Final

Question 1

Function of the Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (MLF)

Answer 1

The function of the MLF is to coordinate bilateral eye movement and eye/head movement.
It also coordinates all the LMN across the 3 nuclear groups: Oculomotor, Trochlear and Abducens.

Question 2

Cranial Nerve III

Answer 2

Superior Rectus
Medial Rectus
Inferior Rectus
Inferior Oblique
Levator Palpabrae

Question 3

Cranial Nerve IV

Answer 3

Superior Oblique

Question 4

Cranial Nerve VI

Answer 4

Lateral Rectus

Question 5

Superior Oblique Action

Answer 5

Looking down and medial

Question 6

Inferior Oblique Action

Answer 6

Looking upward and medial

Question 7

Deep Cerebellar Nuclei (DCL)

Answer 7

Dentate Nucleus
Interposed Nucleus
Fastigial Nucleus

Question 8

Medial Vestibulospinal Tract

Answer 8

Responsible for head relative to eye position.
Descending: Inferior and Medial Vestibular Nuclei.
Travels in bilateral MLF

Question 9

Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract

Answer 9

Controls posture and balance.
Goes all the way down to the Lumbosacral spinal cord.
Does not travel in the MLF rather lateral tegmentum?

Question 10

Striatum

Answer 10

Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
Nucleus Accumbuns

Question 11

Lenticular Nuclei

Answer 11

Globus Palladum (E and I)
Putamen

Question 12

Glutamate

Answer 12

Excitatory +

Question 13

GABA

Answer 13

Inhibitory -

Question 14

Dopamine

Answer 14

Excitatory + OR Inhibitory -

Question 15

Acetylcholine

Answer 15

Excitatory +

Question 16

Corticostriatal Pathways + or -

Answer 16

Allcortical inputs to the BG are glutamatergic (+)

Question 17

What NT do striatal neurons project to the external and internal globus pallidus?

Answer 17

GABAergic (-)

Question 18

What NT do the Globus pallidus and substantial nigra pars reticulata neruons project to the VL thalamas

Answer 18

GABAergic (-)

Question 19

Subthalamic neurons projecting tothe globus pallidus internal project what type of NT?

Answer 19

Glutamatergic (+)

Question 20

Basal Ganglia Outpt Circuits

Answer 20

GPi and SNpr are the basal ganglia output cicuits.

Their axons project to the VA/VL Thalamas (Gpi) and superior colliculus (SNpr).

Question 21

Input to the Basal Ganglia

Answer 21

Corticostriatal Pathways from coritcal inputs from M1 and Premotor cortex.

All inputs feed into the BG cia the striatum (Caudate and Putamen)

Nigrostriatal Pathways also projects to teh striatum to modulate the corticostriatal inputs.

Question 22

The Associative Loop Functions

Answer 22

In charge of cognitive functions. Executive functions, dealing with facts and decisions making analysis.

Question 23

The Limbic Loop Functions

Answer 23

The Limbic loop’s is part of the orbitofrontal cortex and the cingulate gyrus.

Its function is associated with emotions and monitoring behavior, motivation and planning.

Question 24

Motor Loop (Direct Pathway)

Answer 24

BA4, 6 (M1, PM, and SM)
Stiratum (Putamen)
GPi
VL/ VA (mainly VL)

Question 25

Oculomotor Loop

Answer 25

FEF, SEF Caudate Body SNpr VL/VA (mainly VA)

Question 26

Associative Loop (Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex)

Answer 26

Prefrontal Cortex Caudate Body GPi/ SNPR (Mainly SNpr) VA/Dorsal Medial Nucleus of Thalamus (mainly VA)

Question 27

Limibic Loop

Answer 27

Cingulate, Orbitofrontal CX Ventral Sriatum (Mainly Nucleus Accumbens) Ventral Palladum (kinda Gpi) VA/Dorsal Medial Thalamus (mainly DMT)

Question 28

Medial Vestibulospinal Tract Function

Answer 28

Head relative to eye position.

Question 29

Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract Function

Answer 29

Posture and Balance

Question 30

Area 3A (Brodman)

Answer 30

In the post central gyrus. Vestibular information is combined with neck movements

Question 31

Area 2V (Intraparietal Sulcus)

Answer 31

This area receives visual information about attention to your body in space. Understanding ones posture in space.

Question 32

Retro-Insular Cortex

Answer 32

Orientation of the environment.

Question 33

Anterior Group of Hypothalamus Corresponds to?

Answer 33

Middle Zone in the Coronal Cut

Question 34

Middle Group of Hypothalamus Corresponds to?

Answer 34

Periventricular Zone in the Coronal Cut

Question 35

Anterior Group/Middle Zone Contain which Nuclei, Release and Control?

Answer 35

Supraoptic and Paraventricular Nuclei (Magnocellular) ADH and Oxytocin Posterior Pituitary

Question 36

Middle Group/Periventricular Zone Contain which Nuclei, Release and Control

Answer 36

Periventricular Nuclei (Parvocelullar) Inhibiting Factors and Hormone Releasing Factors Anterior Pituitary

Question 37

Ascending Vestibular Pathways go to what part of the Thalamus?

Answer 37

VP

Question 38

Lenticular Nucleus

Answer 38

Putamen | Globus Pallidus

Question 39

Ascending Outputs of the Cerebellum go to what part of the Thalamus?

Answer 39

VL

Question 40

Basal Ganglia indirect and direct pathways involve which part of the thalamus?

Answer 40

VL

Question 41

The Bladder Control Pathway Involves which part of the Thalamus?

Answer 41

VPM

Question 42

Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons

Answer 42

Myelenated (White Ramus) Short Preganglionic Releases ACH Located within the lateral horn of Rexxed 7 in the intermediolateral nucleus (Lateral Horn) of T1 - L3.

Question 43

Sympathetic Postganglionic Neurons

Answer 43

Unmyelenated (Gray Ramus) Long Postganglionic Release Epinephrine Located within the sympathetic chain

Question 44

Parasympathetic Preganglionic Neurons

Answer 44

Myelenated Long Preganglionic Releases ACH Locateed within the brainstem (III, IV, IX, X) and the Sacral Spinal Cord (S2 - S4).

Question 45

Parasympathetic Postganglionic Neurons

Answer 45

Unmyelenated Short Postganlionic Releases ACH Located very close to their target organs, if not on them.

Question 46

III Pre, post locations and function

Answer 46

Pre - Edinger Westphal Nucleus Post - Ciliary Nucleus Function - Pupil constriction, near vision (lens accomodation)

Question 47

Vii Pre, post locations and function

Answer 47

Pre - Superior Salivatory Nucleus Post - Sphenopalatine and Submandibular Ganglia Function - Tearing, mucosa, saliva

Question 48

IX Pre, post locations and function

Answer 48

Pre - Inferior Salivatory Nucleus Post - Otic Ganglia Function - Saliva parotid gland

Question 49

X Pre, post locations and function

Answer 49

Pre - Dorsal Motor Vagus Nucleus Post - Terminal Ganglia Function - Heart, Lungs, GI viscera

Question 50

T1 - L3 Pre, post locations and function

Answer 50

Pre - Intermediolateral Nucleus Post - Paravertebral and Prevertebral Ganglia Function - All viscera

Question 51

S2 - S4 Pre, post locations and function

Answer 51

Pre - Intermediate Zone (Rexxed VII) Post - Terminal Ganglia Function - Urogenital Organs

Question 52

The Dorsal Longitudinal Fasciculus (DLF)

Answer 52

Relays pain control, extensive visceral information (solitary nucleus), plus hypothalamic paraventricular, periventricular and supraoptic nuclei. It descends through the brainstem via the PAG

Question 53

The Middle Forebrain Bundle (MFB)

Answer 53

The MFB relays inputs from the prefrontal limbic, striatum, and lateral hypothalamus. MFB axons are directed in the dorsolateral tegmentum of the brainstem to synpase with RF neurons and cranial preganglionic parasympathetic neurons.