Final Flashcards
What’s the estrus cycle?
Swelling of the women’s reproduction organs.
Nuchal Crest
Maintains Head up
Prognathic
Allows the Jaw to move forward.
Cranial Capacity of an Ape?
399-500
First Organism to live on land?
Amphibians
Evolution of laying eggs?
Amniotic Eggs, the laying of eggs on land
Carol Linnaeus
Came up with Anatomical System for Classification, binomial nomenclature
Charles Lyell
Uniformitarianism - geological process in the past is same as today and change is consistent or “uniform” over time. Although various aspects of the Earth’s surface vary over time the underlying processes that influence them are constant
Radio Carbon Dating
Sample size, need to avoid cross contamination, limited to about 50,000 years, and changing C-14 ratios
Neolithic
New Stone Age
Jean Baptiste Lamark
Acquired Characteristics
George Cuvier
Catastrophism - the theory that changes in the earth’s crust during geological history have resulted chiefly from sudden violent and unusual events.
George Mendal
Conducted Peas Experiment.
Recessive & Dominant
Basic Principle of Heredity
Charles Darwin
Natural Selection
Origin of Species
Alfred Russel Wallace
Contributed to Natural Selection/Origin of species
What type of System is ABO?
Co-Dominant
Gloger’s Rule
which states that within a species of endotherms, more heavily pigmented forms tend to be found in more humid environments, e.g. near the equator.
Vitamin C Synthesis
Melanin
Genotype?
Genetic make up
Homozygous
refers to a particular gene that has identical alleles on both homologous chromosomes
(ex. (xx) or (XX)
Allele?
Alternate form of a gene.
Allen’s Rule
warm-blooded animal species having distinct geographic populations, the limbs, ears, and other appendages of the animals living in cold climates tend to be shorter than in animals of the same species living in warm climates.
Hemophilia
condition in which the ability of the blood to clot is severely reduced, causing the sufferer to bleed severely from even a slight injury.
X-Linked Recessive Trait
Mutation?
Causes?
alterations of genetic material.
Drugs
Foods we eat
Environment
Law of Independent Assortment
each allele separates independently of each other, resulting in new combination’s through sexual reproduction
DNA?
double stranded molecule that carries genetic info. 2 linear sequencces of nucleotides, held together by hydrogen bonds
What is Gene Flow
exchange of DNA between populations
Genetic Drift?
random fluctuations in gene frequencies in a population. more significant in small populations, has opposite effecct of gene flow; increases variations between populations, but decreases it w/in populations
The Hemoglobin S gene causes
Sickle Cell Anemia in humans
Mitochrondrial DNA
mitochondria also have a small amount of their own DNA. This genetic material is known as mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA
mtDNA is inherited solely from the mother.
Melanin?
Specialized Pigment largely responsible for skin, hair and eye color
- Melanin absorbs light; More Melanin darker skin color ex. tanning
- More melanin = darker hair and eyes
- Albino = enzyme deficiency which produces little or no melanin
Culture
Behavioral aspects of human adaptation, including technology, traditions, language, religion, marriage patterns, and social roles. Culture is a set of learned behaviors transmitted from one generation to the next by nonbiological (i.e., nongenetic) means.
Half Life of Carbon 14
Roughly around 5,000 yrs
Knuckle walkers?
Gorilla & Chimps
Bipedalism
S-shaped vertebral column, balance of upper body over hips. Foramen magnum is “centered” at the base of the skull (cranium). Balance skull on top of vertebral column.
Orangutans
Four hands - Quadrumanual
Solitary Animals
Brachiation
Arm hanging and swinging, wide shoulders, long arms rel. to body size, full extension of elbow, full rotation of shoulder, wrist mobility, and long 2nd - 5th fingers.
Amphibians
First vertebrates to live on land.
Baboons
Sexual Dimorphism distinct difference in size or appearance between the sexes of an animal
Live in Savannas .
Radio Carbon Dating
used to date materials up to about 50,000 - 70,000 years old and dates are given in years before present (yBP)
Invented by Willard Libby
Absolute Dating
dating methods that give specific ages, years, or ranges of years for objects or sites
Chronometric Dating
techniques that estimate the age of an object in absolute terms through the use of a natural clock such as radioactive decay or tree ring growth.
Largest Primate?
Gorilla
australopithecus cranial capacity
Approximately 400
Lucy?
female of the hominin species Australopithecus afarensis. In Ethiopia, the assembly is also known as Dinkinesh
Humans
Are primates
cranial capacity is a measure of brain size or volume
Modern humans average brain size- 1325 cc
Early Homo- 631cc
homo erectus
1.8-0.9 Mya
found throughout Africa and Asia
first species to be found outside of Africa
Neanderthal Characteristics
generally shorter and had more robust skeletons and muscular bodies
brain size was larger than the average modern human
skull was long and low w/ a rounded brain case
occipital bun and retromolar space
Prognathism
the positional relationship of the mandible where either of the jaws protrudes
maxillary- upper
mandible- lower
Sagital Crest
Bony projection on top of the cranium for attachment of chewing muscles.
Nuchal Crest
Attachment at the back of the skull for attachment of neck muscles.
When did hominin leave Africa?
around 2 Million years ago
Mousterian
associated with neanderthals
stone tool culture using the Lavellois technique (small marginal flaking to create edges and detaching cutting/scraping tool from core of flint)
-during middle paleolithic (300-30 kya), neanderthals associated with
mousterian
-during upper paleolithic, associated with modern homo sapiens tools
Prehensile Tails
ability to swing by tails
found only in Cebidae family
Feature that define primates
Opposable Thumb and Big Toe. Pentadactyly Flat Nails Tactile Pads Olfactory Apparatus Reduced Stereosocpic Vision Binocular Vision Slow Reproductive Rate Large Brain Post orbital bar
Primate Dental Formuals
Humans 2123
NWM- Callitrichidae 2132
NWM - Cebidae 2133
OWM &Apes 2123
Japanese Macaques
- lives near water
- can swim
- prefer to eat plant that grows near water
- sit in hotspring
ex. jap would give them a potato and they would go and wash off in the sea to get salty flavor.
