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Bio 180 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genotype

A

Set of genes in our DNA which is responsible for a particular trait

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2
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical expression, or characteristics, of that trait

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3
Q

Gene

A

Unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring

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4
Q

DNA

A

Made up of six smaller molecules – a five carbon sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate molecule and four different nitrogenous bases

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5
Q

Nucleotide

A

Made up of one sugar molecule, one phosphate molecule and one of the four bases

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6
Q

Monohybrid

A

Inheritance pattern of a single trait

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7
Q

Dihybrid

A

Inheritance patterns of two traits that are linked

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8
Q

Leading strand

A

Synthesized in same direction as the movement of the replication fork

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9
Q

Lagging strand

A

Synthesized in the opposite direction of replication fork

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10
Q

DNA is synthesized through a process called

A

Semi-conservative replication

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11
Q

What provides energy for the polymerization reactions in DNA synthesis?

A

Breaking down the hydrogen bonds between complementary DNA strands

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12
Q

Role of DNA ligase in the elongation of the lagging strand during DNA replication

A

Join Okazaki fragments

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13
Q

Telomere

A

The ends of linear chromosomes

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14
Q

RNA Polymerse

A

5’—>3’

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15
Q

Codons

A

Part of the molecular structure of mRNA

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16
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

G–C, A–T

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17
Q

Blending inheritance

A

Parental traits blend such that their offspring have intermediate traits

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18
Q

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

Parental traits are modified then passed on to their offspring

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19
Q

Particulate inheritance

A

Suggests that hereditary determinants maintain their integrity from generation to generation

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20
Q

Mendel accepted the hypothesis

A

Alleles of different genes are transmitted independently of one another (principle of independent assortment)

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21
Q

Semi-conservative replication

A

The parental DNA strands separate, each is used as a template for the synthesis of a new strand. Daughter molecules each consist of one old and one new strand

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22
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Enzyme that catalyzes DNA synthesis

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23
Q

DNA synthesis direction

A

5′ –> 3′

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24
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

The lagging strand is synthesized as short discontinuous fragments, DNA polymerase removes the RNA primer at the beginning of each Okazaki fragment

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25
Q

Central dogma

A

Summarizes the flow of information in cells
DNA codes for RNA, which codes for proteins:
DNA -(Transcription)-> RNA -(Translation)->proteins

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26
Q

Transcription

A

The process by which the information in DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) for protein production

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27
Q

Function of Primase

A

The synthesis of the short section of RNA,

complementary to single-stranded DNA

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28
Q

Translation

A

Takes place in Cytoplasm/in ribosomes, mRNA is turned to protein.

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29
Q

In gene regulation, which type of control is the most efficient?

A

Transcriptional control

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30
Q

Nucleoside Triphosphates

A

Where every form of synthesis comes from,

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31
Q

What provides the energy for the polymerization reactions in DNA synthesis?

A

Deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate substrates

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32
Q

The greatest expression of the lac operon occurs when

A

lactose levels are high and glucose levels are low

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33
Q

The product of thelacI gene is

A

The repressor

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34
Q

Inducer

A

Binds to repressor so repressor does not bind with operator

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35
Q

Enhancers

A

Increase the likelihood of transcription of a particulr gene occuring, located far from promoter

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36
Q

Meristems

A

Specialized, undifferentiated cells continue proliferating throughout the organism’s life.
Compared to stem cells in animals

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37
Q

Induction

A

A group of cells producing a signal to change the behavior of an adjacent set of cells.

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38
Q

Gastrulation

A

Phase early in the embryonic development of most animals, during which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a trilaminar (“three-layered”) structure known as the gastrula.

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39
Q

Morphogenesis

A

Process where cells move around and organize themselves into structures, organs and systems of the adult organism.

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40
Q

Bicoid gene

A

Provides essential information about the anterior-posterior axis.

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41
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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42
Q

Segmentation Genes

A

Organize cells and tissues into distinct segments

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43
Q

Gap genes

A

Define the general position of segments in the anterior, middle, or posterior of the body

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44
Q

Pair-rule genes

A

Separate the boundaries of individual segments

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45
Q

Segment polarity genes

A

Indicate positions of individual segments

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46
Q

Pattern formation

A

The developmental process by which cells acquire different identities, depending on their relative spatial positions within the embryo.

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47
Q

Fertilization envelope

A

Keeps away additional sperm, Ca2+

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48
Q

Acrosome Reaction

A

Digest the protective jelly coat on the surface of egg

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49
Q

Cleavage

A

Set of rapid cell divisions that take place in animal zygotes immediately after fertilization

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50
Q

Ectoderm

A

Forms the outer covering of the adult body and the nervous system

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51
Q

Mesoderm

A

Gives rise to muscle, most internal organs, and connective tissues such as bone and cartilage

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52
Q

Endoderm

A

Produces the lining of the digestive tract or gut, along with some of the associated organs

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53
Q

Vestigial trait

A

A reduced or incompletely developed structure in an organism that has no (or reduced) function

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54
Q

Homology

A

Similarity that exists in species descended from a common ancestor

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55
Q

Genetic homology

A

Similarity in the DNA nucleotide sequences, RNA nucleotide sequences, or amino acid sequences

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56
Q

Developmental homology

A

Seen in embryos of different species. For example, tails and gill pouches are found in the embryos of chickens, humans, and cats

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57
Q

Structural homology

A

Similarity in adult morphology

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58
Q

Vestigial traits

A

Evidence that the characteristics of species have changed over time

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59
Q

Biological fitness

A

The ability of an individual to produce surviving, fertile offspring relative to that ability in other individuals in the population

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60
Q

Adaptation

A

heritable trait that increases an individual’s fitness in a particular environment relative to individuals lacking that trait

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61
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Results in a decrease of a population’s genetic variance when natural selection favors an average phenotype and selects against extreme variations.

62
Q

Directional selection

A

A population’s genetic variance shifts toward a new phenotype when exposed to environmental changes.

63
Q

Diversifying or disruptive selection

A

Increases genetic variance when natural selection selects for two or more extreme phenotypes that each have specific advantages. In diversifying or disruptive selection, average or intermediate phenotypes are often less fit than either extreme phenotype and are unlikely to feature prominently in a population.

64
Q

Genetic drift

A

Change in small population that later had a great impact on the phenotype of a species.

65
Q

Gene flow

A

Transfer of alleles/genes from one population to another.

66
Q

Genetic bottleneck

A

Sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events.

67
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits.

68
Q

Inbreeding

A

It does not change the population’s allele frequencies

69
Q

The Biological Species Concept

A

Different species either do not interbreed, or they fail to produce viable, fertile offspring

70
Q

The Morphospecies Concept

A

Individual species differ in size, shape, or other morphological feature

71
Q

The Phylogenetic Species Concept

A

Identifies species based on evolutionary history

72
Q

Monophyletic

A

Descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, especially one not shared with any other group.

73
Q

Synapomorphy

A

Trait unique to a monophyletic group

74
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Speciation that begins with geographic isolation

75
Q

Dispersal

A

A population moves to a new habitat, colonizes it, and forms a new population

76
Q

Vicariance

A

A physical barrier splits a widespread population into subgroups that are physically isolated from each other

77
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of a group of organisms

78
Q

Parsimony

A

Simplest explanation that can explain the data is to be preferred

79
Q

Life’s Time Line

A

The Earth started to form about 4.6 billion years ago

Life began around 3.4 billion years ago

80
Q

The Cambrian Explosion

A

By about 50 million years later, animals had diversified into almost all the major groups living today

81
Q

Bacteria and archaea are distinguished by

A

The types of molecules that make up their plasma membranes and cell walls
The machinery they use to transcribe DNA and translate mRNA into proteins

82
Q

What organisms are most numerous on Earth?

A

Prokaryotes

83
Q

The End-Permian Extinction

A

The largest mass extinction

84
Q

Three Domains of Life

A

Bacteria, Eukayota and archaea

85
Q

Bacteria

A

Cell walls are made primarily of peptidoglycan

86
Q

Autotrophs

A

Synthesizing building-block compounds from simple starting materials

87
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Absorbing building-block compounds from their environment

88
Q

Chemotroph

A

Obtain energy from carbon

89
Q

Protists

A

Diverse group of organisms that include all eukaryotes except the land plants, fungi, and animals

90
Q

Bioremediation

A

Use of bacteria and archaea to clean up sites polluted with organic solvents

91
Q

Seeding

A

Adding, specific species of bacteria and archaea to contaminated sites

92
Q

Synapomorphy

A

Trait common in a single monophyletic group, but not generally found outside of that group

93
Q

Paraphyletic

A

Descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, but not including all the descendant groups.

94
Q

Polyphyletic

A

Derived from more than one common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group and therefore not suitable for placing in the same taxon.

95
Q

Monophyletic

A

Descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, especially one not shared with any other group.

96
Q

Secondary endosymbiosis

A

An organism engulfs a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell

Retains its chloroplasts as intracellular symbionts

97
Q

Primary Endosymbiosis

A

Primary endosymbiosis is the process in which a eukaryote engulfs another living prokaryote

98
Q

Sporopollenin

A

Encases spores and pollen in modern land plants

99
Q

Alternation of generations

A

A haploid phase called the gametophyte, A diploid phase known as the sporophyte

100
Q

Haploid

A

Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

101
Q

Diploid

A

Containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

102
Q

Heterospory

A

The production of two distinct types of spores by different structures

103
Q

Homosporous

A

They produce a single type of spore

104
Q

Fungi

A

Unique ability to absorb the cellulose and lignin that comprise wood

105
Q

Mycorrhizal

A

Allow faster plant growth

Experiments show that plant growth suffers in the absence of these fungi

106
Q

Saprophytes

A

Fungi that make their living by digesting dead plant material

107
Q

Mycelia

A

Grow in the direction of food sources

108
Q

Hyphae

A

Long, narrow, frequently branching filaments that make up a mycelium

109
Q

Two primary types of plant-mycorrhizal interactions

A 
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF)
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
110
Q

Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF)

A

Basidiomycetes, form dense mats that envelop roots but do no penetrate the walls of cells inside root.

111
Q

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)

A

Glomeromycetes, form bushy or balloon-like structures after making contact with the plasma membrane of a root cell

112
Q

Parasitic relationships

A

One species benefits at the expense of the other

113
Q

Mutualism relationships

A

Benefit both species

114
Q

Commensal relationships

A

One species benefits while the other is unaffected

115
Q

What Is an Animal

A

Animals are eukaryotes that share key traits:
Multicellularity
Heterotrophy
Motility

116
Q

Heterotrophy

A

They obtain necessary carbon compounds from other organisms

Most ingest their food rather than absorbing it

117
Q

Motility

A

They move under their own power at some point in their life cycle

118
Q

Multicellularity

A

Lack cell walls

Have an extensive extracellular matrix

119
Q

Diploblasts

A

Animals whose embryos have two types of tissues, or germ layers:
The ectoderm and the endoderm

120
Q

Triploblasts

A

Bilaterally symmetric, Animals whose embryos have three germ layers:
The ectoderm
The endoderm
The mesoderm

121
Q

Animals with radial symmetry

A

Cnidarians, ctenophores, and some sponges—have at least two planes of symmetry

122
Q

Radial symmetry

A

Evolved independently in the echinoderms

123
Q

Hox genes

A

Regulate development of the anterior–posterior axis

124
Q

Coelom

A

An enclosed, fluid-filled body cavity between the tubes

125
Q

Advantage of Coelon

A

Creates a container for circulation of oxygen and nutrients, and acts as an efficient hydrostatic skeleton,
gave bilaterally symmetric organisms the ability to move efficiently in search of food

126
Q

Hydrostatic skeleton

A

Allows soft-bodied animals to move even without fins or limbs

127
Q

Protostomes

A

The mouth develops before the anus
Blocks of mesoderm hollow out to form the coelom
Includes arthropods, mollusks, and segmented worms
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster
The roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans

128
Q

Deuterostomes

A

The anus develops before the mouth
Pockets of mesoderm pinch off to form the coelom
Includes chordates and echinoderms

129
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

Grow by extending the size of their skeletons
Grow continuously when conditions are good
Includes the mollusks, annelids, flatworms, and rotifers

130
Q

Cephalization

A

Evolution of a head where structures for feeding, sensing the environment, and processing information are concentrated

131
Q

Suspension feeders

A

Capture food by filtering out particles suspended in water or air

132
Q

Deposit feeders

A

Feed on bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, and detritus

133
Q

Fluid feeders

A

Suck or mop up liquids like nectar, plant sap, blood, or fruit juice

134
Q

Viviparous

A

“Live-bearing” species

135
Q

Oviparous

A

“Egg-bearing” species

136
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

“Egg-live-bearing” species

137
Q

Echinoderms

A

Marine animals named for the spines or spikes observed in many species, endoskeleton, Includes sea stars and sea urchins

138
Q

Chordates

A

Includes the vertebrates (animals with backbones)
Vertebrates comprise hagfish, lampreys, cartilaginous and bony fishes, amphibians, mammals, and reptiles(reptiles include the birds)

139
Q

Water vascular system

A

A series of branching, fluid-filled tubes and chambers that forms a hydrostatic skeleton

140
Q

Tube feet

A

An important part of the water vascular system, Elongated, fluid-filled appendages, each consisting of:
An ampulla on the inside of the body
A tube-like podium projecting on the outside

141
Q

Sea Stars

A

Echinodermata—Asteroidea

142
Q

Chordates have four morphological features

A
  • Openings into the throat called pharyngeal gill slits
  • A dorsal hollow nerve cord that runs the length of the body, comprised of projections from neurons
  • A stiff and supportive but flexible rod, called the notochord, that runs the length of the body
  • A muscular post-anal tail
143
Q

Chordates 4 characteristics evovle

A

Dorsal hollow nerve cord –> spinal cord
Phaaryngeal pouches –> Gills
Notochord –> develops, organize body plan movement

144
Q

Prosimians

A

Before-monkeys

145
Q

Anthropoids

A

Human-like

146
Q

Primates

A

Hands and feet that are efficient at grasping
Flattened nails instead of claws on the fingers and toes
Relatively large brains
Color vision
Complex social behavior
Extensive parental care of offspring
Forward-facing eyes

147
Q

Hominidae

A

great apes—orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans

148
Q

Hominids

A

Distinct ways of walking = bipedal

149
Q

Abiotic Factors

A

Physical conditions present

150
Q

Biotic Factors

A

Interactions with other organisms

Bio 180 (4 decks)

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