glucose
26
Pyrophosphate cleaved so that glycogenin (protein) can
synthesize the primer to start glycogen chain
27
Only enzyme in this exam that is active in phosphorylated form
Glycogen phosphorylase - degradation of glycogen. When protein phosphatase is activated, it dephosphorylates and inactivates glycogen phosphorylase
28
Primary source of carbons for FAS
Excess dietary carbs
29
FAS made from ____ End to ____ end
Omega (reducing) to Carboxylic acid (non-reducing) end
30
_______ requires activation steps, _______ does not
Phospholipid biosynthesis requires activation | Triglycerides synthesis does not
31
Cellulose contains
Only glucose, not fructose | Same with everything else
32
Glycogen synthesis occurs in
Liver, kidney, intestine, AND muscle
33
Branching Enzyme aka
It is a type of transferase
34
Transferase in glycogen degradation
bypass stearic hindrance
35
Chylomicrons have
Most [TAG], lowest density
36
LDL has
Most cholesterol content
37
HDL has
Lowest [TAG], highest density
38
Lipoprotein Lipase
Activated by insulin, allows for VLDL formation to transport lipoproteins to muscle and adipose tissue
39
What splits citrate in cytoplasm after transport
ATP Citrate Lyase
40
F0 Domain of ATP Synthase
Embedded in membrane, C ring
41
F1 Domain
Catalytic domain, Alpha (spacers) and beta subunits
42
Malate Aspartate Shuttle, Where, for what
Liver and Heart, to move electrons from cytoplasm to mitochondria
43
Net yield of ATP per glucose
+30
44
What drives reduction reactions in FAS
NADPH reducing power
45
What drives condensation (CO2 release) rxn
Decarboxylation
46
Pantothenic Acid
Cofactor for Acyl Carrier Protein ACP
47
Common intermediate for both TAG and phospholipids
Phosphatidate
48
In presence of uncoupler, fuel consumption ____
Increases | Nothing happens to oxidative phosphorylation though
49
Activation step of FAS
Add CO2 to Acetyl CoA to make Malonyl CoA
50
ATP-ADP Translocase
Brings ADP into mitochondria and ATP out to cytoplasm
51
Name some respiratory inhibitors (different from respiratory CONTROL)
Retenone, Amytal, Antimycin A, CN- (Cyanide), N3 (azide), CO | Coupled with ATP Synthase, so both are inhibited
52
Inhibitors of ATP Synthase
Oligomycin DCCD Coupled with ETC, so both are inhibited
53
Uncouplers
Shuttle protons across membrane, based on pH gradient | Ex. dinitrophenol
54
Alpha linkage
Alcohol is TRANS to aldehyde
55
Beta Linkage
Alcohol is CIS to aldehyde
56
Alcohol + ketone =
Hemiketal
57
Where does Liver get glycerol for TAG synthesis
Glycerol Kinase
58
Where does Adipose tissue get glycerol
Relies only on glycolysis to produce Dihydroxyacetone phosphate DHAP
59
Important functional group in ACP
Sulfhydryl group

MCB 2000 (3 decks)

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