Final Flashcards
dendrochronology
history of counting tree ring
the plague of justinian
caused death, animals moving, uncleanliness
Borobudur
- 9th century
- Statue of Buddha in Java, Indonesia (Buddha temple)
- Buddhism in India has the less amount of those who practice
Constantine “the Great”
(r. 306-337)
- Post-classical age is the age of religion
- Is at war with the other half of empire
- After winning the war he legalizes Christianity
- Used Christianity as a unifying force of the Roman empire
- Christianity replacing the Roman empire
Council of Nicea
325 C.E.
- At the time of the Holy Trinity
- “pledging the allegiance” to Roman Christianity
Edict of Theodossius
380 C.E.
- If you want to be Roman you have to be Christian
- you can’t be anything but its illegal
The Prophet Muhammad
(570 – 632 C.E.)
- Merchant, relations with an older woman also business partner
- Recited versus after coming across a figure in the desert
- Listened to the revelation - people of the book
This took place when the Roman empire had exhausted themselves no money, no people
Shari’iah
Tort
- Theft
- Fornication
- Drunkenness
- False witness
- Highway robbery
- blastamy
The Hajj
in Mecca, Muslims must make at least one trip throughout their lifetime
North Arabian Saddle
fits best for 2 humps
One Lump or Two?
One: survive best in hot and dry climates - Middle East
Two: survive best in cold and dry climates - Central Asia
Technological Revolution of the Middle Ages
The Shariah, Sufism, camels, Hajj, North Arabian saddle
Three-field Rotation
Use 2 field give one a break to nurture soil this does not slow down crop production
Moldboard Plow
Attached to medieval harness this works for agriculture
Medieval Harness
Pairs with moldboard plow does not choke animals
Worn like a necklace can pull plows
The Blast Furnace
Oxygen and carbon in this furnace helps produce steel in an effective, economic way operated like a butter mill
The Grand Canal
Man made
almost 1,000 miles long
in china
during the sui dynasty
“Arabic Numerals”
has a zero - used for complicated math
- started in India later developed by others
al-Khwarazmi
used Arabic numerals to figure out spherical trigonometry - problem: pray in the direction of mecca
Paper
Extremely cheap
Spreads fast - radical implications
The University
12th century Europe studying communications
- 7 liberal arts (free): Triuium: grammar, rhedric, logic
- Quadriuium: music, physics, geometry, aritmetric
the Stirrup
one of two innovations, for the foot to help guide the horse
Compound Bow
Can penetrate armor, can shoot 2000 yards,
- Once every 68 seconds more effective than a musket
The Yasa
laws: 1. No more bride stealing 2. No more enslavement of any Mongols 3. All children legitimate whether by concubine or wife 4. No more livestock theft 5. Absolute religions tolerance temple or clergy of all faith free from taxations
Pax Mongolica
Karakorum - popular for merchants - gave 5x asking price lead to the largest free trade zone
- No more borders or taxes
proselytizing religion
recruiting other people as part of their religion
- my religion is the best join it
Xuanzang
d. 663 CE
voyage to the west brought more than 600 Sanskrit’s texts, 22 horses loaded with relics, paraphernalia 1,300 texts translated (Buddhism to Chinese)
Nestorian Christian Stele
8th century
tablet in the tang dynasty
early christianity in china
The people of the Book
people who follow the bible
under islamic rule
christian and jews could practice freely but could bend the rules like trade
Beijing
Mongols declared this city the capital
Rashid al-Din’s Jam’ at-Tewarikh
1316
- One of the four global thinkers of post Mongol Islam
- Academic guys created/wrote history
- Converted text to Islam history of everything (religion)
Ibn Battuta
(1304-1368)
- One of the four global thinkers of post Mongol Islam
- Academic guys created/wrote history
- Travel writer, documented diversity of Muslim community
Marco Polo
1254-1324
- Known as the Christian Ibn Battuta
- people were finding a way to get to China the Americas
Jean Nicolet discovers Wisconsin
Founded Green Bay, from French Montreal looking for Mongols from Wisconsin
Bananas
Did not come from Africa, originally from South-East Asia (Indonesia)
Madagascar people came from Indonesia -
they settled on the coast of south Africa
- New crop = more people
Sahel
Means coast - part in Africa south Sahara Desert (coast of desert)
- Plural form relates to Swahili
Gold for salt
Saharan Salt Trade located in Ghana
- Ghana Empire was North West of Country
- Horses introduced through trade huge military advantage
Horses and the Tsetse Fly
- Once a horse is bitten they die
- expand econ production to trade horse because they can’t be raised around flies
Kingdom of Mali
1230-1389 C.E
Competing with Ghana for upper hand
Abubakri II
(r. 1310-1311 C.E.)
- Muslim ruler, father of Mansa Musa I
- His son travelled to tell people about how proud he has made his father and all his accomplishments
Mansa Musa I
(1312-1337 C.E.)
- Go on the Hajj, traveled up to North Africa and across,
Gave away money and bought a lot of items this caused an inflation of luxury items
The Manuscripts of Timbuktu
Written records of Africa technology complex
The Swahili Coast
Location of Kilwa
- Abandoned Chinese porcelain found on the coast of Africa
Kilwa
Largest of Swahili Coast
Lalibela
Rock churches in Ethiopia dug down and chipped away surroundings of church
Great Zimbabwe
Great wall had wealth to protect, no written records
- 12th – 14th centuries
- same time as Kilwa, Abubakri II, and Lalibela
The Black Death
1348
- If you have the bubonic plague it is found in teeth, dentistry found the plague and made this possible
Y. Pestis & Rattus Rattus
Flea and Y. Pestis live in flea’s guts blood of rat after bitten by fleas humans get infected
- Hard to avoid can’t keep flea and rats out
- Quarantines = waste of time
Flagellants
whip - so blood ran to smear face with
Pogroms
burned minority, blamed them for plague
The Lazaretto
Quarantine, locked self out to be safe from plague
Causes of plague: population pressure, economic integration, climate change
the potato
Important crop, being cultivated - stable crop in south America
Norte Chico
3,200 - 1,800 BCE
- Civilization without agriculture
- Like ziggurats big piles of dirt
- River valley civilizations 2 rivers and the Pacific Ocean, rain shadow
Fishnets Moche Civilzation
100-800 BCE
- Made from cotton, monopoly made them gain dominance of the coast
Moche Pottery
Moche civilization 100 – 800 CE lived around the Han Dynasty in China - expressive visual arts “personality without writing”
- Expressed daily life
Inca Empire
1200-1572
- South American Mongols - largest empire on western hemisphere 1438 – 1533
- Stock pile roads and Inca roads
Ch’arki
- dried salted meat
- used to preserve meat popular in south america
Quipu
- Record keeping data based on tying stings
- Evolving corn = increasing population
The Olmecs
- Complex society form because of the 3 sisters north Peru
- 1,500 – 400 BCE
- pyramid architecture
- Olmec monumental heads made of stone found far away dozens of miles away
the “three sisters”
Maize (corn), squash, beans all work together to support one another this is complete protein no domestication of animals
Bloodletting
- Human sacrifice - mythology and associated religious practice cutting self
- Sacred cyclical calendar based on math
The scared ballgame
- Considered an honor to win the game and get sacrificed
- Popular with the Olmecs
Mayan Alphabet
- One of the first written languages in Meso-American
- Consists of interlocking images
- A 12-year-old deciphered it
the age of discovery
Didn’t have an end date still going on
- Columbus’s time
Zheng He
d. 1423
- Led several fleets of a longer more progressive expeditions into the Indian ocean
- The treasure ship oh Zheng He was much larger than the Santa Maria of Columbus
- Could fit the population on ship
- Many of the people on his ship were doctors, scientists, and more collecting samples
- Muslim connection his father was Ma, Chinese for Mohammed
- Each voyage he made it closer and closer to Mecca a trip to Hajj
Galle Trilingual Inscription
1309
- Stone tablet inscription in 3 languages (Chinese, Tamil, Persian)
- Consists of offerings made my Zheng He and others on the Buddhists
Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi
(d. 1291)
- Brothers were trying to find another was across the desert to reach the Mediterranean
- Decades before Abubakri II
- Trying to reach the gold they must find a way to cross the desert
Prester John
- Engaging in a crusade, raiding the coast of Africa countries and capturing them bring them back to Portugal -
teach them Portuguese send them back to Africa and leave them there to find Pester John. - These people learned new ways of traveling down the coast, they found out if they travel down the coast of Africa they will be able to reach India
Christopher Columbus
1492
- Thought the world was flat it would be easier for him to sail the world
- 45 days later he did not discover Germany he came across land
- goal was to conquer Jerusalem Establish a trade route with China to become wealthy
- crushed when he found out he didn’t make it to India he lied
Vasco da Gama
1497
- Journeyed to the East coast (Swahili) of Africa then to India - successful
- Took 3 years - 20% of the people died
Pedro Alvares Cabra
(1502)
- Portugal explorer
- Did what de Gama did but effectively
- Discovered Brazil when trying to get to India
The treaty of Tordesillas
- Agreed to divide the entire world outside of Christian Europe amongst themselves King of Spain and King of Europe - down the middle of the Atlantic
- Do whatever you want on your side and stay out of my side ships, trade, etc.
The Cartaz System
Toll system Portugal used
cutting trade through the Mediterranean
Ferdinand Magellan
1519-22
- Explorer
- Sailed around the world
- Left Portugal with 250 people only 19 came back when they travelled around the world
- Stole a map and gave it to the Ottoman empire - on how to sail
Biological Warfare
- Disease from Europe
- Mongols decided to the meat of animals over walls to spread
- Nowhere to escape because the citizens were trapped in the walls
- Spread of germs using the 4 G’s
The four G’s
Why Europe was so successful in conquering other words
- Geography: Columbus’s voyage in the footsteps of Marco Polo
- Location helped de Gama and Cabral discover land - Guns: 15th century Europe began to develop once they discovered the combustibility of artillery swoosh to bang
- Galleons: tall sided sailing ship used for battle
- Started putting cannons on ships in the 16th century
- Galleys - big row boat - Germs: became deadly when not immune to it
- Over the course of 10-15 years in meso-America demographic decline
the Columbian Encounter
- Food is important for sustaining life corn
- First place corn was introduced in the eastern hemisphere was Egypt
- Without the Columbian Exchange horses wouldn’t be a time
Tobacco
- Stress relieving technology
- Made as an escapist thing
- Associated with the middle east most popular has the pyramids and camels on it
- Important source of tobacco is in Egypt
Coffee
- Stress relieving technology
- First developed as a drink in the 1300s for Sufism
- Made to stay up for the demands of the body stay up and say the same prayer over and over
- 16th century in Egypt made to drink for social purposes
- Made on boats spread throughout the Ottoman empire
The ‘Gunpwder Empire’
3 - Ottoman empire, Safavid empire, Mughal Empire
Made these empire grow rapidly and keep their land
the world is not enough
- The battle of the three kinds 2 sultan of morocco and king of Portugal (king Sabastian)
- Ottoman Sultan and King of Portugal were killed
- King Phillip II of Spain inherits the Portuguese “half” of the world
Ahmed al-Mansur
(r. 1578-1603)
- Only one of the 3 kings that did not die during the battle of Tondibi
- He thought he was the ruler of the world since he did not die
- Organized an expedition that crossed the Sahara Desert to battle the King of Mali
- Although they were outnumbered they won because of artillery
The Battle of Tondibi
1591
Ahmed al-Mansur vs King of Mali
