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Intro to Human Disabilities > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Speech Articulation

A

the function of Broca’s Area

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2
Q

Semantics

A

the study of word meaning

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3
Q

Semantic-Cognitive Theory

A

1) Between but closer to nature

2) Innate brain structures through semantics

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4
Q

Parts of Language

A

1) Content
2) Form
a) phonology
b) morphology
c) syntax
3) Use

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5
Q

Morphology

A

the study of the structure of words

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6
Q

Phonological Process

A

a simplification of sounds that are difficult for children to produce in an adult manner

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7
Q

Reasons we communicate

A

1) Relate
2) Grow (learn)
3) Help
4) Persuade
5) Play

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8
Q

Cognates

A

/b/ and /p/ are examples of…

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9
Q

Communication

A

The process of exchanging information between parties through spoken, written or other symbols that affects relationships and behavior

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10
Q

Allophone

A

A slight variation in the way different people produce individual phonemes

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11
Q

Speech

A

The dynamic motor production of speech sounds through the combined process of respiration, phonation, resonation, fluency, prosody, and articulation

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12
Q

Social-Pragmatic Theory

A

1) Between, but closer to nurture

2) Social interaction through illocution

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13
Q

Receptive Language

A

How well a person understands what he/she says

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14
Q

Social-Pragmatic Theory

A

Perspective of language development that considers communication as the basic function of language

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15
Q

Processing System

A

Brain:

  • primary auditory cortex
  • language is in the brain
  • Wernicke’s area: connects words to pictures
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16
Q

Language

A

A code whereby ideas about the world are expressed through a conventional system of arbitrary symbols for communication

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17
Q

Frontal

A

The lobe of the brain where Broca’s Area is located

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18
Q

Phonetics

A

The study of speech-sound production using IPA

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19
Q

Place

A

The location in the mouth where two articulators come together to produce specific sounds

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20
Q

Communication components

A

1) Speakers and Listeners
- encoding and decoding
- communication competence
2) Channels
- Auditory/ vocal
- visual
- olfactory (odors)
- tactile
3) Context
- physical
- cultural
- psychological
- temporal
4) “Noise”
- Physical
- Physiological
- Psychological
- Semantic
5) Messages
- verbal
- non-verbal

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21
Q

Stops

A

A sound made by building up air pressure in the mouth and then suddenly relating it, the air flow can be blocked momentarily by pressing the lips together or by pressing the tongue against either the gums or the soft palate
Examples: /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/

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22
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

The lobe of the brain important for auditory processing

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23
Q

Glide (semi-vowel)

A

A type of consonant that has a gradual change in an articulator position and a relative long production of sound
Examples: /w/, /j/

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24
Q

Impairment

A
  • Function Barrier

- Body parts do not work as they typically should

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25
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

The hemisphere of the brain used for speech, language, and motor functioning

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26
Q

Medical Model

A

The model of disability where the goal is to help the PWD “overcome obstacles and barriers.” The focus is on the PWD. It ignores the role of society in creating these barriers and reduces people to defective body parts putting the PWD in a position to be a passive recipient to information, care, etc.

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27
Q

The Americans with Disabilities Act (PL 101-336)

A
  • This federal law helped to provide the use of interpreters, sign language, and telecommunications devices for the deaf (TDDs)
  • This federal law mandated improved access for individuals with handicaps to building and facilities
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28
Q

Fricative

A

A sound formed by forcing the air stream through a narrow opening between articulators: lips, tongue-alveolar ridge, and tongue and hard palate
Examples: /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/

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29
Q

Utterance

A

A unit of vocal expression proceeded and followed by a silence or pause

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30
Q

Velopharyngeal Closure

A

The upward and downward movement of the soft palate that closes off the nasal cavity

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31
Q

Overbite

A

Class 2 malocclusion

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32
Q

Pragmatics

A

The rules governing the use of language ins social situations

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33
Q

Phonation

A

The vibration of air passing through the two vocal folds that produces sound used for speech

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34
Q

Aphonia

A

A complete loss of voice

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35
Q

Lexicon

A

A child’s expressive vocabulary

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36
Q

Handicap

A
  • A loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in the life of a community
  • Participation Barrier
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37
Q

Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)

A

The average number of morphemes in a young child’s individual utterances

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38
Q

Nativistic Theory

A

A perspective on language development that emphasizes the acquisition of language as an innate, physiologically determined, and genetically transmitted phenomenon

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39
Q

Affricate

A

A stop-plosive that releases into a fricative

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40
Q

Phonology

A

The study of speech sounds

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41
Q

Trachea

A

The anatomical name for “wind pipe”

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42
Q

Stimulability

A

The evaluation of a child’s ability to produce a correct sound in imitation after the clinician models the sound for the child

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43
Q

S.O.D.A.

A
  • Substitution (w for r)
  • Omission (k-on instead of crayon)
  • Distortion (lisp)
  • Addition (animamal)
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44
Q

Discourse

A

Extended verbal exchange on a topic

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45
Q

Communicative Competence

A

Knowledge of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics

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46
Q

Idiopathic

A

Unknown etiology (cause)

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47
Q

Childhood apraxia of speech

A

A disorder that involves disruptions in planning, sequencing, coordinating, and initiating movements of the articulators

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48
Q

Neuron

A

The basic cell of the nervous system

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49
Q

Behavioral theory

A
  • Perspective of language development that asserts that speech and language are behaviors learned through operant conditioning
  • Nurture
  • Environment through S+R+C
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50
Q

Dialect

A

A specific form of speech and language used in a geographical region that differs significantly from the standard of a larger language community in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, etc.

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51
Q

Phonation

A

The speech process that involves the vocal folds vibrating making sound

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52
Q

Organic Disorder

A

An inability tot correctly produce standard speech sounds because of anatomical, physiological, or neurological causes

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53
Q

Occipital

A

The lobe of the brain responsible for visual processing

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54
Q

Babbling

A

A baby saying “ba-ba”

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55
Q

Input system

A

Hearing:

  • outer ear
  • middle ear
  • inner ear
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56
Q

Deglutition

A

Term for “swallowing”

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57
Q

Final Consonant Deletion

A

The phonological process a child is using if he says “ca” rather than “cat”

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58
Q

Auditory

A

Saying “hi, how are you” uses that as a communication modality

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59
Q

Etiology

A

The cause of a medical problem

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60
Q

Alveolar Sacs

A

Where the gas exchange takes place in respiration

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61
Q

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association

A

ASHA

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62
Q

Congenital

A

Disorders present at birth

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63
Q

3 parts of speech process

A

1) Respiration
2) Articulation
3) Restoration

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64
Q

Larynx

A

Anatomical name for “voice box”

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65
Q

Vocal play

A

When a child says something like “baa-da-gi-daa-um-ma”

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66
Q

Disability

A
  • Activity Barrier

- inability to perform activities of daily living

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67
Q

Generalization

A

The transfer of learning from on environment to another environment

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68
Q

Language Delay

A

An abnormal slowness in developing language skills

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69
Q

Nasal

A

A sound resulting from the closing of the oral cavity, preventing air from escaping through the mouth, with a lowered position of the soft palate and a free passage of air through the nose

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70
Q

Cognition

A

Act or process of thinking or learning

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71
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

A developmental neuromotor disorder caused by damage to the central nervous system before, during, or shortly after birth

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72
Q

Language Disorder

A

An impairment of receptive and/or expressive linguistic symbols

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73
Q

Gliding of liquids

A

The phonological process a child is using when he says “weal” instead of “real”

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74
Q

Voice

A

The distinctive feature that refers to a sound produced either with the vocal folds vibrating or not vibrating

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75
Q

Questions to determine if a person has a communication disorder

A

1) Does the communication issue deviate significantly from the communication of other people and draw attention to itself?
2) Does it interfere with daily communication in some way?
3) Does it handicap them, causing them distress?

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76
Q

Language difference

A

Variations in speech and language that are a result of a person’s cultural, linguistic or social environments

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77
Q

Social Model

A

The model of disability where the goal is to remove the barriers from the PWD. It places the focus on society saying that disabilities are societal problems. Problem is that the PWD is not responsible to “overcome” their challenges.

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78
Q

Manner

A

The way in which the air stream is modified as a result of the interaction of the articulators

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79
Q

Different Types of Communication

A

1) Intra personal: communication with yourself
2) Inter personal: communication between 2 people
3) Small group
4) Public: speech or lecture
5) Mass: media

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80
Q

Telegraphic Speech or Language

A

Condensed language in which only the essential words are used, such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives

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81
Q

Manner

A

The way in which the air stream is modified as a result of the interaction of the articulators; direction of the air flow or the degree of narrowing of the vocal tract by the articulators in the various places

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82
Q

Output System

A

Speech

  • Respiratory system: lungs; provide power
  • Phonatory system: larynx; provides tone
  • Articulatory system: lips, tongue; provides speech sounds
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83
Q

Symptoms

A

Subjective indication of a disease as perceived by the patient or others

84
Q

The Education of all Handicapped Children Act (PL 94-142)

A

This federal law mandated that all school-aged children with disabilities must be provided a free and appropriate education in the least restrictive environment

85
Q

Noise

A
  • Interfers with a listener getting the message a speaker is sending
  • Physical
  • Physiological (communication disorder)
  • Psychological
  • Semantic
86
Q

Structural (Nativism) Theory

A
  • Nature

- Innate brain structures through syntax (grammar)

87
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which a test measures what it intends to measure

88
Q

Papilloma

A

The condition that involves wart-like growths on the vocal folds

89
Q

Esophageal Speech

A

Post-Laryngotomy speech option that involves the use of burping to produce speech without equipment

90
Q

Within Discipline Model

A

Model where a clinician works primarily independently with relatively little interactions with other professions

91
Q

Teratogen

A

1) Cigarettes
2) Drugs
3) Alcohol

92
Q

Letter-sound correspondence

A

Difficulty reading and spelling because of the unpronounced letters in the world

93
Q

Preschool

A

Emergent literacy skills in children

94
Q

Secondary consequences of reading disabilities

A

1) Occupation/ career choices
2) Reading for leisure
3) Academic difficulties

95
Q

Vocal fold paralysis

A

The condition that involves one or both of the vocal chords being weak or paralyzed due to neurological injury

96
Q

Methods used to view the vocal folds

A

1) Direct laryngoscopy
2) Indirect laryngoscopy
3) Endoscopy

97
Q

4D Approach

A

1) Detect
2) Decide
3) Do
4) Debrief

98
Q

Categories of Stigmatized People

A

1) Physical
2) Character
3) Tribal

99
Q

Effective Treatment

A

Treatment with a particular method or approach that has been shown by research to be better than no treatment

100
Q

Revolution vs. Evolution

A

way they want to change vs. how patients actually change

101
Q

Language Delay

A

Children who have a slow start at developing language, but eventually catch up with their peers

102
Q

Mutational falsetto/ puberphonia

A

the condition that involves post-pubescent or adolescent males having a “high-pitched, breathy voice.”

103
Q

Chronological age

A

The actual age of a person expressed in days, months, and years

104
Q

Orthography

A

Learning to hold a crayon and make purposeful lines

105
Q

Multifactoral causes for cleft lip/ palate

A

1) Genetic
2) Chromosomal
3) Environmental

106
Q

Dyslexia

A

Difficulty reading

107
Q

Disgraphia

A

Difficulty writing

108
Q

Letter Reversal

A

Read “bab” instead of “dad”

109
Q

Phonological Awareness

A

Recognition and understanding of sound-letter associations

110
Q

Attainable Treatment

A

Treatment that has the expectation that an individual can achieve a specific target within a reasonably specified time

111
Q

Normal Disfluency

A

1) Repeating a word
2) Pausing
3) Using an interjection

112
Q

Visible Overt Behavior

A

1) Jerking the head
2) Binking eyes rapidly
3) Losing eye contact

113
Q

Alphabetic Principle

A

Understanding that letters and letter combinations represent speech sounds

114
Q

1%

A

Incidence of people who stutter

115
Q

Reasons we stigmatize

A

1) We have an innate need to categorize info, life events, and experiences
2) Sinful nature of man kind

116
Q

Indirect laryngoscopy

A

Uses a laryngeal mirror to view the vocal folds

117
Q

External Effects of stigmatization

A

1) Avoidance behavior of social situations
2) Alienation from community
3) Vocational Barriers
4) Educational Barriers

118
Q

Tracheoesophogeal prosthesis

A

Post- laryngotomy speech option that involves the insertion of a one-way plastic valve between the trachea and esophageal walls

119
Q

Muscle Tension Dysphonia

A

condition involves the voice been “adversely affected by excessive muscle tension that ranges from severe to mild.”

120
Q

Christian Model of disability

A
  • Focus on love, inclusion, and abilities

- We are all made in the image of God

121
Q

Language Form

A

Involved in language disorder

122
Q

Internal Effects of Stigmatization

A

1) Feelings of incompetence
2) Affective pain/suffering
3) loss of control
4) Feeling of confinement
5) Experiencing obstacles
6) Life takes extreme effort

123
Q

Goal or Target Behavior

A

Verbal or nonverbal skill a clinician try to teach a person

124
Q

Defense Mechanisms (BAT list 5)

A

1) Avoidance
2) Denial
3) Escape
4) Ego-restriction
5) Fantasy
6) Suppression
7) Sublimation
8) Substitution
9) Altruism
10) Humor
11) Rationalization
12) Intellectualization
13) Pathological
14) Immature
15) Neurotic
16) Mature

125
Q

Breakdown Theories

A

Theory that attributes stuttering to the effects of early environmental stress and usually assigns and important role to neurological factors

126
Q

Endoscopy

A

Uses either a rigid or flexible scope to view the vocal folds while the patient is alert and awake

127
Q

Abnormal Disfluency

A

1) Repeating a sound
2) Silent block
3) Prolonging a sound

128
Q

Phonics

A

Method of teaching reading and the pronunciation by learning to sound out words

129
Q

Stigma/ Stigmatized person

A
  • brand, blemish, or defect

- someone who is seen as “devalued, spoiled, or flawed in the eyes of others”

130
Q

Misreading

A

Reads “house” instead of “horse”

131
Q

Components of stigma

A

1) Cognitive – stereotype
2) Affective – prejudice
3) Behavioral – discrimination

132
Q

Physiological

A

Voice therapy method that focuses on the “modification of the inappropriate psychological activity through exercises and manipulation of the respiratory, phonatory and resonatory systems.”

133
Q

Symoptomatic

A

Voice therapy method that focuses “on the modification of a person’s vocal symptoms, fining the person’s ‘best’ voice… and facilitating techniques to stabilize the improved voice production.”

134
Q

Hyper functional

A

Voice disorders that have “a pervasive pattern of excessive effort and tension.”

135
Q

Spasmodic Dysphonia

A

condition is “a relatively rare voice disorder… characterized by strained, strangled, harsh voice quality” and may be due to “either or both neurological and psychological etiologies.”

136
Q

MIDVAS

A 
Motivation 
Identification
Desensitization
Variation
Approximation
Stabilization
137
Q

Protective Mechanisms

A

1) Avoid people/ situations
2) Compare to others who are alike
3) Devalue things they are not good at
4) Attribute any negative feedback to the fact that they belong to a stigmatized group rather than their own personal fault

138
Q

Shame

A

covert reaction to suffering

139
Q

Sequencing error

A

Read “was” instead of “saw”

140
Q

Sub mucous cleft

A

A defect in the hard palate in the absence of an actual opening of the nasal cavity

141
Q

Velopharyngeal incompetence

A

the palate does not have adequate or sufficient tissue to make contact with the posterior pharyngeal wall

142
Q

Vocal nodules

A

condition that involves “continuous abuse and misuse of the voice” resulting in hard, white, bilateral growths on the vocal chords

143
Q

Laryngitis

A

condition that involves either acute or chronic “inflammation of the vocal fold mucosa” and is often due to “bacterial or viral infection of the larynx

144
Q

Contact ulcer

A

the condition that “is a small ulceration that develops in posterior region… of the vocal folds” and is often caused by gastroesophageal reflux.

145
Q

Loose, relaxed disfluency

A

Key feature of borderline stuttering

146
Q

Fluency shaping

A

therapy approach that has the goal to teach people who stutter how to talk more fluently

147
Q

Vocal cancer

A

the condition that “is a life-threatening disease” that involves malignant lesions on the vocal folds

148
Q

Specific Language Impairment

A

Associated with:

1) Significant expressive language impairments
2) Significant expressive language impairments
3) No identifiable cause or condition
4) Normal hearing

149
Q

Receptive language

A

An active process in which a listener infers the meaning or an auditory message based on the context of the information and long-term stored memory of words and general knowledge

150
Q

Stuttering modification

A

therapy approach focuses on fears, avoidances, and struggles to escape stuttering

151
Q

Functional Treatment

A

Treatment that improves a person’s communication abilities useful in a person’s natural environment

152
Q

Electrolarynx

A

Post-laryngectomy speech option that involves an electronic device that “produces a vibrated mechanical sound that is held against the neck…”

153
Q

Emergent Literacy Skills

A

1) Turning book pages
2) Looking at pictures
3) Learning letter names

154
Q

Hygenic

A

Voice therapy method that focuses on instilling “healthy vocal behaviors in the person’s habitual speech patterns”

155
Q

List 3 problems associated with cleft palate

A

1) Middle ear infections
2) Dental issues
3) Feeding problems

156
Q

“Refers to an excessive and undesirable amount of perceived nasal cavity resonance during speech”

A

Hypernasality

157
Q

“Refers to a reduction in nasal resonance during speech”

A

Hyponasality/denasality

158
Q

List 2 compensatory articulation errors that children with clefts make?

A

1) Pharyngeal fricatives

2) Glottal stops

159
Q

Rule of 10’s

A

1) 10 grams hemoglobin
2) 10 weeks of age
3) 10 pounds in weight

160
Q

The surgical repair of cleft palate

A

Palatoplasty

161
Q

“A computer-based instrument that measures the relative amount of nasal acoustic energy in a person’s speech”

A

Nasometer

162
Q

A speech appliance that covers “an open palatal defect”

A

Palatal obturator

163
Q

A speech appliance “that fills in the pharyngeal space for speech”

A

Speech bulb obturator

164
Q

3 causes of neurological communication disorder

A

1) Tumors
2) Traumatic Brain Injury
3) Stroke

165
Q

Aphasia

A

a deficit in language processing that may affect all input (understanding and reading) and output modalities (speaking and writing)

166
Q

Having trouble understanding auditory or reading information

A

Receptive aphasia

167
Q

A type of non-fluent aphasia

A

Wernicke’s aphasai

168
Q

Type of fluent aphasia

A

Transcortical sensory aphasia

169
Q

A severe to profound form of aphasia characterized by severely impaired receptive and expressive language

A

Global Aphasia

170
Q

A term that refers to impaired ability to retrieve the names of things

A

Anomia

171
Q

An impairment of the ability to produce words in their correct sequence and with all necessary morphemes

A

agrammatism

172
Q

Verbal Paraphasia

A

saying “brother” instead of “sister”

173
Q

Literal Paraphasia

A

saying “tar” instead of “car”

174
Q

Divided attention

A

driving and talking on the phone

175
Q

Orientation

A

knowing the date, time, etc.

176
Q

Executive functions

A

set goals for your week, developed plans to achieve those goals, and used feedback to determine the success of your plans

177
Q

Anosognosia

A

Being unaware of your deficits

178
Q

Perseveration

A

a patient got stuck on a word such as “pea,” and kept saying it over and over even though it was no longer appropriate

179
Q

Dementia

A

a syndrome caused by a progressive neurological disease that results in intellectual, communicative, behavioral, and personality changes not seen in normal aging

180
Q

Stage 1

A

stage in which a patient with Alzheimer’s disease experience forgetfulness

181
Q

Stage 2

A

stage in which a patient with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) experience confusion

182
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

suddenly stopped recognizing my wife’s face

183
Q

List 2 motor speech disorders

A

1) Apraxia

2) Dysarthria

184
Q

List 3 systems affected by dysarthria

A

1) Respiration
2) Articulation
3) Phonation

185
Q

How many types of Dysarthria are there?

A

6

186
Q

Dysarthria

A

a group of motor speech disorders caused by weakness, paralysis, or incoordination of the speech muscles

187
Q

Conditions associated with Dysarthria

A

1) Parkinson’s
2) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
3) Myasthenia gravis
4) Multiple sclerosis

188
Q

Apraxia of speech

A

a problem in neural motor planning and programming of the articulatory muscles for the voluntary movements of speech in the absence of weakness

189
Q

Examples of automatic speech

A

1) Counting 1-10
2) Saying the days of the week
3) Saying the alphabet

190
Q

Dysphagia

A

medical term for swallowing

191
Q

Aspiration

A

medical term used for when food and/or liquid enters the larynx, trachea, and lungs

192
Q

Mastication

A

medical term used for the process of chewing

193
Q

Pharyngeal

A

phase of the normal swallow where contraction of muscles in the pharynx take place

194
Q

Oral prepatory

A

phase of the normal swallow where chewing food take place

195
Q

Modified barium swallow study

A

swallowing test that is a dynamic radiographic or x-ray procedure that shows a real-time movement of the bolus from entering the mouth to entering the stomach

196
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

most frequent cause of dysarthria in children

197
Q

25%

A

the percentage of children with CP who have normal or superior intellectual abilities

198
Q

Inner ear

A

part of the ear that contains hair cells that send neural impulses to the auditory nerve

199
Q

List 3 bones in the middle ear ossicular chain

A

1) Incus
2) Malleus
3) Stapes

200
Q

Tinnitus

A

a hearing disorder that involves a ringing, roaring, or swishing sound in the ear

201
Q

Air conduction testing

A

a hearing assessment technique that sends tones “to the inner ear through the external auditory canal and the structures if the middle ear

202
Q

CP is caused by

A

a brain condition

203
Q

Vision loss that involves not being able to see the middle of a picture

A

macular degeneration

204
Q

Vision issue that involves a loss of peripheral vision

A

Glaucoma

205
Q

Vision loss that involves floaters

A

diabetic retinopathy

206
Q

myopia

A

type of correctable vision problem involves preserved ability to see up close, but difficulty seeing things at a distance, like street signs

Intro to Human Disabilities (4 decks)

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