Final

Question 1

Hoyo Negro

Answer 1

Naia, adult female between 10,000 to 20,000 BP
Found sinkhole cenote near tulum mexico by cave diggers
Associated with prehistoric animals – sloth sabertooth cats etc.
Native American DNA
Dive into sinkhole under water found 2014
When water level was lower people could have lived in caves animals may have fallen into holes from above
Evidence of intentional burial
One of the earliest skeletons Mesoamerican

Question 2

Sir Leonard Woolley

Answer 2

1880 to 1960
British archeologist who excavated Royal cemetery of UR Mesopotamia
What do first to excavate methodically and utilize records to reconstruct ancient life
Queen Pu Abi tomb
First to propose flood in book of Genesis was local and identified flood Stratum at Ur

Question 3

Forensic anthropology

Answer 3

Subfield of physical anthropology (study of human remains) involves applying skeletal analysis and techniques in archeology to solve criminal cases

Question 4

Hatshepsut

Answer 4

15 century B.C.E.
1508 to 1458 B.C.E.
Longest reigning female pharaoh – 20 years
Married to Thutmose II when he died she became pharaoh as a regent to stepson Thutmose III as he was too young to rain – he never became pharaoh and she peaceably reigned built temples and monuments
Built Djeser Dejeseru dedicated to Amon pair of red granite obelisks
May have died from ointment with a toxic ingredients for skin condition

Question 5

Fag el Gamous

Answer 5

Fag el gamous- fayuum egypt
- millions burials there (estimated) - deep shafts cut into limestone large and dense
Ancient cemetery- discovered 1980
Btwn 1-7 centuries AD during roman rule
Including 7 ft tall man and 18 month old infant
People of low status with little gave goods and no coffins
Preservation due to climate but only one actual mummy found there

Question 6

Cannibalism

Answer 6

Cannibalism- the act or practice of humans eating the flesh or internal organs of other humans

Question 7

Tooth eruption

Answer 7

Tooth eruption- a way to determine skeleton age at death by tooth eruption because it is predictable at different ages

Question 8

Mycenae

Answer 8

Archeological site in Greece. Southwest of Athens
Second millennium B.C.E. and was one of the major centres of Greek civilization
1602 1100 B.C.E.
30,000 population at peak
Ancient cemetery acropolis
Discovered in 1877 by Stamatkis
Grave circles from different time periods
Do neolithic to bronze age to Helladic
Burial and grave goods found
Lions gate
Real skeletons with gold death mask- hendrich schleiman discovered but controversial

Question 9

Kennewick man- James Chatters

Answer 9

Columbia river Washington 1996
Men’s swimming in the river found skeletal remains called authorities
Remains turned out to be 8500-year-old Native American
James chatters was the archeologist to collected bones and had originally concluded remains were Caucasian
DNA testing prove them to be Native Americans and they were reburied by native American tribes this year

Question 10

Cardiff Giant

Answer 10

Discovered 1869 by stub Newell upstate New York
10 foot tall stone man petrified
Attracted tourists and was profitable
Newell was found to be bragging about the hoax
Scientific community was sceptical
JrBoynonton of university of Pennsylvania found the sculpture to be made of soft gypsum and buried a year before
Declared a fake and White racism to discredit natives

Question 11

Clovis Child, Anzick

Answer 11

Discovered Wilsall Montana 1968
Paleo Indian infant male
12,707 to 12,556 BP
Found with 150 stone tools antlers and covered in red Oak or with honorary burial
Only human discovered from Clovis complex
And first Native American genome to be fully sequenced
Found Siberian ancestry and close genetic relationship to central and south American’s
Supports hypothesis that North Americans originated in Asia and crossed Beringia
Native Americans upset that remains were taken without consultation and they were reburied to 2014

Question 12

Great serpent mound

Answer 12

Ohio burial mound 500 BC to 700 ad
Adena culture, hopewell and fort cultures
Status differentiation – the leads mountains – commoners cremation
Highly polished stone pipes importance of tobacco
Spearheads in projectile points found
Mound is the shape of a serpent
first reported from surveys by Ephraim Squire and Edwin Davis in their historic volume Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, published in 1848 by Smithsonian Museum.

Question 13

Mound builders

Answer 13

Equals vanished race
Sixteenth-century Spanish explorers made contact with natives living in a number of later Mississippian cities, described their cultures, and left artifacts.[2] By the time of United States westward expansion two hundred years later, Native Americans were generally not knowledgeable about the civilizations that produced the mounds.[citation needed] Research and study of these cultures and peoples has been based mostly on archaeology and anthropology.

Stone tablets with European and Asian and African inscriptions
North Americans at contact had no knowledge of mound building
Found artefacts of silvered iron etc. found in mounds
3500- 16 CE
Adena, hopewell cultures – Woodland period
Archaic the Mississippian periods

Question 14

Thomas Jefferson

Answer 14

Archeologist who excavated burial mounds in Virginia 1780s and published findings
Questioned the origin of Aboriginal in the region
Developed archeological methodology and he directed Louis and Clark to investigate Irish Mandan near Canadian border

Question 15

Grave Creekstone

Answer 15

West Virginia mound 1838
Small Samstone disc in scribed on one side with 25 characters
Discovered in Upper Volta mound with beads seashells copper bracelets 150 plates of Mica
Phonecian and Norse text?’s
Hoax again to discredit natives

Question 16

Windover

Answer 16

BOg
Early archaic. 6000 to 5000 B.C.E.
Archeological site into the Tutusville Florida USA
168 skeletons found in a Pete bog with great preservation including brain tissue
Adult males females and children found good friends like evidence of disease and trauma
Organic artefacts found
Limestone sinkhole sceptre Arian cave area people lived in

Question 17

Temple of inscriptions

Answer 17

Palenque site 
Chiapas mexico 
Mayan civilization 
Step pyramid 
Upper temple back panel many texts hieroglyphics related to genealogy and Lineage history of King Pakal Who is buried at the pyramid lift until he was eighty years old
Tunnel inside leads to chamber
Sacrificial victims found
Elaborate sarcophagus one solid piece of stone

Question 18

Crystal skulls

Answer 18

Found at Chichen Itza cenote
Related to as Aztec and mayan and civilizations pre-Columbian
Carved out of solid rock crystal

Many fakes out there

Question 19

Cenote of Sacrifice

Answer 19

Northern Yucatán
Chechen Itza cenote
Seven wonders of ancient world
Major architecture two hours from Cancun
Cenote sink holes around it
National Geographic expedition found gold and turquoise
Similar to skulls of Monte Alban incense Skull burners
Mayan civilization
Human remains showed signs of sacrifice

Question 20

Margarita tomb

Answer 20

Copan Honduras
Copan dynasty
Early pre classic to post classic
Wealthy tomb Red ochre
Hi rate of ruling females in tombs
Multi level two with one of the highest cachesever associated with the burial of a mayan woman
Over 2000 offerings found in tomb - royal burial
One archaeologist Robert J. Sharer along with his colleagues who were on the dig, believe the remains are of the wife of the founder of Copán, K’inich Yax K’uk’ Mo’. Because she was found covered in the red cinnabar she is also known as “The Lady in Red.”

Question 21

Tikal

Answer 21

Largest of the Mayans cities
Precolumbian
Population 700,000
500-800 CE
Rain forest of Guatemala
Monumental buildings – platform bases – pyramids
buildings on top with rooms
Restricted space at the top possibly for autosacrifice – stab yourself to herbs to blood to paper burn to the heaven
Come out of room to report visions or signs

Carved monuments in walking spaces – hieroglyphics in calendar information

Question 22

Red Queen

Answer 22

Ancient Mayan city Palenque, Chapias Mexico
600-700aD
Small pyramid beside Temple of the inscriptions
Camera dropped inside tomb
Female found with red Ochre lots of jewellery and head piece
60 yrs old when died- severe osteoporosis
May have been wife or mother or relative of king Pakal who’s temple is right next to it
Discovered 1994-Arnoldo Gonzales Cruz
Called red queen because The remains and grave good of the noblewoman were covered in Cinnabar powder

Question 23

Sican

Answer 23

Sican culture named by Izumi Shemata
Preceded Inca empire 
Peru descendants of Moche civilization 
750-1350CE
Monumental architecture- Huaca del sol - pyramid structure
Royal Tombs of Sipan 

The tombs of Sipán allowed for archaeologists and anthropologists to get a better understanding of the Sacrifice Ceremony of the Sipán rulers that had been illustrated on murals, ceramics, and other decorative goods.[5] The Sacrifice Ceremonies were often depicted with prisoners among gods or royalty.[6] The tombs at Sipán showed that rulers actually took part in such Sacrifice Ceremonies when looking at the artifacts uncovered including: adornments and a headdress that matched the illustrations of the ceremony along with large knives and tools that would have been used for bloodletting and decapitation.[7][8]

Question 24

San hose de Moro

Answer 24

Moche culture
Nw peru
Ceremonial funerary complex btwn 400-1000AD
Famous tombs of priestesses- governors of the valley
Excavations started in 1991 lLuis castillo
3 diff. Types of tombs (pit, boot and chamber) and large spaces for production and storage of chicha- alcohol

Question 25

Ciudad Sandino

Answer 25

Managua Nicaragua
Lake Xolotan 2012
Burial urns e/w n/s 800-1250 CE
Some status difference based on grave goods 
Mystery bullet found in  burial urn

Near Rivas- irrigation pit with skeletal remains of ancient animal- possibly mammoth

Question 26

Avenue of the dead

Answer 26

Teotihuacan mexico
200-600AD
100000 people in hayday less after ceremonial center collapse
Site contains pyramid of sun, pyramid of moon and ave of dead - buildings on side may have been temples or mounds on sides may have been tombs
Sacred place for Aztecs
Stone masks- maay have been related to Ancestral shrine complexes of ave

Question 27

Temple of the feathered serpent

Answer 27

Teotihuacan mexico
300 CE - southern end of ave of dead
6 level step pyramid
Worship of feathered serpent- pyramid takes name of feathered serpents on sides of pyramid
Serpent associates with Aztec God Quetzalcoatl
Building preserved
Built on top of it
3rd largest pyramid at teotihuacan
1980s discovery of more than 1000 sacrificial (possibly) victims

Question 28

Great goddess

Answer 28

The Great Goddess of Teotihuacan (or Teotihuacan Spider Woman) is a proposed goddess of the pre-Columbian Teotihuacan civilization (ca. 100 BCE - 700 CE), in what is now Mexico.
-Two major defining characteristics of the Great Goddess are a bird headress and a nose pendant with descending fangs.
Murals and frescos found

Question 29

Cholula

Answer 29

Longest temporal duration of all mesoAmerican civilization
1000BCE- 1500ad
Other side of volcanic chain other aide from mexico
Good water source from mountains
Large pyramid- largest in world based on building materials
1880’s excavation
Built church on top- virgin of the remedies (Guadalupe).
Was religious center
700 burials around great pyramid- maybe cannibalism involved

Cholula massacre at pyramid of Quetzecoatl
5 to 10,000 people killed
12 eyewitness accounts not conclusive
Spanish attack on indigenous people feathered serpent lead by cortez and Diaz
1519
671 individuals excavated
Body stretched out with heads to east which is Christian tradition

Question 30

Zultpetec

Answer 30

Mexico- Aztec town with white-stucco temples and was the home to approximately 5,000 people, mostly priests and farmers.
Spanish account of train arrival in I’ll come Cortez aunt brought a brothel of women on the supply train natives captured supply train in prison them some killed and heads displayed on skull wrap with Spaniards heads and horseheads
Skull rock found at Zultapec
With heads from Europeans Africans Caribbean natives identified schools
Bone clusters found burn the bones of horse and human bones cannibalism evidence from boiled bones

Question 31

El cano

Answer 31

Panama
Archeological site
Pre-Columbian burial sites 700 to 1000 AD
Stone monoliths found at the site
In 2008 first excavations found Warriors with gold breast plates and artefacts
burial sites important scientific community -helped researchers gain a better understand Hierarchical (Hierarchy) chiefdom based societies created by the people who lived in this region of Central America before contact with Europeans.
First discovery of the site 1925 Hyatt Verrill- was ignored until site investigated in 1970

Question 32

Santa Isabel

Answer 32

Nicaragua
U of C
The Proyecto Santa isabel, Nicaragua (Project SIN)
900-1350AD sapoa period late pre-Contact settlement -
a high likelihood to have been occupied by colonizers from central Mexico. Between 2000 and 2005, Project SIN conducted four seasons of excavations at Santa Isabel, the shore of Lake Nicaragua in the Rivas district.
Household archeaology to find out about social and home life of inhabitants foodway, pottery home items
House mounds found and excavated

Question 33

El Rayo

Answer 33

El Rayo is located at the tip of the Asese peninsula in Lake Nicaragua (also known as Lake Cocibolca), just south of the modern city of Granada
Sapoa and Ometepe period site 600-1250 AD
Excavations took place in three loci: Locus 1 was a cemetery that had been exposed by recent road construction; Locus 2 was a residential area with high concentrations of domestic refuse; and Locus 3 was a second cemetery- 4th area as well

Question 34

Llullaillaco mummies

Answer 34

mummies discovered by Dr. Johan Reinhard 1999
-Mount Llullaillaco,border of Chile and Argentina
The burial 500 years before.
some of the best preserved Inca mummies of all time.
discovered the grave site containing two girls and one boy.
Several gold, shell and silver statues, textiles and pottery were also found. The younger girl -6 yrs old- struck by lightning after her death, causing burn damage on body, especially her face and shoulder.
-Statues made of precious metals and textiles were among the grave goods –
The oldest mummy, a girl - fifteen, “La Doncella”(The Maiden”. )
infection was discovered in her lungs during an examination.
She wore a dress hair braided, along with a headdress.
DNA two girls were half sisters, where the boy had no relation.

La Doncella had been drugged by coca leaves and a maize beer known as chicha, dying in her sleep, a fate shared with the other mummies.
La Doncella Sun Virgin.(chosen and sanctified as a toddler to live with other girls and women who would become royal wives, priestesses, and sacrifices.)

the boy tightly wrapped, ribs and pelvis were dislocated.
died under stress,vomit blood on clothing.
only child that was tied up.

Question 35

Casas Grande

Answer 35

Paquimé, Casas Grandes Chihuahua mexico
700-1475AD

mostly residential building structures -several stories high and the remains of ceremonial monuments

key role in trade/cultural contacts Pueblo culture south-western United States and northern Mexico and mesoamerica
-Culture suddenly vanished at the time of the Spanish Conquest.

the remains of some 2,000 rooms in clusters of living rooms, workshops and stores,

original planning on three axes: axis of housing units, the axis of squares, and the axis of ceremonial buildings.