Final Flashcards
Intimate partner violence!
+ types of abuse!
Violence against an individual by a current or former spouse, cohabitant, or intimate partner
Gender neutral and it applies to same-sex couples
Types:
- physical (Ex: punching, pushing)
- sexual (Ex: forces sex)
- psychological/emotional (Ex: power and control, anger/hostility)
Three phase cycle of domestic violence
- Tension building- offender creates tension, victim tries to appease
- The battering- acute battering incident (verbal, physical, sexual)
- Tranquil loving aftermath: offender apologizes, justifies their behavior, blames victim for the offense
Maximalist position!
- women are much more likely to be harmed by intimate partner than a stranger
- nearly 25% of women will be victims of severe physical violence from their partner
- violence against women is the leading cause of female hopelessness
Minimalist position
- only 3 in 1000 women aged 12 or older experience fatal violent offenses in a given year
- NCVS shows trends for domestic violence decreasing
Battered women syndrome
Highly variable symptoms of physical and psychological injuries exhibited by a women repeatedly abused, especially by her partner
What are barriers to disclosing and ending abuse?
(Why battered women stay)!
Learned helplessness
PTSD!!!
-A reaction to being exposed to an event which is outside the range of normal human experience
traumatic bonding theory!
-(emotionally drained and vulnerable, the women becomes susceptible to her partners loving guilt pressure to return)
Individual and interpersonal level
- current mental health and emotional status/PT stress
- fear: more likely to survive than be killed
Family and cultural level
- cultural and religious practices made it impossible for victims from some cultural group to consider divorce or separation
Community level
- inadequate institutional response, shelter, resources
Macro system
- policies and laws limit the choices available to victims (Ex: social welfare/immigrant laws)
Minneapolis domestic violence study!
Study w 3 options for police response.. offender was
- forced to leave
- sent to counseling (ineffective)
- arrested
Found that those who were arrested were less likely to commit additional acts of domestic violence
Mandatory arrest policy came out of the study (PO’s must arrest when there is probable cause that a crime has been committed and evidence exists to support the arrest)
The adoption of pro-arrest policies!
- pros/cons
- dual arrest
Pros:
- controls police behavior
- provides protection from immediate violence
- general deterrent effect among batterers
- communicate that domestic violence is a serious crime
- redistributes police resources to make them available to women on a more equal basis
Cons:
- arrest costs are high and arrests are time consuming
- ignores preferences of the victim
- police arrests both parties, thereby discouraging victim reports
Dual arrest:
- when it appears that both parties have caused physical injury they can arrest both the victim and the offender
No drop policy!
Prohibits victims from withdrawing charge: prosecutor only needs corroborating evidence if victim does not testify
Typology of IPV:
Intimate terrorism
Situational couple violence
Intimate terrorism:
- the attempt to dominate ones partner
- using violence as one tactic in general patterns of control
- the controlling behaviors often involve emotional and sexual abuse, isolation, economic abuse
- their partner used either no physical abuse or non-controlling abuse
Situational couple violence:
- one or two incidents but no pattern of abuse
- it is used in response to a particular conflict or situation
- abuse is generally minor/infrequent
Define Common Law Rape
Unlawful carnal knowledge committed by man against woman-not his wife
Define Forcible Rape!
The offender uses or threatens to use force to achieve penetration. Lack of consent is key factor
Define Statutory Rape!
When a person who is under the proscribed age of consent engages in sex. Consensual with underage partner
Lack of Consent
A strong verbal statement or an unambiguous physical act is sufficient to show lack of consent in the face of overwhelming force or an intimidating weapon
Rape Myths
- Attitudes and beliefs that are generally false but widely accepted to justify male sexual aggression
- Acceptance of rape myths lead to victim blaming
- Shifting blame from offender to victim
- Failure to acknowledge the severity of rape and sexual assault
-before, during, after the rape
(Ex: She is acquainted with the offender, she meets him in a risky setting, she has no bruises or torn clothing)
Elements of real (ideal) rape!
How are different “types” of rape treated differently by both the public and the criminal justice system?!
Real/Ideal rapes:
-Identified as unsuspecting female assaulted by a complete stranger, victim is virtuous and very young, victim fights back, struggles, and suffers injuries
Elements:
- Treated with full respect and dignity throughout the CJ process (w/o question or doubt) when escapes reports directly to police, forensic evidence is found.
Portrait of victims!
- Female late teens- early twenties
- Unmarried, low income
- Highest risk: black, unemployed, resides in large city!
- 22% raped by strangers in 2006-2010
Barriers and facilitators to reporting rape!
Barriers:
-Victims are less likely to report an assault to the police of a known offender vs stranger
-Fear of retaliation, shame, fear blame!
Facilitators:
-Women who are older, more educated, and earn higher incomes are more likely to report sexual assault
-“Seriousness of assault”: Victims are more likely to report when they perceive their assault to be a serious one!
