FINAL

Question 1

Bait Question

Answer 1

Non-accusatory question, in which possible incriminating evid is implied, that is asked in order to elicit a change in the subject’s statement

Question 2

2 Criteria that affect the use of bait questions

Answer 2

1. The guilty person could have left the evid

2. The invest. presents the possible evid in a plausible and credible manner

Question 3

Most frequent guilty response to a bait question

Answer 3

Delay before answering, or other stalling tactics, such as repeating the question to themselves or asking officer to clarify the question

Question 4

9 steps of interrogation

Answer 4

1. Direct, positive confrontation
2. Theme Development
3. Handling Denials
4. Overcoming Objections
5. Procurement and Retention of a Suspect’s attention
6. Holding the suspect’s passive mood
7. Presenting an alternative question
8. Having the suspect orally relate various details of the offense
9. Converting oral confession into a written confession

Question 5

Direct Positive Confrontation

Answer 5

Investigator should initiate interrogation with direct statement indicating absolute certainty of suspect’s guilt

Question 6

Theme Development

Answer 6

Immediately after confrontation, the investigator should begin development of a theme. This involves presenting a moral excuse for suspect’s act or minimizing the moral implications of the conduct

Question 7

Handling Denials

Answer 7

One of the most critical states for hte investigator

One of primary goals is to discourage suspect from engaging in denials

Question 8

Overcoming Objectives

Answer 8

The guilty suspect may try to achieve some control over the interrogator and lessen the investigator’s certainty of their guilty by giving a reason why the accusation is wrong
Objections are heard almost exclusively from the guilty; movement from denial to objections is a good indication of concealment of the truth

Question 9

Procurement and Retention of a Suspect’s attention

Answer 9

Suspect doesn’t want to sit back and let investigator dominate the conversation while presenting a theme, so if their denials and objections are shut down, the only thing the suspect has left is to psychologically withdraw from the interrogation and ignore the theme

Question 10

Handling the suspect’s passive mood

Answer 10

Once the investigator has gotten the suspect’s attention, the suspect is more willing to listen and answer questions. The investigator should take advantage of this, and use it to concentrate on the theme and prepare an alternative question

Question 11

Presenting an Alternative Question

Answer 11

Person is more likely to make a decision once they have committed themselves, in some small way, to that decision, so you want them to answer a seemingly harmless question that at least slightly commits them to the truth: ex: did you blow that money on drugs, or did you use it to help your family?

Question 12

Having a suspect orally relate various details of the offense

Answer 12

At this point, admitting to the alternative questions, the suspect still has not given details of the crime. The suspect and the interrogator must now enter in to conversation to elicit details of the crime

Question 13

Converting oral confession into a written confession

Answer 13

The suspect may quickly decide to retract their confession so the interrogator needs to quickly preserve the confession as a court-admissible document that will withstand the defense’s case

Question 14

Behavioral pause

Answer 14

Immediately after confrontational statement, investigator should say something like “a am going to sit down so we can get this straightened out, ok?”
Then sits and waits 3-5 seconds
Serves to
-Provide invest with initial indication of guilt
-Suspect’s initial response to direct positive confrontation may render insight to how the invest should proceed

Question 15

2 clues that a suspect is/is not buying into your themes

Answer 15

Persistent denying of the crime if they are not buying in

If they are, they may be quiet or express agreement on the nonverbal level

Question 16

3 primary objectives of handling denials

Answer 16

1. Anticipate denials before voiced
2. Discourage weak denials from being voiced
3. Evaluate denials that are being voiced

Question 17

What is the difference between objections and denials

Answer 17

Objections are heard almost exclusively from the guilty
Movement from denial to objection is good indication of concealment of truth
Denials just say “no i didn’t do it” while objections say reasons why the accusation is wrong

Question 18

What efforts should be made to correct a suspect’s language in a written confession?

Answer 18

None (?)

Question 19

In a review of 350 trials of people believed to have been innocent, how many cases involved false confessions?

Answer 19

49

Question 20

Should an investigator be suspicious of a “conscience stricken” criminal confession?

Answer 20

YES- can be voluntary false confessions

Question 21

Memory Distrust Syndrome

Answer 21

Accounts for 21% of false confessions- allegedly false confessions that occurs when invest. successfully convice the innocent suspect that he is guilty of the crime they didn’t remember committing

Question 22

4 permissible incentives for confession

Answer 22

1. Suspect will experience internal relief by reducing guilt
2. Suspect will be respected for telling the truth
3. By telling truth, suspect learns from their mistakes
4. By telling truth, other will not believe things about suspect that aren’t true

Question 23

3 factors that can be sighted by a suspect claiming duress

Answer 23

1. Suspect must believe on some level that it is possible for them to have committed the crime
2. Suspect must account for memory loss
3. Invest. must have laid foundation for suspect to ultimately accept responsibility for crime they didn’t remember committing

Question 24

3 types of corroborative info

Answer 24

Dependent Corroboration
Independent Corroboration
Rational Corroboration

Question 25

Dependent Corroboration

Answer 25

Info has been purposefully withheld from the suspect and the media. If the suspect knows it, that’s telling you something

Question 26

Independent Corroboration

Answer 26

Info not known by investigator until confession and then was independently verified

Question 27

Rational Corroboration

Answer 27

Crimes can offer no obvious or verifiable corroboration. Includes statement accepting personal responsibility for the crime, details of how it was committed and why.. etc

Question 28

When is it necessary to re-mirandize someone

Answer 28

Break in custody ends effectiveness of miranda warnings

Question 29

What is the difference between custodial and non-custodial?

Answer 29

Custody- interrogator must advise suspect of their miranda rights only when they’re in a custodial interrogation;
Courts hold that suspect is not in custody even in a police station when police do not place any restrictions on the suspect

Question 30

T/F: It is legally sufficient to get an oral waiver of rights from a suspect

Answer 30

TRUE

Question 31

Why is it important to remove restraints from suspect during an interview?

Answer 31

Then they are seen as restrained, and in custody, adn therefore must be mirandized; also makes them feel more relaxed and more likely to be open with you

Question 32

What is the optimal way to arrange chairs in the interview room

Answer 32

Chairs facing each other with nothing in between, about 5 feet apart

Question 33

When an interpreter is being used, who should the susepct be asked to maintain eye contact with?

Answer 33

Investigator

Question 34

Why do deceptive people often feign anger

Answer 34

It is the easiest emotion to fake.

Question 35

In what type of environment is a formal interview held?

Answer 35

Controlled; somewhere where it is possible to move directly into interrogation if needed

Question 36

What are 2 reasons a truthful person would withhold info?

Answer 36

Don’t wan’t to get anyone in trouble

AFraid of retaliation

Question 37

3 channels of communication

Answer 37

Verbal
Nonverbal
Paralinguistic

Question 38

3 factors that could lead to misinterpretation of behavior symptoms

Answer 38

1. Behavior symptoms- guilty may “give up” psychologically and not display characteristics of guilty person
2. Mental Illness
3. Use of medication

Question 39

3 types of questions involved in behavioral analysis interview

Answer 39

Non-threatening
Investigative
Behavioral provoking

Question 40

4 behavior provoking questions

Answer 40

1. Do you know why you’ve been asked to speak with us today?
2. How do you feel about being asked to come in and talk with us?
3. Do you know anyone who had the opportunity to commit this crime?
4. What do you think should be the punishment for whoever committed this crime?

Question 41

What is the difference between interview and interrogation

Answer 41

Interview is done early in the process in a non accusatory manner, and its purpose is to gather info. Can be given in a variety of environments and is free flowing
Interrogation is done when the interrogator is fairly certain of the suspect’s guilt, in an accusatory manner and in a controlled environment for the purpose of finding the truth

Question 42

What should investigators be careful about when getting info from paid informants?

Answer 42

If they have a vested interest such as money or favorable treatment. They may also be trying to get rid of competition or satisfying a grudge

Question 43

3 motivations for criminal behavior

Answer 43

Need
Greed
Power

Question 44

Danger signal regarding eyewitness identification

Answer 44

Witness initially said they would be able to ID suspect
Witness knows suspect prior to crime
Discrepancy between original description and actual appearance

Question 45

Motivations for false accusations in cases involving sexual abuse of a child

Answer 45

Parent/Adult may be exploiting the child for reasons such as revenge, custody issues or anger