Final Flashcards
1
Q
Speech Articulation
A
the function of Broca’s Area
2
Q
Semantics
A
the study of word meaning
3
Q
Semantic-Cognitive Theory
A
1) Between but closer to nature
2) Innate brain structures through semantics
4
Q
Parts of Language
A
1) Content
2) Form
a) phonology
b) morphology
c) syntax
3) Use
5
Q
Morphology
A
the study of the structure of words
6
Q
Phonological Process
A
a simplification of sounds that are difficult for children to produce in an adult manner
7
Q
Reasons we communicate
A
1) Relate
2) Grow (learn)
3) Help
4) Persuade
5) Play
8
Q
Cognates
A
/b/ and /p/ are examples of…
9
Q
Communication
A
The process of exchanging information between parties through spoken, written or other symbols that affects relationships and behavior
10
Q
Allophone
A
A slight variation in the way different people produce individual phonemes
11
Q
Speech
A
The dynamic motor production of speech sounds through the combined process of respiration, phonation, resonation, fluency, prosody, and articulation
12
Q
Social-Pragmatic Theory
A
1) Between, but closer to nurture
2) Social interaction through illocution
13
Q
Receptive Language
A
How well a person understands what he/she says
14
Q
Social-Pragmatic Theory
A
Perspective of language development that considers communication as the basic function of language
15
Q
Processing System
A
Brain:
- primary auditory cortex
- language is in the brain
- Wernicke’s area: connects words to pictures
16
Q
Language
A
A code whereby ideas about the world are expressed through a conventional system of arbitrary symbols for communication
17
Q
Frontal
A
The lobe of the brain where Broca’s Area is located
18
Q
Phonetics
A
The study of speech-sound production using IPA
19
Q
Place
A
The location in the mouth where two articulators come together to produce specific sounds
20
Q
Communication components
A
1) Speakers and Listeners
- encoding and decoding
- communication competence
2) Channels
- Auditory/ vocal
- visual
- olfactory (odors)
- tactile
3) Context
- physical
- cultural
- psychological
- temporal
4) “Noise”
- Physical
- Physiological
- Psychological
- Semantic
5) Messages
- verbal
- non-verbal
21
Q
Stops
A
A sound made by building up air pressure in the mouth and then suddenly relating it, the air flow can be blocked momentarily by pressing the lips together or by pressing the tongue against either the gums or the soft palate
Examples: /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/
22
Q
Temporal Lobe
A
The lobe of the brain important for auditory processing
23
Q
Glide (semi-vowel)
A
A type of consonant that has a gradual change in an articulator position and a relative long production of sound
Examples: /w/, /j/
24
Q
Impairment
A
- Function Barrier
- Body parts do not work as they typically should
25
Left Hemisphere
The hemisphere of the brain used for speech, language, and motor functioning
26
Medical Model
The model of disability where the goal is to help the PWD "overcome obstacles and barriers." The focus is on the PWD. It ignores the role of society in creating these barriers and reduces people to defective body parts putting the PWD in a position to be a passive recipient to information, care, etc.
27
The Americans with Disabilities Act (PL 101-336)
- This federal law helped to provide the use of interpreters, sign language, and telecommunications devices for the deaf (TDDs)
- This federal law mandated improved access for individuals with handicaps to building and facilities
28
Fricative
A sound formed by forcing the air stream through a narrow opening between articulators: lips, tongue-alveolar ridge, and tongue and hard palate
Examples: /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/
29
Utterance
A unit of vocal expression proceeded and followed by a silence or pause
30
Velopharyngeal Closure
The upward and downward movement of the soft palate that closes off the nasal cavity
31
Overbite
Class 2 malocclusion
32
Pragmatics
The rules governing the use of language ins social situations
33
Phonation
The vibration of air passing through the two vocal folds that produces sound used for speech
34
Aphonia
A complete loss of voice
35
Lexicon
A child's expressive vocabulary
36
Handicap
- A loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in the life of a community
- Participation Barrier
37
Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)
The average number of morphemes in a young child's individual utterances
38
Nativistic Theory
A perspective on language development that emphasizes the acquisition of language as an innate, physiologically determined, and genetically transmitted phenomenon
39
Affricate
A stop-plosive that releases into a fricative
40
Phonology
The study of speech sounds
41
Trachea
The anatomical name for "wind pipe"
42
Stimulability
The evaluation of a child's ability to produce a correct sound in imitation after the clinician models the sound for the child
43
S.O.D.A.
- Substitution (w for r)
- Omission (k-on instead of crayon)
- Distortion (lisp)
- Addition (animamal)
44
Discourse
Extended verbal exchange on a topic
45
Communicative Competence
Knowledge of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics
46
Idiopathic
Unknown etiology (cause)
47
Childhood apraxia of speech
A disorder that involves disruptions in planning, sequencing, coordinating, and initiating movements of the articulators
48
Neuron
The basic cell of the nervous system
49
Behavioral theory
- Perspective of language development that asserts that speech and language are behaviors learned through operant conditioning
- Nurture
- Environment through S+R+C
50
Dialect
A specific form of speech and language used in a geographical region that differs significantly from the standard of a larger language community in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, etc.
51
Phonation
The speech process that involves the vocal folds vibrating making sound
52
Organic Disorder
An inability tot correctly produce standard speech sounds because of anatomical, physiological, or neurological causes
53
Occipital
The lobe of the brain responsible for visual processing
54
Babbling
A baby saying "ba-ba"
55
Input system
Hearing:
- outer ear
- middle ear
- inner ear
56
Deglutition
Term for "swallowing"
57
Final Consonant Deletion
The phonological process a child is using if he says "ca" rather than "cat"
58
Auditory
Saying "hi, how are you" uses that as a communication modality
59
Etiology
The cause of a medical problem
60
Alveolar Sacs
Where the gas exchange takes place in respiration
61
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
ASHA
62
Congenital
Disorders present at birth
63
3 parts of speech process
1) Respiration
2) Articulation
3) Restoration
64
Larynx
Anatomical name for "voice box"
65
Vocal play
When a child says something like "baa-da-gi-daa-um-ma"
66
Disability
- Activity Barrier
| - inability to perform activities of daily living
67
Generalization
The transfer of learning from on environment to another environment
68
Language Delay
An abnormal slowness in developing language skills
69
Nasal
A sound resulting from the closing of the oral cavity, preventing air from escaping through the mouth, with a lowered position of the soft palate and a free passage of air through the nose
70
Cognition
Act or process of thinking or learning
71
Cerebral Palsy
A developmental neuromotor disorder caused by damage to the central nervous system before, during, or shortly after birth
72
Language Disorder
An impairment of receptive and/or expressive linguistic symbols
73
Gliding of liquids
The phonological process a child is using when he says "weal" instead of "real"
74
Voice
The distinctive feature that refers to a sound produced either with the vocal folds vibrating or not vibrating
75
Questions to determine if a person has a communication disorder
1) Does the communication issue deviate significantly from the communication of other people and draw attention to itself?
2) Does it interfere with daily communication in some way?
3) Does it handicap them, causing them distress?
76
Language difference
Variations in speech and language that are a result of a person's cultural, linguistic or social environments
77
Social Model
The model of disability where the goal is to remove the barriers from the PWD. It places the focus on society saying that disabilities are societal problems. Problem is that the PWD is not responsible to "overcome" their challenges.
78
Manner
The way in which the air stream is modified as a result of the interaction of the articulators
79
Different Types of Communication
1) Intra personal: communication with yourself
2) Inter personal: communication between 2 people
3) Small group
4) Public: speech or lecture
5) Mass: media
80
Telegraphic Speech or Language
Condensed language in which only the essential words are used, such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives
81
Manner
The way in which the air stream is modified as a result of the interaction of the articulators; direction of the air flow or the degree of narrowing of the vocal tract by the articulators in the various places
82
Output System
Speech
- Respiratory system: lungs; provide power
- Phonatory system: larynx; provides tone
- Articulatory system: lips, tongue; provides speech sounds
83
Symptoms
Subjective indication of a disease as perceived by the patient or others
84
The Education of all Handicapped Children Act (PL 94-142)
This federal law mandated that all school-aged children with disabilities must be provided a free and appropriate education in the least restrictive environment
85
Noise
- Interfers with a listener getting the message a speaker is sending
- Physical
- Physiological (communication disorder)
- Psychological
- Semantic
86
Structural (Nativism) Theory
- Nature
| - Innate brain structures through syntax (grammar)
87
Validity
The extent to which a test measures what it intends to measure
88
Papilloma
The condition that involves wart-like growths on the vocal folds
89
Esophageal Speech
Post-Laryngotomy speech option that involves the use of burping to produce speech without equipment
90
Within Discipline Model
Model where a clinician works primarily independently with relatively little interactions with other professions
91
Teratogen
1) Cigarettes
2) Drugs
3) Alcohol
92
Letter-sound correspondence
Difficulty reading and spelling because of the unpronounced letters in the world
93
Preschool
Emergent literacy skills in children
94
Secondary consequences of reading disabilities
1) Occupation/ career choices
2) Reading for leisure
3) Academic difficulties
95
Vocal fold paralysis
The condition that involves one or both of the vocal chords being weak or paralyzed due to neurological injury
96
Methods used to view the vocal folds
1) Direct laryngoscopy
2) Indirect laryngoscopy
3) Endoscopy
97
4D Approach
1) Detect
2) Decide
3) Do
4) Debrief
98
Categories of Stigmatized People
1) Physical
2) Character
3) Tribal
99
Effective Treatment
Treatment with a particular method or approach that has been shown by research to be better than no treatment
100
Revolution vs. Evolution
way they want to change vs. how patients actually change
101
Language Delay
Children who have a slow start at developing language, but eventually catch up with their peers
102
Mutational falsetto/ puberphonia
the condition that involves post-pubescent or adolescent males having a "high-pitched, breathy voice."
103
Chronological age
The actual age of a person expressed in days, months, and years
104
Orthography
Learning to hold a crayon and make purposeful lines
105
Multifactoral causes for cleft lip/ palate
1) Genetic
2) Chromosomal
3) Environmental
106
Dyslexia
Difficulty reading
107
Disgraphia
Difficulty writing
108
Letter Reversal
Read "bab" instead of "dad"
109
Phonological Awareness
Recognition and understanding of sound-letter associations
110
Attainable Treatment
Treatment that has the expectation that an individual can achieve a specific target within a reasonably specified time
111
Normal Disfluency
1) Repeating a word
2) Pausing
3) Using an interjection
112
Visible Overt Behavior
1) Jerking the head
2) Binking eyes rapidly
3) Losing eye contact
113
Alphabetic Principle
Understanding that letters and letter combinations represent speech sounds
114
1%
Incidence of people who stutter
115
Reasons we stigmatize
1) We have an innate need to categorize info, life events, and experiences
2) Sinful nature of man kind
116
Indirect laryngoscopy
Uses a laryngeal mirror to view the vocal folds
117
External Effects of stigmatization
1) Avoidance behavior of social situations
2) Alienation from community
3) Vocational Barriers
4) Educational Barriers
118
Tracheoesophogeal prosthesis
Post- laryngotomy speech option that involves the insertion of a one-way plastic valve between the trachea and esophageal walls
119
Muscle Tension Dysphonia
condition involves the voice been "adversely affected by excessive muscle tension that ranges from severe to mild."
120
Christian Model of disability
- Focus on love, inclusion, and abilities
| - We are all made in the image of God
121
Language Form
Involved in language disorder
122
Internal Effects of Stigmatization
1) Feelings of incompetence
2) Affective pain/suffering
3) loss of control
4) Feeling of confinement
5) Experiencing obstacles
6) Life takes extreme effort
123
Goal or Target Behavior
Verbal or nonverbal skill a clinician try to teach a person
124
Defense Mechanisms (BAT list 5)
1) Avoidance
2) Denial
3) Escape
4) Ego-restriction
5) Fantasy
6) Suppression
7) Sublimation
8) Substitution
9) Altruism
10) Humor
11) Rationalization
12) Intellectualization
13) Pathological
14) Immature
15) Neurotic
16) Mature
125
Breakdown Theories
Theory that attributes stuttering to the effects of early environmental stress and usually assigns and important role to neurological factors
126
Endoscopy
Uses either a rigid or flexible scope to view the vocal folds while the patient is alert and awake
127
Abnormal Disfluency
1) Repeating a sound
2) Silent block
3) Prolonging a sound
128
Phonics
Method of teaching reading and the pronunciation by learning to sound out words
129
Stigma/ Stigmatized person
- brand, blemish, or defect
| - someone who is seen as "devalued, spoiled, or flawed in the eyes of others"
130
Misreading
Reads "house" instead of "horse"
131
Components of stigma
1) Cognitive -- stereotype
2) Affective -- prejudice
3) Behavioral -- discrimination
132
Physiological
Voice therapy method that focuses on the "modification of the inappropriate psychological activity through exercises and manipulation of the respiratory, phonatory and resonatory systems."
133
Symoptomatic
Voice therapy method that focuses "on the modification of a person's vocal symptoms, fining the person's 'best' voice... and facilitating techniques to stabilize the improved voice production."
134
Hyper functional
Voice disorders that have "a pervasive pattern of excessive effort and tension."
135
Spasmodic Dysphonia
condition is "a relatively rare voice disorder... characterized by strained, strangled, harsh voice quality" and may be due to "either or both neurological and psychological etiologies."
136
MIDVAS
```
Motivation
Identification
Desensitization
Variation
Approximation
Stabilization
```
137
Protective Mechanisms
1) Avoid people/ situations
2) Compare to others who are alike
3) Devalue things they are not good at
4) Attribute any negative feedback to the fact that they belong to a stigmatized group rather than their own personal fault
138
Shame
covert reaction to suffering
139
Sequencing error
Read "was" instead of "saw"
140
Sub mucous cleft
A defect in the hard palate in the absence of an actual opening of the nasal cavity
141
Velopharyngeal incompetence
the palate does not have adequate or sufficient tissue to make contact with the posterior pharyngeal wall
142
Vocal nodules
condition that involves "continuous abuse and misuse of the voice" resulting in hard, white, bilateral growths on the vocal chords
143
Laryngitis
condition that involves either acute or chronic "inflammation of the vocal fold mucosa" and is often due to "bacterial or viral infection of the larynx
144
Contact ulcer
the condition that "is a small ulceration that develops in posterior region... of the vocal folds" and is often caused by gastroesophageal reflux.
145
Loose, relaxed disfluency
Key feature of borderline stuttering
146
Fluency shaping
therapy approach that has the goal to teach people who stutter how to talk more fluently
147
Vocal cancer
the condition that "is a life-threatening disease" that involves malignant lesions on the vocal folds
148
Specific Language Impairment
Associated with:
1) Significant expressive language impairments
2) Significant expressive language impairments
3) No identifiable cause or condition
4) Normal hearing
149
Receptive language
An active process in which a listener infers the meaning or an auditory message based on the context of the information and long-term stored memory of words and general knowledge
150
Stuttering modification
therapy approach focuses on fears, avoidances, and struggles to escape stuttering
151
Functional Treatment
Treatment that improves a person's communication abilities useful in a person's natural environment
152
Electrolarynx
Post-laryngectomy speech option that involves an electronic device that "produces a vibrated mechanical sound that is held against the neck..."
153
Emergent Literacy Skills
1) Turning book pages
2) Looking at pictures
3) Learning letter names
154
Hygenic
Voice therapy method that focuses on instilling "healthy vocal behaviors in the person's habitual speech patterns"
155
List 3 problems associated with cleft palate
1) Middle ear infections
2) Dental issues
3) Feeding problems
156
"Refers to an excessive and undesirable amount of perceived nasal cavity resonance during speech"
Hypernasality
157
"Refers to a reduction in nasal resonance during speech"
Hyponasality/denasality
158
List 2 compensatory articulation errors that children with clefts make?
1) Pharyngeal fricatives
| 2) Glottal stops
159
Rule of 10's
1) 10 grams hemoglobin
2) 10 weeks of age
3) 10 pounds in weight
160
The surgical repair of cleft palate
Palatoplasty
161
"A computer-based instrument that measures the relative amount of nasal acoustic energy in a person's speech"
Nasometer
162
A speech appliance that covers "an open palatal defect"
Palatal obturator
163
A speech appliance "that fills in the pharyngeal space for speech"
Speech bulb obturator
164
3 causes of neurological communication disorder
1) Tumors
2) Traumatic Brain Injury
3) Stroke
165
Aphasia
a deficit in language processing that may affect all input (understanding and reading) and output modalities (speaking and writing)
166
Having trouble understanding auditory or reading information
Receptive aphasia
167
A type of non-fluent aphasia
Wernicke's aphasai
168
Type of fluent aphasia
Transcortical sensory aphasia
169
A severe to profound form of aphasia characterized by severely impaired receptive and expressive language
Global Aphasia
170
A term that refers to impaired ability to retrieve the names of things
Anomia
171
An impairment of the ability to produce words in their correct sequence and with all necessary morphemes
agrammatism
172
Verbal Paraphasia
saying "brother" instead of "sister"
173
Literal Paraphasia
saying "tar" instead of "car"
174
Divided attention
driving and talking on the phone
175
Orientation
knowing the date, time, etc.
176
Executive functions
set goals for your week, developed plans to achieve those goals, and used feedback to determine the success of your plans
177
Anosognosia
Being unaware of your deficits
178
Perseveration
a patient got stuck on a word such as "pea," and kept saying it over and over even though it was no longer appropriate
179
Dementia
a syndrome caused by a progressive neurological disease that results in intellectual, communicative, behavioral, and personality changes not seen in normal aging
180
Stage 1
stage in which a patient with Alzheimer's disease experience forgetfulness
181
Stage 2
stage in which a patient with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) experience confusion
182
Prosopagnosia
suddenly stopped recognizing my wife's face
183
List 2 motor speech disorders
1) Apraxia
| 2) Dysarthria
184
List 3 systems affected by dysarthria
1) Respiration
2) Articulation
3) Phonation
185
How many types of Dysarthria are there?
6
186
Dysarthria
a group of motor speech disorders caused by weakness, paralysis, or incoordination of the speech muscles
187
Conditions associated with Dysarthria
1) Parkinson's
2) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
3) Myasthenia gravis
4) Multiple sclerosis
188
Apraxia of speech
a problem in neural motor planning and programming of the articulatory muscles for the voluntary movements of speech in the absence of weakness
189
Examples of automatic speech
1) Counting 1-10
2) Saying the days of the week
3) Saying the alphabet
190
Dysphagia
medical term for swallowing
191
Aspiration
medical term used for when food and/or liquid enters the larynx, trachea, and lungs
192
Mastication
medical term used for the process of chewing
193
Pharyngeal
phase of the normal swallow where contraction of muscles in the pharynx take place
194
Oral prepatory
phase of the normal swallow where chewing food take place
195
Modified barium swallow study
swallowing test that is a dynamic radiographic or x-ray procedure that shows a real-time movement of the bolus from entering the mouth to entering the stomach
196
Cerebral Palsy
most frequent cause of dysarthria in children
197
25%
the percentage of children with CP who have normal or superior intellectual abilities
198
Inner ear
part of the ear that contains hair cells that send neural impulses to the auditory nerve
199
List 3 bones in the middle ear ossicular chain
1) Incus
2) Malleus
3) Stapes
200
Tinnitus
a hearing disorder that involves a ringing, roaring, or swishing sound in the ear
201
Air conduction testing
a hearing assessment technique that sends tones "to the inner ear through the external auditory canal and the structures if the middle ear
202
CP is caused by
a brain condition
203
Vision loss that involves not being able to see the middle of a picture
macular degeneration
204
Vision issue that involves a loss of peripheral vision
Glaucoma
205
Vision loss that involves floaters
diabetic retinopathy
206
myopia
type of correctable vision problem involves preserved ability to see up close, but difficulty seeing things at a distance, like street signs
