Final Flashcards
<p>2 neural structures the central nervous system (CNS) consists of</p>
<p>Brain
| Spinal cord</p>
<p>4 neural structures the peripheral nervous system (PNS) made up of</p>
<p>12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
Autonomic nerves
Ganglia</p>
<p>2 neurons the PNS consists ofA</p>
<p>Afferent neurons
| Efferent neurons</p>
<p>Neurons that conduct impulses from peripheral receptors to the CNS</p>
<p>Afferent (sensory) neurons</p>
<p>Neurons that conduct impulses away from the CNS to the peripheral effectors</p>
<p>Efferent (motor) neurons</p>
<p>Supplies the striated skeletal muscles</p>
<p>Somatic nervous system (SNS)</p>
<p>Supplies smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular epithelial tissue</p>
<p>Autonomic nervous system (ANS)</p>
<p>Basic unit of the nervous system
| Consists of a cell body and two types of long, threadlike extensions</p>
<p>Neuron
| Nerve cell</p>
<p>Fatty covering that insulate the axons and increase the rate of transmission of nervous impulses</p>
<p>Myelin sheath</p>
<p>The impulse conduction route to and from the CNS in involuntary reactions
Basic ones consists of an afferent/sensory neuron, which conducts impulses to the CNS from the periphery; an an efferent/motor neuron which conducts impulses from the CNS to peripheral effectors (muscles or glandular tissue)</p>
<p>Reflex arc</p>
<p>Junction where impulses pass from one neuron to another
Transmission here is a chemical reaction in which the termini of the axon release a neurotransmitter substance that produces an electrical impulse in the dendrites of the next axon; once the neurotransmitter has accomplished its task, its activity rapidly terminates so that subsequent impulses pass along this same route</p>
<p>Synapse</p>
<p>Largest part of the brain that consists of two cerebral hemispheres</p>
<p>Cerebrum</p>
<p>Outer portion of the cerebrum consists of a thin layer of gray matter where the nerve cell bodies are concentrated
Responsible for receiving sensory information from all parts of the body and for triggering impulses that govern all motor activity
Just posterior to the central sulcus, there are specialized areas to receive and precisely localize sensory information from the PNS</p>
<p>Cerebral cortex</p>
<p>Mass of white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres
These extensive bundles of nerve fibers lie in the midline just above the roofs of the lateral ventricles</p>
<p>Corpus callosum</p>
<p>A few gray islands of gray matter deep within the white matter
Help control position and automatic movements and consist of the caudate nuclei, the globus pallidus, and the putamen</p>
<p>Basal ganglia</p>
<p>3 parts of the brainstem (from top down) between the cerebrum and spinal cord</p>
<p>Midbrain
Pons
Medulla</p>
<p>Performs sensory, motor, and reflex functions, and contains the nuclei of the 12 cranial nerves and the vital centers controlling cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory function</p>
<p>Brainstem</p>
<p>Responsible for such nonvital reflexes as vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccuping, and swallowing</p>
<p>Medulla</p>
<p>Second largest part of the brain located just below the posterior portion of the cerebrum that is composes of two large lateral masses: the hemispheres and a central section (vermis)
Acts with the cerebral cortex to produce skilled movements by coordinating the activities of groups of muscles
Coordinates skeletal muscles used in maintaining equilibrium and posture by functioning below the level of consciousness to make movements smooth rather than jerky, steady rather than trembling, and efficient and coordinated rather than ineffective and awkward</p>
<p>Cerebellum</p>
<p>Lies between the cerebrum and midbrain and consists of several structures located around the third ventricle, primarily the thalamus and hypothalamus</p>
<p>Diencephalon</p>
<p>Primarily functions as a relay station that receives and processes sensory info of almost all kinds of sensory impulses before sending this info to the cerebral cortex</p>
<p>Thalamus</p>
<p>Extremely complex, tiny structure that functions as a link between the mind and body and is the site of "pleasure" or "rewards" centers for such primary drives as eating, drinking, and mating
Plays a major role in regulating the body’s internal environment by coordinating the activities of the ANS and secreting the releasing hormones that control the secretion of hormones by the anterior and posterior portions of the pituitary gland
Also important in helping to maintain a normal body temperature and in keeping the individual in a waking state</p>
<p>Hypothalamus</p>
<p>Lies within the vertebral column and extends from its junction with the brainstem at the foramen magnum to approximately the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra; consists of an inner core of gray matter surrounded by white matter tracts
Its basic function is to conduct impulses up the cord to the brain (ascending tracts) and down the cord from the brain to spinal nerves (descending tracts); also serves as the center for spinal reflexes and involuntary responses (ex: knee jerk/patellar reflex)</p>
<p>Spinal cord</p>
