Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA

A

Master blue print

Never leaves the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Purpose of Transcription and Translation

A

DNA directs protein synthesis

DNA -> RNA -> protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Transcription

A

Synthesis of mRNA from DNA

Occurs in the nucleus

Only transcribes what we need

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Translation

A

Synthesis of polypeptide/protein by using an mRNA template

Occurs in Ribosome in cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

T/T in Prokaryotes

A

Transcription and translation occur together because there is no nuclear envelope

Different polymerases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

T/T in Eukaryotes

A

Transcription in nucleus

Transcription requires many transcription factors

Pre-mRNA modified before becoming mRNA and moving to translation in cytosol

Allows for regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

RNA vs. DNA

A

DNA is a double helix, made of deoxyribose sugar, CGAT

RNA is single stranded, made of ribose sugar, CGAU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

Pries helix apart and reads 1 strand, adding nucleotides to RNA (using uracil instead of thymine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 Stages of Transcription

A

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Initiation - Transcription

A

Promoters (TATA box and transcription factors) signal initiation of RNA synthesis- tell the polymerase to attach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Transcription Factors

A

Help eukaryotic RNA polymerase recognize the promoter sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Elongation - Transcription

A

RNA polymerase moves along DNA making RNA strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Termination (Prokaryotes) - Transcription

A

terminator sequence-> polymerase detaches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Termination (Eukaryotes) - Transcription

A

Transcribes polyadenylation sequence

Proteins cut mRNA free

Polymerase falls away from DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

RNA Processing

A

Only happens in eukaryote cells

Modifies pre-mRNA after transcription

Splicing occurs

Occurs in nucleus

5’ end gets modified nucleotide cap
3’ end gets poly-A tail - helps to export mRNA to cytosol, protects mRNA from degradation, helps ribosomes attach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

RNA Splicing

A

Removes introns and joins exons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Introns

A

Non coding

Allow for alternate RNA splicing

Increase the number of different proteins possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Exons

A

Expressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Spliceosomes

A

snRNP - small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

Recognize splice sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ribozymes

A

Catalytic RNA molecules

Function as enzymes

Can splice RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA

Carries messages as a series of codons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Codons

A

Triplet sequence of bases along mRNA

Codes for amino acid or as stop signal

Pairs with anticodon on tRNA

20 amino acids
More than one codon per amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA

Shuttle amino acids to building polypeptide

Each tRNA is specific for an amino acid

Anticodon binds to codon

L-shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase

A

Joins each amino acid to correct tRNA

Binding site specific to amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Ribosomes

A

Free in cytosol or bound to ER

Synthesis starts on free ribosomes, may move to ER if protein needed for export

Made of proteins and ribosomal RNA(rRNA)

Facilitate coupling of codons with anticodons during protein synthesis

Has three binding sites for tRNA - A P E
Reads from A to E
A -add
P -polypeptide
E -exit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Stages of Translation

A

Initiation, elongation, termination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Initiation - Translation

A

At start codon

Brings together mRNA, initiator tRNA (with first amino acid met), and two subunits of a ribosome together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Elongation - Translation

A

Amino acids are added one by one to the polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Termination - Translation

A

Ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Polyribosome

A

Many ribosomes can translate one mRNA at once, forming multiple proteins at once

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

After Translation

A

Possible Changes to help control function of protein: enzyme may be cleaved (e.g. insulin needs to be activated when needed), sugar or lipids may be attached, removal of lead amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Signal Recognition Particle

A

Draws proteins to ER for export

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Mutations

A

One wrong nucleotide leads to one wrong amino acid which leads to a dysfunctional protein

Wobble position- 3rd unit in codon results in mismatch of bases

Substituions, insertions, deletions produce nonsense or mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Epigenetics

A

Chemical mechanisms control the expression of genes

Methylation-repressors
Histones- repress larger section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Bacteria

A

Prokaryote- no nuclear membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Bacterial Appendages

A

Protein surface Structures

Flagella

Pili(short hair like)- attach to tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Bacteria Cell Wall

A

Made of peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Capsule or Glycocalyx

A

Polysaccarides

For attachment and protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Inside the Bacteria

A

Genome (DNA nucleus and plasmids)

Ribosomes

Inclusions (Granules- reserve materials)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Bacteria Shapes

A

Rods, Spheres, Spirals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Rods

A

Bacillus

Single or in chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Spheres

A

Coccus

Chains(streptococci) or Clusters(staphylococci)

Not usually motile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Spirals

A

Spirilla

Usually Motile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Gram Negative

A

Staining- thin wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Gram Positive

A

Staining- thick wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Normal Flora

A

Natural to the human body

Can synthesize and secrete vitamins (E.g. enteric bacteria makes B12 and K)

Prevents colonization by pathogens - compete for space

Produce substances that harm non-indigineous bacteria

Staphylococcus (transfer from nasal passage to susceptible host)
Streptococcus mutano(tooth decay)
Streptococcus pneumonia (normal in upper respiratory tract, cause pneumonia in lower)
Neisseria Meningitidis
E Coli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Spirilla

A

Pathogenic

Transmitted by untreated drinking water and undercooked meat

Causes diarrhea and peptic ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Spirochetes

A

Treponema Pallidum- agent of sypilis

Borrelia Burgdorferi- causes lyme disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Vibrios

A

Gram negative rods

Found in fresh and saltwater

Vibrio Cholerae- causes cholera- diarrhea, deadly by dehydration

50
Q

Pseudomonas

A

In urinary tract

Attacks weakened host

Respiratory tract

51
Q

Enteric Bacteria

A

Gram negative rods

Live anaerobically

E Coli

52
Q

Pyrogenic Cocci

A

Gram postive spheres

Produce pus

Cause 1/3 of infections

Includes staph and strep classes

53
Q

Staphylococcus

A

Staphylococcus epidermis- not pathogenic, slows fungi growth, lives on skin and mucous membranes

Staphylococcus aureus- can cause disease, boils/pimples, wound infections, pneumonia, food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome

54
Q

Sterptococcus

A

Streptococcus Pyogenes- wound infections, autoimmune disease, tonsillitis or strep throat

Streptococcus pneumoniae- cause of bacterial pneumonia, ear infections, meningitis

55
Q

Blood

A

RBC - erythrocytes, 45%
WBC - leukocytes, <1%
Platelets - <1%
Plasma - 55%

56
Q

White Blood Cells

A

Neutrophils, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes

57
Q

Neutrophils

A

Phagocytes

Looking to eat thing marked with antibodies

Most common

58
Q

Monocytes

A

Macrophages

59
Q

Eosinophils

A

Allergy response

60
Q

Basophils

A

Histamine

61
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T and B cells

Specific immune response

62
Q

Immune System

A

Defence against bacteria, virus, worms

Removes old cells

Helps with repair (injuries)

63
Q

Antigen

A

Binds with antibody

Example- Virus, bacteria

64
Q

Antibody

A

Flag, marks for destruction

65
Q

Non- Specific Immune Response

A

Innate

Quick

External defences, inflammation, interferon, natural killer cells, complement system

66
Q

Specific Immune Response

A

Acquired

Slower but stronger

T and B cells

67
Q

External Defences

A

Skin, mucous membrane, acid, cough, sneeze, cilia

68
Q

Inflammation

A

Increased blood flow to injury/ infection site

Red/Hot

Increased permeability of capillary - allows WBCs and clot factors to go to site

Water flows because of osmosis- swelling

69
Q

Interferon

A

Chemical messenger response

Cytokine from infected cell

Prevents infection from other cells- saves its neighbours

70
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

T-cells but very general effect

Macrophages- kill off bacteria/cancers

71
Q

Phagocytic Defence

A

Neutrophils and Macrophages

  1. Phagocytes go to infection
  2. Adhere to target
  3. Ingest or engulf target particle
  4. Intracellular digestion and egestion
72
Q

Complement System

A

Circulating proteins

Form attack complex- kills anything marked by antibodies

Forms holes/pores in cell membrane

73
Q

B-cells

A

Attack free virus

Antibody reaction

74
Q

T-cells

A

Attack infected cells

75
Q

B-lymphocytes

A

Bind to antigen

Divide and differentiate into:
Plasma cells- secrete antibodies
Memory cells- stronger second response

76
Q

T-lymphocytes

A

Helper T-cells, Cytotoxic T-cells, Suppressor T-cells

77
Q

Helper T-cells

A

Secretes cytokines

Mediate fever

Bigger B-cell and cytotoxic T-cell response

78
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells

A

Directly attacks infected cells

Recognizes antigen marker

79
Q

Suppressor T-cells

A

Limits response

80
Q

Viruses

A

Smaller than bacteria

Contain DNA or RNA

Genome contained in a capsid (protein shell)

Envelopes- contain capsids- helps to infect host

81
Q

Virus Reproductive Cycle

A
  1. Enters host cell
  2. Replicates DNA
  3. Transcribes mRNA
  4. Makes capsid proteins
  5. Assembles new virus
  6. Exits host cell
82
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Infect bacteria

Reproduces by lytic cycle (virulent phage) or lysogenic cycle (temperate phage)

83
Q

Lytic Cycle

A
  1. Phage attaches to host cell
  2. Degrades host DNA
  3. Synthesis of virus genome and proteins
  4. Assembly of capsid
  5. Lyse (rupture) host cell
  6. Release of virus (100-200)
84
Q

Lysogenic Cycle

A
  1. Virus DNA is incorporated into host genome(prophage)
  2. Virus DNA is replicated with bacteria DNA (spreads to daughter cells)

Virus is silent

Trigger (environment) causes switch to lytic cycle

85
Q

Viral Envelope

A

Made go host membrane

Glycoproteins bind to receptor site

86
Q

HIV Virus

A

Retrovirus

  1. Virus enters helper T-cell
  2. Reverse transcription
  3. DNA joins host genome (provirus)
  4. Transcribes provirus into RNA (RNA for new virus/ mRNA for protein capsid)
  5. New virus assembly
  6. Exits cell
  7. Provirus always remains in host (always infected)
87
Q

Retrovirus

A

Uses reverse transcription

RNA to DNA

88
Q

Spread of Disease

A

Mutations of virus- previously harmless

Global travel- more psreadb

89
Q

Bacteria

A

Ring DNA

Reproduce by binary fission

90
Q

Genetic Recombination

A

Genetic variation by transformation, transduction, conjugation, transposition

91
Q

Transformation

A

Uptake of naked foreign DNA from the environment

Cell recognizes related DNA

Incorporates it into its genome

92
Q

Transduction

A

Phages carry genes from one bacteria to another

Lytic cycle

Some bacterial DNA in phage head

Recombines with new host DNA

93
Q

Conjugation

A

Direct transfer of DNA between bacteria

Formation of mating bridge

F DNA factor needs to donate DNA

94
Q

Plasmid

A

Small circular DNA segment

95
Q

F Plasmid

A

Transfer single strand of DNA to mate

Each mate replicates plasmid strand

96
Q

Hfr cell

A

High frequency recombination

F factor(plasmid) incorporated into genome

97
Q

Mating Bridge

A

Single strand of DNA transferred

Often partial

98
Q

Transposition

A

DNA in a single bacteria can recombine

Transpose gene- cut and paste DNA

99
Q

Transposons

A

Code for transposes plus other genes

Cut and pastes new genes in new location

100
Q

Operons

A

Control production of mRNA and therefore the production of proteins

101
Q

Repressible Operons

A

Turns off system thats usually on

Binds to operator to stop promoter which stops mRNA production

102
Q

Inducible Operons

A

Turns on system thats usually off

Inducer binds to repressor, its released and promoter makes RNA

Usually start product

103
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA from more than one source

Allows for DNA sequencing

Allows for gene manipulation/production

104
Q

Restriction Enzymes

A

Cuts DNA at specific sequences (restriction sites)

Produces fragments with sticky ends that can bond to a fragment with another sticky end (through ligase)

Produces a DNA fingerprint

105
Q

DNA Cloning

A

Production of multiple copes of a specific gene or DNA segment

Used for mass production of protein or enzymes (e.g. insulin)

Uses bacteria and plasmids

106
Q

Ways to Deliver Recombinant DNA into Bacterial Cells

A

Transformation, Transduction, Infection

107
Q

Cloning Vector

A

DNA plasmid carrying foreign DNA

Enters bacterium cell to replicate

Clones carry the gene of interest

108
Q

Uses for DNA Cloning

A

Forensic science, agriculture, medicine, environment

109
Q

Gene Therapy

A

Alteration of a gene

Potential for treating disorders of a single defective gene

Uses various vectors for delivery of genes

110
Q

Uses for Gene Therapy

A

Large scale production of human hormones

Production of safer vaccines

Curing of genetic based diseases (potentially, tech not at this level)

111
Q

Agriculture Genetic Engineering

A

Is being used to improve agricultural productivity

Can insert gene for larger plant size, better flavour, faster maturation, etc.

112
Q

Transgenic Plants

A

Allows for choice of traits

Like seedless, thinner skin, larger size, resistance

113
Q

Golden Rice

A

Rice that can create vitamin A in the plant to combat the worldwide problem of vitamin A deficiency

Engineered genes from the beta-carotene pathway in daffodils

Problems: Decreased biodiversity, health risks, environmental risks, economic exploitation of farmers

114
Q

Ventria Rice

A

Puts protein in rice to prevent diarrhea

Human gene put in plant to allow for hydration

115
Q

Transgenic Animals

A

Contains genes from other organisms

E.g. can put different characteristics in milk

116
Q

Totipotent Cell

A

Capable of turning into any cell

Capable of generating a complete new organism

Embryonic

117
Q

Pluripotent

A

Can become many types of cells but not all

Already differentiated

E.g. Bone marrow

118
Q

Animal Cloning

A

Using one of more somatic cell to make another genetically identical individual

Problems: Most animals don’t develop normally, have a short life with health/social problems

119
Q

Nuclear Transplant

A

Nucleus of an unfertilized egg cell or zygote is replaced with a nucleus of a differentiated cell

120
Q

Plant Cloning

A

Some differentiated cells are totipotent (e.g. cut the top off a carrot, you can grow a whole new carrot)

121
Q

Stem Cells

A

Relatively unspecialized cell

Can reproduce indefinitely

Can differentiate into many types of specialized cells in appropriate conditions

Can be pluripotent or totipotent

122
Q

Cell Differentiation

A

Different cell types result from different gene expression in cells with the sam eDNA

Genes are expressed to suppressed

No difference in genome

Bio (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions