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ASDOH Medical MicroBio > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

where the virus causes the cell to proliferate in an uncontrolled manner.

A

Transformation

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2
Q

usually an acute process where viral progeny are released by death (lysis) of the cell

A

Lytic

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3
Q

What is the sense orientation of Virus Genetic code?

A

= same orientation as mRNA

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4
Q

What is the anti-sense (-) orientation orientation of Virus Genetic code?

A

Opposite orientation as mRNA

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5
Q

The virus attachment phase requires

A

spike proteins on the virus (or viral membrane) binding to specific receptors on the target cell.

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6
Q

The steps of a virus’s life cycle

A 
Attachment
Penetration
Uncoating 
Replication
Assembly
Release
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7
Q

release of viral agent into the blood

A

viremia

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8
Q

almost exclusively infect plants

A

viroids

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9
Q

many infected individuals never show clinical signs or symptoms, with many if not most infections occurring ‘below the waterline.’

A

“Iceberg” concept of infectious disease

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10
Q

What is/causes surface immunity

A

IgA is the major antibody active at mucosal surfaces and secretions within and outside the body

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11
Q

Several mechanisms appear to act in concert to prevent any destructive immune reactions to our food and yet protect us from GI pathogens.

A

Oral tolerance

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12
Q

MALT

A

mammary associated lymphoid tissues

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13
Q

BALT

A

bronchial associated lymphoid tissues

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14
Q

GALT

A

Gut associated lymphoid tissues

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15
Q

sIgA Functions

A

neutralize toxins and viruses at mucosal surfaces, and block colonization

decrease unwanted immune reactions to food

‘sticky’ and binds to mucus, Keeps it from being flushed out.

insensitive to acids and proteolytic enzymes

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16
Q

What is sIgA bad at?

A

poor activator of complement (C’)

‘inconsistent opsonizer.’

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17
Q

Oral tolerance

A

Several mechanisms appear to act in

concert to prevent any destructive immune reactions to our food

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18
Q

anergy

A

immune unresponsiveness

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19
Q

Describe Poliovirus

A

positive-stranded RNA enterovirus

binds to and is replicated in the oropharynx and the GI mucosa

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20
Q

Salk Polio vaccine

A

(non-infectious) induces great IgG protection, which neutralizes systemic viruses

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21
Q

Sabin Polio vaccine

A

(infectious, attenuated) induces great sIgA protection, which neutralizes the virus before it even can start an infection

induces a very good surface sIgA response, as well as a good IgG response.

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22
Q

Majority of Influenza viruses deaths come by?

A

Directly cause death through viral pneumonia, or more commonly weaken the innate immune system (e.g., breach in the barrier lung epithelial) leading to secondary bacterial pneumonias.

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23
Q

Which family is the Influenza virus apart of?

A

members of the Orthomyxovirus family

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24
Q

Characteristics of influenza virus?

A

enveloped virus

segmented, [-]ssRNA genome, which has the ability to mutate frequently

must bring functional RNA-dependent RNA- polymerases into the host cell for replication to occur

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25
Q

Influenza N protein is called?

A

neuraminidase

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26
Q

Influenza H protein is called?

A

hemagglutinin

27
Q

Where does Influenza Replicate?

A

in the nucleus of the cell

28
Q

is the process in which two or more strains of a virus, while infecting the same cell, swab genetic material to form a new viral strain that combines the genetic and phenotypic characteristics of both.

A

Antigenic Shift

29
Q

Flu Hemagglutinin protein Function

A

facilitate viral attachment and fusion with the cell membrane

30
Q

Flue Nuraminidase protein function

A

helps viral release by cleaving neuraminic acid on the cell surface

31
Q

Diagnosis of Influenza can be determined quickly by?

A

Influenza viruses agglutinate RBCs

Hemagglutination inhibition assay is a fast easy way to determine if a patient has developed neutralizing antibodies to a certain influenza strain.

32
Q

are chemically related antiviral drugs known as adamantanes with activity against influenza A viruses but not influenza B viruses

A

Amantadine and rimantadine

33
Q

Mechanism of anti viral medication Amantadine and rimantadine?

A

act mainly by blocking uncoating and thus viral infection

34
Q

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and Zanamivir (Relenza) Mechanism of action?

A

inhibit neuraminidase and thus viral release. Active against flu A and B

35
Q

Both HBV and HCV infections typically cause…

A

A mild acute disease, but can lead to carrier status, chronic liver damage, and liver carcinoma.

36
Q

The non enveloped hepatitis viruses?

A

HAV, and HEV

37
Q

The enveloped hepatitis viruses?

A

HBV, HCV, HDV

38
Q

The Hardy hepatitis viruses and their mode of transmission…

A

Naked HAV, and HEV,

transmission being fecal-oral

39
Q

The unstable hepatitis viruses and their mode of transmission…

A

envelope HBV, HCV, and HDV cause them to be considerably less sturdy,

transmission by direct exchange of bodily fluids

40
Q

Which HXV vaccines are available?

A

Vaccines are available for H(A,B,D)V

41
Q

HDV infection is dependent on

A

HBV for replication

42
Q

Hepatitis virus relatively common in some ‘developing’ countries, where it takes a substantial toll among pregnant women (~10-30% fatality rate in their third trimester of pregnancy…

A

HEV

43
Q

An oncovirus that can lead to T-cell tumors. Common in japan.

A

HTLV I

44
Q

Lentivirus that impairs immunity

A

HIV, untreated leads to AIDS

45
Q

Class of Retro Exogenus viruses that lead to odd foamy like vacuoles in the cytoplasm of cells.

A

Spumaviruses

46
Q

Retroviruses that are incorporated into the human genome.

A

Endogenous viruses

47
Q

Lentiviruses cause

A

slowdeveloping CNS and immunosuppressive diseases

48
Q

HIV The gag genes code for…

A

structural proteins such as the nucleocapsid

49
Q

HIV pol genes code for…

A

the enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, hich are responsible for replicating and integrating the viral genome

50
Q

HIV env genes code for…

A

the two major proteins, GP41 and GP120, which both contribute to the viral spikes

51
Q

HIV binds via GP120 specifically to____, and then to a _______________

A 
CD4
chemokine receptor (CCR5 or CXCR4)
52
Q

The two enzymes that HIV carries with it…

A

Reverse Transcriptase

Integrase: cuts the host DNA so the viral DNA can be inserted into it

53
Q

Appears to make these individuals resistant to HIV infection, even after multiple exposures

A

mutated CCR5 that is used by HIV to bind/fuse with the host cell membranes

54
Q

CCR5 has also been given the name

A

CD195

55
Q

probably the most communicable human disease known

A

Measles. Measles, or Rubeola

56
Q

describe a severe, multi-organ syndrome caused by vascular system damage (i.e., capillary blockage and leakage)

A

Hemorrhagic fevers

57
Q

insect- and rodent-borne pathogens

A

arboviruses and roboviruses, respectively

58
Q

What family does Zika virus belong to, what is it’s vector, and what does it cause?

A

Flaviviruses
mosquitoes
encephalitis

59
Q

What family does Chikangunya virus belong to what is it’s vector, and what does it cause?

A

Flaviviruses
mosquitoes
encephalitis

60
Q

A ROBO-Bunyavirus that causes hemoragic Fever.

A

Fanta Fever

61
Q

Famous Filovirus that made the news a couple years ago.

A

Ebola

62
Q

Two human diseases caused by Prions

A

Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

63
Q

Three Animal animal diseases caused by Prions

A

Scrapie (sheep),
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) (cattle)
chronic wasting disease (deer and elk).

ASDOH Medical MicroBio (3 decks)

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