final Flashcards
emotional tasks for families with school aged children
managing the influence of peers
emotional tasks for families with adolescents
flexibility and boundaries
2nd order change for families with adolescents
Shift of parent-child relationship to permit adolescent to move into and out of system
Refocus on midlife marital and career issues
Beginning shift toward caring for older generation
highly functional parent-teen interaction depends on
open communication
families change ______
these changes are ______and _________
continually
developmental
unpredictable
the fluidity of family structures requires most families to deal with several family structural transitions
during the life course
life course encompasses
individual time
chronological time
historical time
stresses that occur as individuals and families process through time through lifecycles
horizontal stresses
stresses which cross through system levels
vertical stress
Differentiation of self
Development of intimate peer relationships (romantic and non-romatic)
Establishment of self with respect to work and financial independence
2nd order change
accepting emotional and financial responsibility for self
emotional process
commitment, power, and closeness
3 main developmental challenges
requires each to make the other his or her primary partner and loosen their ties to parents, siblings, and friends
commitment
involves managing the dialectic of self-determination and yielding to another to strengthen relationship
power
involves balance between separations and attachment
Rules of distance regulations are established ( which are revisited time and time again!)
closeness
partners emotional task is
commitment to a new system
partners 2nd order change is
formation of couple system
Realignment of relationships with family and friends
Couple conflict patterns establish within the _______ of marriage and remain relatively stable
the first 2 years
families with young children
key emotional task
accepting new member
families with young children
2nd order change
Adjusting marital dyad
Child rearing
Realignment with extended families
Grandparenting roles
factors that influence transition with young children
View on parenting
responsibilities and restrictions
Gratification of childrearing
Marital intimacy and stability
communication task of families with young children
Renegotiation roles
Transition of culture
Developing child’s communication competence
________serves as children’s first communication model
parents
__________US children is an immigrant or child of an immigrant
1 in 5
Mothers who listen empathetically and comfort tend to have children who are
less rejected by peers
in the families with school aged children what is at its peak
family identity
families with school aged children emotional task
managing peer influence
most parents report that technology has a ________impact on family closeness
positive
1/3 or men and ½ of women live alone during this period of time
later in life
families later in life emotional tasks
: accepting shifting generational roles
families later in life 2nd order change
Maintaining own and/or couple functioning and interests in the face of physiological decline and exploring role options
Support for more central role of middle generation
Making room in system for the wisdom and experience of the elderly
Dealing with loss of spouse, siblings, or their peers
Preparation for own death
In general, maternal grandparents are more involved than paternal grandparents
true
launching children and midlife 2nd order change
Renegotiation of marital system as a dyad
Development of adult-to-adult relationships between parents and grown children
Realignment of relationships to include in-laws and grandchildren
Dealing with disabilities and death of parents (grandparents)
launching children and midlife
accepting multiples exits and entries into the family system
later in life, couplehood requires lots of
renegotiation
marital relationships are renegotiated after
children are born
offtime grandparenting
too young: resist role and title
too old: may not be able to actively engage in role
launching children and midlife emotional task
accepting multiples exits and entries into the family system
2nd order change in launching children and midlife
Renegotiation of marital system as a dyad
Development of adult-to-adult relationships between parents and grown children
Realignment of relationships to include in-laws and grandchildren
Dealing with disabilities and death of parents (grandparents)
The quality of the relationship prior to adolescence is predictive of the relationship
during adolescence
stress vs trauma
Stress can be managed
Trauma extreme stress that cannot be managed
What may be a stress for one family may be a trauma for another
unpredictable positive events that also stress the system (eg. Inheritance, promotion, return from war)
eustress
tension felt by a family that indicates change is required in their system or environment
strain
__________ are brought about by events or circumstances that disrupt life patterns but cannot be foreseen from either a developmental or life-course perspective.”
unpredictable stresses
when do crises occur?
when families lack the resources to cope
Grieving process effected due to uncertainty of situation
frozen grief
two types of ambiguous loss
Physically absent but psychological present
Physically present but psychologically absent
Physically present but psychologically absent
Mental illness
Addiction
Alzheimer’s
Physically absent but psychological present
Missing persons
Miscarriages/abortions
Unknown parent
examples of stressors
Loss of family members (death or otherwise)
Addition of family members (new or returning)
Sense of disgrace (eg infidelity, nonsupportive acts)
Job loss
Violence
Substance abuse
Natural disasters
Others?
____causes systemic imbalance and long-term change
stress
______ multiple stress and/or multiple life stages (sandwich generation)
compound stress
mechanisms through which stress is managed
coping
ability to do well in the face of adversity
resilience
how well a family copes depends on
number of previous stressors faced in recent years
degree of role change involved
social support available
institutional support available
in the ABCX model the A=
the stressor event (in itself is not positive or negative)
in the ABCX model the B=
family’s crisis-meeting resources (human and nonhuman)
in the ABCX model the C=
family’s definition of the event (importance according to worldview)
in the ABCX model the X =
Crisis (amount of disruption experienced by the family)
Incorporates post-crises variables into the ABCX model
double ABCX model
______balance between 1)member and family & 2)family and community
bonadaption
_______ imbalance or sever losses for the family
maladaption
_______can improve when the family manages a major crisis
communication
Puts communication at the center of the family coping process in a time of crisis
Grounding in the double ABCX model
maguire’s communication-based coping model
major factors of stress and coping include
Communication as a source or symptom of stress
Communication as meaning making
Communication as a resource
Communication as a coping strategy
Communication as a indicator of health status
Family members “deny” event or its seriousness
Resulting in numbness, disbelief or denial
shock
Occurs as family rebound from initial shock
Resulting in blaming, anger, confusion, blaming, guilt, and bargaining
recoil
Resulting in an overwhelming sense of sadness
Anger is directed outwardly and depression is directed inwardly
depression
Resulting in “acceptance” and recovery
Often described as the “turning point”
reorganization
untimely death
Generates anger
Potential for major role changes for most family members
May be unprepared
Communication ranges from highly intense and emotional to superficial
If change to talk to dying member occurs, final conversations may occur
Research by Keely found 5 types of messages in these conversations to be helpful to the survivors
- Love
- Spirituality
- Identity
- Routine/everyday content
- Difficult relationship issues
talking about suicide, giving away possessions, abnormal cheerfulness after depression, losing appetite
Pre communication of young people:
depression, withdrawal, isolation, changes in sleep pattern, lower self0image, prolonged bereavement
Pre communication of elderly:
death of a child
Devastates a family
Loss of parental dreams of child
Dialectic tension: grieving child’s death together and separately
Adolescents who lose sibling in sudden, violent deaths face complex grieving process that lasts for years
Miscarriages/stillborn deaths
grief exists although society may not recognize the relationship
disenfranchised grief
reconciliation with reality and a sense of adaptation to the family member’s needs
Family pulls together and adjusts to allow system alteration and progression
Communicate more directly about concerns
closure
process of seeking information discussing options, asking for help, expressing feelings, and/or forming a support group
May see signs of relief
focusing outward
family members experience intense emotions as they process the diagnosis/condition
Characterized by anger and sadness
May blame, isolate, and question why
Focusing outward – process of seeking information
grief stage
sense of disbelief and distorted expectations
Diagnosis may be “rejected” by family
denial stage
family learns diagnosis/condition
Characterized by anxiety and tension
Family can absorb very little information
impact stage
the mourning process is similar to death because
it is a loss
Couples who report negative affect on relationship cite communication issues such as:
Not wanting to talk about illness
Talking being difficult because of severity of issue
Talking not productive
what directly influences the coping process
Ability of family members to communicate in a direct and supportive manner
which parent with mental has more of an affect on family
mother
Separation and Divorce
Two phases
Separation and legalization
Settling into the single-parent families
Qualities that contribute to well-being of children
Meeting child’s psychological and economic needs
Maintaining pre-divorce extended family and close friendship relations
Exhibiting mutual parental cooperation and support around child-oriented concerns
divorce is a risk to the
father child bond
occurs when one parent tries to distance a child from the other parent
parental alienation
more than _____of military personnel are married and ______% have children
1/2
44%
hiding worries and concerns; avoiding disagreements
protective buffering
family members’ quality of life
family’s wellbeing
Family communication shapes one’s thinking and behavior about
health and illness
An individual’s health and health behaviors impact
family communication
what are some reasons why married persons are healthier than unmarried persons and have lower mortality rates?
They typically engage in less risky behavior and they have the spouse’s support for minding their health
Husbands fare better than wives
Marital quality also has an effect on overall health
Spousal conflict, spousal over-involvement, and inequality in decision making is related to poorer health
Parental communication affects adolescent health (physical and mental)
There is a “undeniable connection between abnormal and problematic family interaction patterns and
mental health
segrin and flora
family communication impacts
Heath-promoting behaviors (nutrition and exercise)
Health risk reduction (safe sex; smoking)
abstinence rules
communication about no tolerance
Don’t drink until you are 21
Don’t have sex until you are married
If you do drink, don’t drive
If you do have sex, use a condom
are examples of what??
contingency rules
Families with high expressiveness (members are allowed to express opinions and sow individuality) have
low compliance to heath rules
what seems to have the most direct influence on substance use
parent-child communication
can New or revised patterns of functioning can result from the stressor of the illness?
YES
the first person in the family diagnosed with the genetic condition
proband
what are the 6 factors affecting proband discloser?
Proband’s level of acceptance with the role of informant
Proband’s perception of reaction and relevance of information to others
Closeness of relationship
Family rules and patterns
Timing
Relationship with health care providers
money is typically equated with ?
power, self-esteem, success and failure
persons who have lived their entire lives in the digital world and understand the language
digital native
grew up in the analog world but have become sophisticated in their use of technology
digital settler
not born in digital age, have not adapted easily to new technology ; live most of their lives offline
digital immigrants
challenges of technology and communication
Being “alone together”
Risky online behavior
Cyberbullying
examples of personal approaches to improve family communication
Personal education
Personal negotiation and metacommunication
Family or couple meetings
Support network
examples of instructional approaches to improving family communication
Marriage enrichment programs
Family life education
Parent education
examples of therapeutic approaches to improving family communication
Family therapy
Psychotherapy
Counseling
Support groups
characteristics of well-functioning families
Interactions are patterned and meaningful
More compassion and less cruelty
No scapegoats
Use of self-restraint
Clear boundaries
Use of humor and evidence of joy
Misperceptions are minimal
High self-worth
Direct, clear, specific communication
Honesty
Flexible, human, and appropriate rules
Open and hopeful connection to society
