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MCB 2000 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Rate of NADH oxidation to NAD+ will increase if…

A

Uncoupler is added

Muscle is active

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2
Q

Rate of NADH oxidation to NAD+ will decrease (buildup of NADH) if…

A

ATP Synthase inhibited
CO added
Muscle is resting

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3
Q

UCP-1 Found in

A

Brown Adipose Tissue, NOT white adipose tissue

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4
Q

True or False: Beta Subunits have different affinities for ADP, ATP and Pi

A

True, they make up the T, O, and L beta subunits

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5
Q

ACC uses _____ as coenzyme

A

Biotin

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6
Q

ATP Synthesis does not occur unless _____ levels are high

A

ADP…

Need ADP to convert to ATP. If ADP low, ATP synthesis won’t happen

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7
Q

Substrate for glycogen synthase

A

UDP-Glucose

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8
Q

What drives formation of UDP-Glucose

A

hydrolysis of pyrophosphate

UDP-Glucose-Pyrophosphorylase catalyzes!

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9
Q

ACC reaction is reversible or no?

A

It is irreversible, Malonyl CoA is committed to FAS

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10
Q

Steps of FAS:

A
  1. Formation of Malonyl CoA
  2. Condensation - CO2 Released
  3. Reduction of Carbonyl to get Alcohol with NADPH
  4. Dehydration - H2O released
  5. Reduction of Double Bond with NADPH
  6. Passing to Condensing Enzyme to grow chain
  7. Release of Palmitate
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11
Q

Is NADPH used in triglyceride or phospholipid biosynthesis

A

It is not used in either

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12
Q

Pyruvate carboxylase, function and regulation

A

Converts Pyruvate to Oxaloacetate, allosterically activated by Acetyl CoA

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13
Q

Acetyl CoA Carboxylase: function, requires ____

A

Rate limiting step in FAS, adds CO2 to Acetyl CoA to make Malonyl CoA, requires ATP

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14
Q

Sources of NADPH

A
  1. Malic Enzyme - breaks malate

2. G-6-P Dehydrogenase - PPP to turn glucose to 5-C ribulose

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15
Q

Allosteric Regulation of ACC

A

Citrate - Allosterically Activates

Palmitate/Palmitoyl CoA Depolymerizes/inactivates

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16
Q

NADPH is a coenzyme for

A

Fatty Acid Synthase

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17
Q

If oxygen still consumed, NAD+ accumulates, and something is added it is probably…

A

Uncoupler

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18
Q

If ETC stops and NADH accumulates, it is…

A

Either ATP Synthase inhibitor or ETC inhibitor

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19
Q

Respiratory control

A

Control of O2 consumption by ADP concentration – Control of ETC

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20
Q

What is protonated in the catalytic domain of ATP Synthase

A

Aspartic acid

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21
Q

Active cell, ATP/ADP/NAD+/NADH levels

A

Low in NADH, ATP

High in NAD+, ADP

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22
Q

Why is glycogen branched?

A

Faster synthesis and degradation as multiple enzymes can work at once

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23
Q

Glycogen synthase regulation

A

I/G ratio - high - activate protein phosphatase and deactivate glycogen synthase kinase.
Dephosphorylation = Active!

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24
Q

Glycogen synthase allosteric regulation

A

activated by G-6-P

25
Q

Order of initial steps in Glycogen synthesis

A

G-6-P –> G-1-P

G-1-P + UTP –> UDP-Glucose

26
Q

Pyrophosphate cleaved so that glycogenin (protein) can

A

synthesize the primer to start glycogen chain

27
Q

Only enzyme in this exam that is active in phosphorylated form

A

Glycogen phosphorylase - degradation of glycogen. When protein phosphatase is activated, it dephosphorylates and inactivates glycogen phosphorylase

28
Q

Primary source of carbons for FAS

A

Excess dietary carbs

29
Q

FAS made from ____ End to ____ end

A

Omega (reducing) to Carboxylic acid (non-reducing) end

30
Q

_______ requires activation steps, _______ does not

A

Phospholipid biosynthesis requires activation

Triglycerides synthesis does not

31
Q

Cellulose contains

A

Only glucose, not fructose

Same with everything else

32
Q

Glycogen synthesis occurs in

A

Liver, kidney, intestine, AND muscle

33
Q

Branching Enzyme aka

A

It is a type of transferase

34
Q

Transferase in glycogen degradation

A

bypass stearic hindrance

35
Q

Chylomicrons have

A

Most [TAG], lowest density

36
Q

LDL has

A

Most cholesterol content

37
Q

HDL has

A

Lowest [TAG], highest density

38
Q

Lipoprotein Lipase

A

Activated by insulin, allows for VLDL formation to transport lipoproteins to muscle and adipose tissue

39
Q

What splits citrate in cytoplasm after transport

A

ATP Citrate Lyase

40
Q

F0 Domain of ATP Synthase

A

Embedded in membrane, C ring

41
Q

F1 Domain

A

Catalytic domain, Alpha (spacers) and beta subunits

42
Q

Malate Aspartate Shuttle, Where, for what

A

Liver and Heart, to move electrons from cytoplasm to mitochondria

43
Q

Net yield of ATP per glucose

A

+30

44
Q

What drives reduction reactions in FAS

A

NADPH reducing power

45
Q

What drives condensation (CO2 release) rxn

A

Decarboxylation

46
Q

Pantothenic Acid

A

Cofactor for Acyl Carrier Protein ACP

47
Q

Common intermediate for both TAG and phospholipids

A

Phosphatidate

48
Q

In presence of uncoupler, fuel consumption ____

A

Increases

Nothing happens to oxidative phosphorylation though

49
Q

Activation step of FAS

A

Add CO2 to Acetyl CoA to make Malonyl CoA

50
Q

ATP-ADP Translocase

A

Brings ADP into mitochondria and ATP out to cytoplasm

51
Q

Name some respiratory inhibitors (different from respiratory CONTROL)

A

Retenone, Amytal, Antimycin A, CN- (Cyanide), N3 (azide), CO

Coupled with ATP Synthase, so both are inhibited

52
Q

Inhibitors of ATP Synthase

A

Oligomycin
DCCD
Coupled with ETC, so both are inhibited

53
Q

Uncouplers

A

Shuttle protons across membrane, based on pH gradient

Ex. dinitrophenol

54
Q

Alpha linkage

A

Alcohol is TRANS to aldehyde

55
Q

Beta Linkage

A

Alcohol is CIS to aldehyde

56
Q

Alcohol + ketone =

A

Hemiketal

57
Q

Where does Liver get glycerol for TAG synthesis

A

Glycerol Kinase

58
Q

Where does Adipose tissue get glycerol

A

Relies only on glycolysis to produce Dihydroxyacetone phosphate DHAP

59
Q

Important functional group in ACP

A

Sulfhydryl group

MCB 2000 (3 decks)

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