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RAD 312 - Radiographic Pathology > Ch 8-12 > Flashcards

Ch 8-12 Flashcards

1
Q

2 ways the divisions of the nervous system can be classified by

A

Location Type of tissue supplied by the nerve cells in the division

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2
Q

2 neural structures the central nervous system (CNS) consists of

A

Brain Spinal cord

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3
Q

4 neural structures the peripheral nervous system (PNS) made up of

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves Autonomic nerves Ganglia

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4
Q

2 neurons the PNS consists ofA

A

Afferent neurons Efferent neurons

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5
Q

Neurons that conduct impulses from peripheral receptors to the CNS

A

Afferent (sensory) neurons

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6
Q

Neurons that conduct impulses away from the CNS to the peripheral effectors

A

Efferent (motor) neurons

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7
Q

Supplies the striated skeletal muscles

A

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

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8
Q

Supplies smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular epithelial tissue

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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9
Q

Basic unit of the nervous system Consists of a cell body and two types of long, threadlike extensions

A

Neuron Nerve cell

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10
Q

Fatty covering that insulate the axons and increase the rate of transmission of nervous impulses

A

Myelin sheath

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11
Q

Deterioration of the fatty myelin sheath

A

Demyelination

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12
Q

The impulse conduction route to and from the CNS in involuntary reactions Basic ones consists of an afferent/sensory neuron, which conducts impulses to the CNS from the periphery; an an efferent/motor neuron which conducts impulses from the CNS to peripheral effectors (muscles or glandular tissue)

A

Reflex arc

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13
Q

Junction where impulses pass from one neuron to another Transmission here is a chemical reaction in which the termini of the axon release a neurotransmitter substance that produces an electrical impulse in the dendrites of the next axon; once the neurotransmitter has accomplished its task, its activity rapidly terminates so that subsequent impulses pass along this same route

A

Synapse

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14
Q

Largest part of the brain that consists of two cerebral hemispheres

A

Cerebrum

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15
Q

Elevations the surface of the cerebrum is highly convoluted with

A

Gyri

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16
Q

Shallow grooves the surface of the cerebrum is highly convoluted with

A

Sulci

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17
Q

Deeper grooves in the cerebrum that divide each cerebral hemisphere into lobes

A

Fissures

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18
Q

Outer portion of the cerebrum consists of a thin layer of gray matter where the nerve cell bodies are concentrated Responsible for receiving sensory information from all parts of the body and for triggering impulses that govern all motor activity Just posterior to the central sulcus, there are specialized areas to receive and precisely localize sensory information from the PNS

A

Cerebral cortex

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19
Q

Mass of white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres These extensive bundles of nerve fibers lie in the midline just above the roofs of the lateral ventricles

A

Corpus callosum

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20
Q

A few gray islands of gray matter deep within the white matter Help control position and automatic movements and consist of the caudate nuclei, the globus pallidus, and the putamen

A

Basal ganglia

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21
Q

3 parts of the brainstem (from top down) between the cerebrum and spinal cord

A

Midbrain Pons Medulla

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22
Q

Performs sensory, motor, and reflex functions, and contains the nuclei of the 12 cranial nerves and the vital centers controlling cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory function

A

Brainstem

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23
Q

Responsible for such nonvital reflexes as vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccuping, and swallowing

A

Medulla

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24
Q

Second largest part of the brain located just below the posterior portion of the cerebrum that is composes of two large lateral masses: the hemispheres and a central section (vermis) Acts with the cerebral cortex to produce skilled movements by coordinating the activities of groups of muscles Coordinates skeletal muscles used in maintaining equilibrium and posture by functioning below the level of consciousness to make movements smooth rather than jerky, steady rather than trembling, and efficient and coordinated rather than ineffective and awkward

A

Cerebellum

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25
Q

Muscle incoordination

A

Ataxia

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26
Q

Lies between the cerebrum and midbrain and consists of several structures located around the third ventricle, primarily the thalamus and hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

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27
Q

Primarily functions as a relay station that receives and processes sensory info of almost all kinds of sensory impulses before sending this info to the cerebral cortex

A

Thalamus

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28
Q

Extremely complex, tiny structure that functions as a link between the mind and body and is the site of “pleasure” or “rewards” centers for such primary drives as eating, drinking, and mating Plays a major role in regulating the body’s internal environment by coordinating the activities of the ANS and secreting the releasing hormones that control the secretion of hormones by the anterior and posterior portions of the pituitary gland Also important in helping to maintain a normal body temperature and in keeping the individual in a waking state

A

Hypothalamus

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29
Q

Lies within the vertebral column and extends from its junction with the brainstem at the foramen magnum to approximately the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra; consists of an inner core of gray matter surrounded by white matter tracts Its basic function is to conduct impulses up the cord to the brain (ascending tracts) and down the cord from the brain to spinal nerves (descending tracts); also serves as the center for spinal reflexes and involuntary responses (ex: knee jerk/patellar reflex)

A

Spinal cord

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30
Q

The inner coverings of brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges

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31
Q

3 layers of the meninges

A

Dura mater Arachnoid membrane Pia mater

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32
Q

Transparent innermost layer adhering to the outer surface of the brain and spinal cord

A

Pia mater

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33
Q

Tough outermost covering of the brain and spinal cord

A

Dura mater

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34
Q

Delicate, cobweb-like membrane between the pia and dura mater

A

Arachnoid membrane

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35
Q

3 extensions of the dura mater that separate portions of the brain

A

Falx cerebri Falx cerebelli Tentorium cerebellum

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36
Q

Extension of the dura mater that projects downward into the longitudinal fissure to separate the cerebral hemispheres

A

Falx cerebri

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37
Q

Extension of the dura mater that separates the two cerebellar hemispheres

A

Falx cerebelli

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38
Q

Extension of the dura mater that forms a tentlike covering over the cerebellum that separates it from the occipital lobe of the cerebrum

A

Tentorium cerebellum

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39
Q

After flowing through the ventricular system, the fluid circulates in this space between the pia mater and the arachnoid around the brain and spinal cord before being absorbed into venous blood through arachnoid villi

A

Subarachnoid space

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40
Q

An acute inflammation of the pia mater and arachnoid Infecting organisms can reach the meninges via infection in the middle ear, upper respiratory tract, or frontal sinus Spread through the bloodstream (hematogenously) Infection in the lungs (or other site)

A

Meningitis

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41
Q

2 things that cause meningitis

A

Bacteria Viruses

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42
Q

Most common form of meningitis

A

Bacterial meningitis (pyogenic)

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43
Q

Viral inflammation of the brain and meninges It produces a wide range of symptoms, ranging from mild headache and fever to severe cerebral dysfunction, seizures, and coma Herpes simplex virus can cause a sudden, severe, and fatal process

A

Encephalitis (meningoencephalitis)

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44
Q

Usually a result of chronic infections of the middle ear, paranasal sinuses, or mastoid air cells, of systemic infections (pneumonia, bacterial endocarditis, osteomyelitis)

A

Brain abscess

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45
Q

A suppurative process in the space between the inner surface of the dura and the outer surface of the arachnoid The most common cause is the spread of infection from the frontal or ethmoid sinuses Other causes: mastoiditis, middle ear infection, purulent meningitis, penetrating skull wounds, craniectomy, or osteomyelitis of the skull

A

Subdural empyema

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46
Q

Organisms that most commonly cause brain abscesses

A

Streptococci

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47
Q

Almost always associated with osteomyelitis in a cranial bone Originates from an infection in the ear or paranasal sinuses; the infection is outside the dural membrane and beneath the inner table of the skull The frontal region is usually affected because it is close to the frontal sinuses and the dura is easily stripped from the bone

A

Epidural empyema

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48
Q

Most commonly caused by direct extension of a suppurative process from the paranasal sinuses, mastoid air cells, or scalp Radiographic changes develop 1 to 2 weeks after the onset of clinical symptoms and signs

A

Osteomyelitis of the skull

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49
Q

8 CNS tumors

A

Glioma Meningioma Acoustic Neuroma Pituitary Adenoma Craniopharyngioma Pineal Tumors Chordoma Metastatic Carcinoma

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50
Q

The most common primary malignant brain tumors composed of glial cells (supporting connective tissues in the CNS) Spread by direct extension Can cross from one cerebral hemisphere to the other through connecting white matter tracts, such as the corpus callosum Peak age incidence: middle-age adults; infrequent in persons less than 30 years of age

A

Glioma

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51
Q

5 types of gliomas

A

Glioblastoma Astrocytoma Ependymoma Medulloblastoma Oligodendrocytoma

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52
Q

Highly aggressive gliomas that are predominately cerebral, although similar tumors may occur in the brainstem, cerebellum, or spinal cord

A

Glioblastoma

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53
Q

Most common gliomas (70%); slow-growing tumors that have an infiltrative character and can form large cavities or pseudocysts Favored sites are the cerebrum, cerebellum, thalamus, optic chiasm, and pons

A

Astrocytoma

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54
Q

A benign tumor that arises from arachnoid lining cells and is attached to the dura mater Most common sites: convexity of the calvaria, olfactory groove, tuberculum sellae, parasagittal region, sylvian fissure, cerebellopontine angle, and spinal canal

A

Meningioma

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55
Q

Slowly growing benign tumor May occur as a solitary lesion or as part of the syndrome of neurofibromatosis Arises from Schwann cells in the vestibular portion of the auditory (eighth cranial) nerve; most often originates in the internal auditory canal and extends into the cerebellopontine angle cistern

A

Acoustic neuroma

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56
Q

Usually arise in the anterior lobe Most common type: nonsecreting chromophobe adenoma (mass effect of tumor suppresses pituitary hormone secretions) Hormone-secreting ones produce symptoms related to excess hormones, rather than mass effect Gigantism in adolescents and acromegaly in adults

A

Pituitary adenomas

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57
Q

Most common types: germinoma and teratoma (both are rapidly growing germ cell tumors) Most common in males under age 25

A

Pineal tumors

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58
Q

Most common primary cancers to spread to the brain are lung and breast; usually reach the brain by hematogenous spread Melanomas, colon carcinomas, and testicular and kidney tumors also cause this

A

Metastatic carcinoma

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59
Q

3 types of skull fractures

A

Linear Diastatic Depressed

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60
Q

Appears on a plain radiograph as a sharp lucent line that is often irregular or jagged and occasionally branches

A

Linear skull fracture

61
Q

A linear fracture that intersects a suture and courses along it, causing sutural separation

A

Diastatic skull fracture

62
Q

More severe trauma, especially if localized to a small area of the skull, may force a fragment of bone to be separated and sunken into the cranial cavity The underlying dura is frequently torn, and there is a relatively high incidence of cerebral parenchymal injury They are often stellate (star shaped) with multiple fracture lines radiating outward from a central point When viewed en face, the fragment overlap makes the fracture line appear denser than the normal bone Tangential views are required to determine the amount

A

Depressed skull fracture

63
Q

Caused by acute arterial bleeding, usually from a laceration to the middle meningeal artery Typically appears as a biconvex (lens-shaped), peripheral, high-density lesion

A

Epidural hematoma

64
Q

Caused by venous bleeding; usually it is a vein between the dura and the other meninges Typically appears on CT scans as a crescent-shaped, peripheral zone of increased density Follows the surface of the brain and lies adjacent to the inner table of the skull

A

Subdural hematoma

65
Q

Most common facial fractures Isolated ones vary from simple, nondisplaced linear fractures to comminuted lesions with depression of the septum and lateral splaying of the fracture fragments Best demonstrated on right and left (underexposed) soft tissue lateral projections, which also can define interruption of the anterior nasal spine Most fractures are transverse and tend to depress the distal portion

A

Nasal bone fractures

66
Q

Caused by a direct blow to the front of the orbit of the eye that causes a rapid increase in intraorbital pressure Occurs in the thinnest, weakest portion of the orbit, which is the orbital floor just above the maxillary sinus

A

Blowout fracture

67
Q

Plain radiographs that are the preferred screening study of blowout fractures

A

Modified Waters’ method

68
Q

Zygomatic arch is vulnerable to a blow from the side of the face, which can produce a fracture with inward displacement of the central fragments and outward displacement of the fragments of the zygomatic and temporal ends of the arch Best demonstrated on underexposed images taken in the basal (submentovertex) projection (“jug-handle” view)

A

Zygomatic arch fractures

69
Q

Consists of fractures of the zygomatic arch and the orbital floor or rim combined with separation of the zygomaticofrontal suture So named because it reflects separation of the zygoma from its three principal attachments Resulting free-floating zygoma may cause facial disconfiguration if the fracture is not diagnosed and properly treated

A

Tripod fracture

70
Q

Mandible is a prominent, exposed segment of the facial skeleton and is thus a common site for both intentional and accidental trauma Demonstrated by plain radiographs with oblique views, combined with panoramic tomography Most common site is the angle, although fractures can involve any portion of the body and the condylar and coronoid processes Because the mandible functions as essentially a bony ring, bilateral ones are common

A

Mandibular fractures

71
Q

Severe injuries in which separation at the fracture site results in the formation of a large, complex, detached fragment that is unstable and may have its position altered relative to the site of origin Involve bilateral and horizontal fractures of the maxillae and are classified as type I, II, or III depending on the extent of injury

A

Le Fort fractures

72
Q

6 types of facial fractures

A

Nasal bone fracture Blowout fracture Tripod fracture Le Fort fracture Zygomatic arch fracture Mandible fracture

73
Q

Denotes the sudden and dramatic development of a focal neurologic deficit Varies from dense hemiplegia and coma to only a trivial neurologic disorder Specific neurologic defect depends on the affected arteries Circulation of the internal carotids are most commonly involved and is seen with symptoms that include acute hemiparesis and dysarthria

A

Stroke (acute brain infarction)

74
Q

Paralysis on one side of the body

A

Hemiplegia

75
Q

Weakness of one side of the body

A

Hemiparesis

76
Q

Difficulty speaking

A

Dysarthria

77
Q

Focal neurologic deficits that completely resolve within 24 hours. They result from emboli originating from the surface of an arteriosclerotic, ulcerated plaque (embolic stroke) which causes temporary occlusion of cerebral vessels, or from stenosis of an extracerebral artery, which leads to a reduction in critical blood perfusion Almost 2/3 of strokes are preceded by these; important to diagnose since 5-year cumulative risk of stroke in patients with this may be as high as 50% Most common location of surgically treatable arteriosclerotic disease causing ones is the region of the carotid bifurcation in the neck

A

Transient ischemic attacks (TIA) Mini-strokes

78
Q

Evidenced on images as enlargement of the ventricular system and sulci; caused by a gradual loss of neurons

A

Normal aging

79
Q

A diffuse form of progressive cerebral atrophy that develops at an earlier age than the senile period CT and MRI demonstrate nonspecific findings of cerebral atrophy, including symmetrically enlarged ventricles with prominence of the cortical sulci

A

Alzheimer’s disease (presenile disorder)

80
Q

Inherited (autosomal dominant) condition that predominantly involves men; presents in the early to middle adult years with dementia and typical choreiform movements (involuntary movements that are rapid, jerky, and continuous) Pathologic hallmark is atrophy of the caudate nucleus and putamen that produces appearance of focal dilatation of the frontal horns and a loss of their normal concave shape on CT images; generalized enlargement of the ventricles and dilatation of the cortical sulci can also occur

A

Huntington’s disease

81
Q

Progressive, degenerative disease characterized by stooped posture, stiffness and slowness of movement, fixed facial expression, involuntary rhythmic tremor of the limbs that disappears with voluntary movement Shows up in middle or later life; very gradually progressive and exhibits a prolonged course

A

Parkinson’s disease (“shaking palsy”)

82
Q

Caused by a viral upper respiratory infection that obstructs drainage and localized pain, tenderness, and fever. Radiographically it appears as a soft tissue density lining the walls of the involved sinuses An air-fluid level in a sinus is usually considered a manifestation of acute inflammatory disease

A

Sinusitis

83
Q

Sinuses that are most commonly affected by sinusitis

A

Maxillary

84
Q

Sinusitis is best visualized on a this projection

A

Waters

85
Q

2 functions of blood

A

Bring oxygen, nutrients, salts, and hormones to the cells and to carry away the waste products of cellular metabolism Major defense against infection, toxic substances, and foreign antigens

86
Q

Blood forming tissues of the body found in vertebrae, proximal femurs, and flat bones such as the sternum, ribs, skull, and pelvis, and lymph nodes

A

Red bone marrow

87
Q

Red blood cells (RBCs) made in red bone marrow; contain hemoglobin

A

Erythrocytes

88
Q

Platelets made in red bone marrow; smallest blood cells essential for blood clotting

A

Thrombocytes

89
Q

White blood cells (WBCs) produced in both red marrow and lymphoid tissue Function as part of the immune system

A

Leukocytes

90
Q

Iron-based protein that carries oxygen to the body’s tissues

A

Hemoglobin

91
Q

5 types of leukocytes

A

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocyte

92
Q

Decrease in the amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin in the peripheral blood that can be attributable to an increased rate of RBC destruction, improper formation of new RBCs, or a loss of RBCs as a result of prolonged bleeding Causes the person to appear pale, fatigue and muscular weakness and often to dyspnea

A

Anemia

93
Q

Shortness of breath on exertion

A

Dyspnea

94
Q

5 types of anemia

A

Iron-deficiency Hemolytic Megaloblastic Vitamin B12 deficiency A deficiency of folic acid (and vitamin B12) may also be related to intestinal malabsorption Imaging appearance: decrease or absence of the usually prominent rugal folds; gastritis Aplastic – bone marrow failure Myelophthisic – infiltration of bone marrow with nonhematopoietic cells

95
Q

Most common cause/form of anemia; results from chronic blood loss (such as from an ulcer), a malignant tumor, or menorrhagia (excessive bleeding during menstruation)

A

Iron-deficiency anemia

96
Q

Shortened RBC life span Most caused by hereditary defect

A

Hemolytic anemia

97
Q

3 major hereditary hemolytic anemias

A

Spherocytosis Sickle cell anemia Thalassemia

98
Q

Hemolytic anemia of the newborn can result when the mother is Rh-negative and the fetus has Rh-positive blood inherited from the father

A

Erythroblastosis fetalis

99
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency A deficiency of folic acid (and vitamin B12) may also be related to intestinal malabsorption Imaging appearance: decrease or absence of the usually prominent rugal folds; gastritis

A

Megaloblastic anemia

100
Q

Bone marrow failure

A

Aplastic anemia

101
Q

Infiltration of bone marrow with nonhematopoietic cells

A

Myelophthisic anemia

102
Q

Anemia generally confined to African Americans with no cure

A

Sickle cell anemia

103
Q

Increased production of erythrocytes, granulocytes, and platelets

A

Polycythemia

104
Q

2 forms of polycythemia

A

Primary Secondary

105
Q

Characterized by hyperplasia of the bone marrow Slowly progressive and produces symptoms associated with increased blood volume and viscosity Increased incidence of peptic ulcer disease Spleen is often massively enlarged and may be see as a LUQ mass

A

Primary polycythemia

106
Q

Result of long-term inadequate oxygen supply in patients with severe chronic pulmonary disease or congenital cyanotic heart disease, or it may develop in persons living at high altitudes

A

Secondary polycythemia

107
Q

Neoplastic proliferation of white blood cells Excessive WBCs’ circulating causes a decrease in circulating RBCs and platelets

A

Leukemia

108
Q

2 major types of leukemia

A

Myelocytic leukemia Lymphatic leukemia

109
Q

Cancer of the bone marrow

A

Myelocytic leukemia

110
Q

Malignancy of the lymph nodes; the only white blood cells that dramatically increase are lymphocytes

A

Lymphatic leukemia

111
Q

Neoplasms of the lymphoreticular system Mediastinal lymph node enlargement is the most common radiographic finding Approximately 5-10% of patients have involvement of the GI tract; skeletal involvement in the spine In practice, CT of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis is generally the first imaging procedure used in staging

A

Lymphoma

112
Q

3 things the lymphoreticular system includes

A

Lymph nodes Spleen Lymphoid tissues of parenchymal organs, such as the gastrointestinal tract, lung, and skin

113
Q

2 major types of lymphomas

A

Hodgkin’s Non-Hodgkin’s

114
Q

90% of these lymphomas originate in the lymph nodes Dense vertebral sclerosis may develop

A

Hodgkin’s

115
Q

Self-limited viral disease of the lymphoreticular system Primarily infects young adults Often termed the “kissing disease” but is not particularly contagious Blood tests show an elevated WBC count Epstein-Barr virus is thought to be the cause

A

Infectious mononucleosis

116
Q

4 vague symptoms that characterize infectious mononucleosis

A

Mild fever Fatigue Sore throat Swollen lymph nodes

117
Q

Blood coagulation

A

Clotting

118
Q

Platelets, calcium, and 12 coenzymes and proteins

A

Coagulation factors

119
Q

A deficiency in quantity or activity of coagulation factors may lead to an inability to control hemorrhage or even to spontaneous bleeding

A

Diseases of platelets (bleeding disorders)

120
Q

Inherited (by a sex-linked recessive gene) anomaly of blood coagulation that appears clinically only in males, females are carriers Characterized by a decreased or absent serum concentration of antihemophilic globulin (factor VIII) A person who has this is prone to spontaneous hemorrhage or severe bleeding from even minor cuts or injuries for his or her lifetime Radiographic changes are complications of recurrent bleeding into the joints

A

Hemophilia

121
Q

Biochemical communication network through which several small glands control a broad range of vital body activities; secretes hormones

A

Endocrine system

122
Q

Chemical messengers which circulate in the blood and may affect single target organs or the entire body May be proteins (growth), steroids (cortisone), peptides (antidiuretic [ADH]), amino acids (thyroxine), or amines (epinephrine) Range from small to large molecules and have chemical structures of various complexities

A

Hormones

123
Q

4 major endocrine glands

A

Pituitary Adrenal Thyroid Parathyroid

124
Q

Inadequate production of hormones from the endocrine glands can give rise to a wide variety of clinical symptoms and radiographic abnormalities

A

Hypoactive

125
Q

Excess production of hormones from the endocrine glands can give rise to a wide variety of clinical symptoms and radiographic abnormalities

A

Hyperactive

126
Q

Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine; these fight-or-flight hormones are secreted in stress situations when additional energy and strength are needed

A

Adrenal medulla

127
Q

Adrenaline

A

Epinephrine

128
Q

Tumors that grow rapidly; approximately half are functioning tumors that cause Cushing’s syndrome

A

Adrenal carcinoma

129
Q

Excess production of glucocorticoid hormones may be attributable to generalized bilateral hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex, or it may be a result of functioning adrenal or even nonadrenal tumor

A

Cushing’s syndrome

130
Q

6 primary tumors/carcinomas that most frequently metastasize to the adrenal gland (one of the most common sites of metastatic disease)

A

Lung Breast Kidney Ovary Gastrointestinal tract Melanomas

131
Q

Highly malignant tumor of adrenal medullary origin, second most common malignancy in children Approximately 10% of these tumors arise outside the adrenal gland primarily in sympathetic ganglia in the neck, chest, abdomen, or pelvis

A

Neuroblastoma

132
Q

Gland that secretes many hormones to control the level of most glandular activity throughout the body Tiny gland about the size of a pea that sits in the bony depression of the sella turcica

A

Pituitary gland Master gland

133
Q

Results from an excess growth hormone produced by a tumor The development of this condition before endochondral bone growth has ceased results in gigantism and beginning after bone growth has stopped produces acromegaly Underlying abnormality is the generalized overgrowth of all the body tissues Excessive growth hormone in the anterior pituitary Imaging appearance: widened joints, thickened heel pad, thickened skull tables with frontal bossing, paranasal sinus enlargement, mandibular changes, vertebral enlargement with scalloping, hypertrophy of cartilage

A

Hyperpituitarism

134
Q

Butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck at the level of the larynx; consists of two lobes, one on each side of the trachea Picks up iodine from the bloodstream and combines it the tyrosine to synthesize hormones

A

Thyroid gland

135
Q

Loss of secretion of any anterior pituitary hormone Imaging appearance: skeletal changes in size; dwarfism

A

Hypopituitarism

136
Q

Results from the excessive production of thyroid hormone, either from the entire gland or from one or more functioning adenomas

A

Hyperthyroidism

137
Q

Excessive production of thyroid hormone from the entire gland

A

Graves’ disease

138
Q

Can result from any structural or functional abnormality that leads to an insufficient synthesis of thyroid hormone

A

Hypothyroidism

139
Q

3 major types of thyroid carcinomas

A

Papillary Follicular Medullary

140
Q

Most common type of thyroid carcinomas that has peaks of adolescence and young adulthood and again later in life, during the third to fifth decades Usually slow growing and cystic, and it typically spreads to regional lymph nodes, where it may remain silent for years

A

Papillary carcinoma

141
Q

Four tiny glands, two on each side, that lie behind the upper and lower poles of the thyroid gland; secrete parathomone

A

Parathyroid glands

142
Q

Hormone which is responsible for regulating the blood levels of calcium and phosphate

A

Parathormone Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

143
Q

Common endocrine disorder in which either beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas fail to secrete insulin or target cells through the body fail to respond to this hormone

A

Diabetes mellitus

144
Q

A lack of insulin prevents glucose from entering the cells, thus depriving them of the major nutrient needed for energy production and the blood glucose level rises Patients must also be wary of hypoglycemic shock

A

Hyperglycemia

145
Q

Patients with diabetes must be wary of this shock which results from too much insulin, not enough food, or excessive exercise; patient feels lightheaded and faint, trembles, and begins to perspire In the radiology department, this condition may occur in diabetic patients who have not eaten or drunk before GI examinations or other special procedures Essential that this condition be rapidly recognized and that sugar be given, usually in the form of orange juice or candy

A

Hypoglycemic shock Insulin shock

146
Q

2 types of diabetes mellitus

A

Type 1 Type 2

147
Q

Chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin, develops in childhood Requires the patient to undergo daily insulin injections

A

Type 1 diabetes Insulin-dependent diabetes Juvenile-onset diabetes

148
Q

More common type of diabetes that tends to develop later in life which occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or does not make enough insulin Less severe and can often be controlled by diet alone

A

Type 2 diabetes Non-insulin-dependant diabetes

RAD 312 - Radiographic Pathology (5 decks)

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