Final Flashcards
Speech Articulation
the function of Broca’s Area
Semantics
the study of word meaning
Semantic-Cognitive Theory
1) Between but closer to nature
2) Innate brain structures through semantics
Parts of Language
1) Content
2) Form
a) phonology
b) morphology
c) syntax
3) Use
Morphology
the study of the structure of words
Phonological Process
a simplification of sounds that are difficult for children to produce in an adult manner
Reasons we communicate
1) Relate
2) Grow (learn)
3) Help
4) Persuade
5) Play
Cognates
/b/ and /p/ are examples of…
Communication
The process of exchanging information between parties through spoken, written or other symbols that affects relationships and behavior
Allophone
A slight variation in the way different people produce individual phonemes
Speech
The dynamic motor production of speech sounds through the combined process of respiration, phonation, resonation, fluency, prosody, and articulation
Social-Pragmatic Theory
1) Between, but closer to nurture
2) Social interaction through illocution
Receptive Language
How well a person understands what he/she says
Social-Pragmatic Theory
Perspective of language development that considers communication as the basic function of language
Processing System
Brain:
- primary auditory cortex
- language is in the brain
- Wernicke’s area: connects words to pictures
Language
A code whereby ideas about the world are expressed through a conventional system of arbitrary symbols for communication
Frontal
The lobe of the brain where Broca’s Area is located
Phonetics
The study of speech-sound production using IPA
Place
The location in the mouth where two articulators come together to produce specific sounds
Communication components
1) Speakers and Listeners
- encoding and decoding
- communication competence
2) Channels
- Auditory/ vocal
- visual
- olfactory (odors)
- tactile
3) Context
- physical
- cultural
- psychological
- temporal
4) “Noise”
- Physical
- Physiological
- Psychological
- Semantic
5) Messages
- verbal
- non-verbal
Stops
A sound made by building up air pressure in the mouth and then suddenly relating it, the air flow can be blocked momentarily by pressing the lips together or by pressing the tongue against either the gums or the soft palate
Examples: /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/
Temporal Lobe
The lobe of the brain important for auditory processing
Glide (semi-vowel)
A type of consonant that has a gradual change in an articulator position and a relative long production of sound
Examples: /w/, /j/
Impairment
- Function Barrier
- Body parts do not work as they typically should
Left Hemisphere
The hemisphere of the brain used for speech, language, and motor functioning
Medical Model
The model of disability where the goal is to help the PWD “overcome obstacles and barriers.” The focus is on the PWD. It ignores the role of society in creating these barriers and reduces people to defective body parts putting the PWD in a position to be a passive recipient to information, care, etc.
The Americans with Disabilities Act (PL 101-336)
- This federal law helped to provide the use of interpreters, sign language, and telecommunications devices for the deaf (TDDs)
- This federal law mandated improved access for individuals with handicaps to building and facilities
Fricative
A sound formed by forcing the air stream through a narrow opening between articulators: lips, tongue-alveolar ridge, and tongue and hard palate
Examples: /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/
Utterance
A unit of vocal expression proceeded and followed by a silence or pause
Velopharyngeal Closure
The upward and downward movement of the soft palate that closes off the nasal cavity
Overbite
Class 2 malocclusion
Pragmatics
The rules governing the use of language ins social situations
Phonation
The vibration of air passing through the two vocal folds that produces sound used for speech
Aphonia
A complete loss of voice
Lexicon
A child’s expressive vocabulary
Handicap
- A loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in the life of a community
- Participation Barrier
Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)
The average number of morphemes in a young child’s individual utterances
Nativistic Theory
A perspective on language development that emphasizes the acquisition of language as an innate, physiologically determined, and genetically transmitted phenomenon
Affricate
A stop-plosive that releases into a fricative
Phonology
The study of speech sounds
Trachea
The anatomical name for “wind pipe”
Stimulability
The evaluation of a child’s ability to produce a correct sound in imitation after the clinician models the sound for the child
S.O.D.A.
- Substitution (w for r)
- Omission (k-on instead of crayon)
- Distortion (lisp)
- Addition (animamal)
Discourse
Extended verbal exchange on a topic
Communicative Competence
Knowledge of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics
Idiopathic
Unknown etiology (cause)
Childhood apraxia of speech
A disorder that involves disruptions in planning, sequencing, coordinating, and initiating movements of the articulators
Neuron
The basic cell of the nervous system
Behavioral theory
- Perspective of language development that asserts that speech and language are behaviors learned through operant conditioning
- Nurture
- Environment through S+R+C
Dialect
A specific form of speech and language used in a geographical region that differs significantly from the standard of a larger language community in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, etc.
Phonation
The speech process that involves the vocal folds vibrating making sound
Organic Disorder
An inability tot correctly produce standard speech sounds because of anatomical, physiological, or neurological causes
Occipital
The lobe of the brain responsible for visual processing
Babbling
A baby saying “ba-ba”
Input system
Hearing:
- outer ear
- middle ear
- inner ear
Deglutition
Term for “swallowing”
Final Consonant Deletion
The phonological process a child is using if he says “ca” rather than “cat”
Auditory
Saying “hi, how are you” uses that as a communication modality
Etiology
The cause of a medical problem
Alveolar Sacs
Where the gas exchange takes place in respiration
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
ASHA
Congenital
Disorders present at birth
3 parts of speech process
1) Respiration
2) Articulation
3) Restoration
Larynx
Anatomical name for “voice box”
Vocal play
When a child says something like “baa-da-gi-daa-um-ma”
Disability
- Activity Barrier
- inability to perform activities of daily living
Generalization
The transfer of learning from on environment to another environment
Language Delay
An abnormal slowness in developing language skills
Nasal
A sound resulting from the closing of the oral cavity, preventing air from escaping through the mouth, with a lowered position of the soft palate and a free passage of air through the nose
Cognition
Act or process of thinking or learning
Cerebral Palsy
A developmental neuromotor disorder caused by damage to the central nervous system before, during, or shortly after birth
Language Disorder
An impairment of receptive and/or expressive linguistic symbols
Gliding of liquids
The phonological process a child is using when he says “weal” instead of “real”
Voice
The distinctive feature that refers to a sound produced either with the vocal folds vibrating or not vibrating
Questions to determine if a person has a communication disorder
1) Does the communication issue deviate significantly from the communication of other people and draw attention to itself?
2) Does it interfere with daily communication in some way?
3) Does it handicap them, causing them distress?
Language difference
Variations in speech and language that are a result of a person’s cultural, linguistic or social environments
Social Model
The model of disability where the goal is to remove the barriers from the PWD. It places the focus on society saying that disabilities are societal problems. Problem is that the PWD is not responsible to “overcome” their challenges.
Manner
The way in which the air stream is modified as a result of the interaction of the articulators
Different Types of Communication
1) Intra personal: communication with yourself
2) Inter personal: communication between 2 people
3) Small group
4) Public: speech or lecture
5) Mass: media
Telegraphic Speech or Language
Condensed language in which only the essential words are used, such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives
Manner
The way in which the air stream is modified as a result of the interaction of the articulators; direction of the air flow or the degree of narrowing of the vocal tract by the articulators in the various places
Output System
Speech
- Respiratory system: lungs; provide power
- Phonatory system: larynx; provides tone
- Articulatory system: lips, tongue; provides speech sounds
Symptoms
Subjective indication of a disease as perceived by the patient or others
The Education of all Handicapped Children Act (PL 94-142)
This federal law mandated that all school-aged children with disabilities must be provided a free and appropriate education in the least restrictive environment
Noise
- Interfers with a listener getting the message a speaker is sending
- Physical
- Physiological (communication disorder)
- Psychological
- Semantic
Structural (Nativism) Theory
- Nature
- Innate brain structures through syntax (grammar)
Validity
The extent to which a test measures what it intends to measure
Papilloma
The condition that involves wart-like growths on the vocal folds
Esophageal Speech
Post-Laryngotomy speech option that involves the use of burping to produce speech without equipment
Within Discipline Model
Model where a clinician works primarily independently with relatively little interactions with other professions
Teratogen
1) Cigarettes
2) Drugs
3) Alcohol
Letter-sound correspondence
Difficulty reading and spelling because of the unpronounced letters in the world
Preschool
Emergent literacy skills in children
Secondary consequences of reading disabilities
1) Occupation/ career choices
2) Reading for leisure
3) Academic difficulties
Vocal fold paralysis
The condition that involves one or both of the vocal chords being weak or paralyzed due to neurological injury
Methods used to view the vocal folds
1) Direct laryngoscopy
2) Indirect laryngoscopy
3) Endoscopy
4D Approach
1) Detect
2) Decide
3) Do
4) Debrief
Categories of Stigmatized People
1) Physical
2) Character
3) Tribal
Effective Treatment
Treatment with a particular method or approach that has been shown by research to be better than no treatment
Revolution vs. Evolution
way they want to change vs. how patients actually change
Language Delay
Children who have a slow start at developing language, but eventually catch up with their peers
Mutational falsetto/ puberphonia
the condition that involves post-pubescent or adolescent males having a “high-pitched, breathy voice.”
Chronological age
The actual age of a person expressed in days, months, and years
Orthography
Learning to hold a crayon and make purposeful lines
Multifactoral causes for cleft lip/ palate
1) Genetic
2) Chromosomal
3) Environmental
Dyslexia
Difficulty reading
Disgraphia
Difficulty writing
Letter Reversal
Read “bab” instead of “dad”
Phonological Awareness
Recognition and understanding of sound-letter associations
Attainable Treatment
Treatment that has the expectation that an individual can achieve a specific target within a reasonably specified time
Normal Disfluency
1) Repeating a word
2) Pausing
3) Using an interjection
Visible Overt Behavior
1) Jerking the head
2) Binking eyes rapidly
3) Losing eye contact
Alphabetic Principle
Understanding that letters and letter combinations represent speech sounds
1%
Incidence of people who stutter
Reasons we stigmatize
1) We have an innate need to categorize info, life events, and experiences
2) Sinful nature of man kind
Indirect laryngoscopy
Uses a laryngeal mirror to view the vocal folds
External Effects of stigmatization
1) Avoidance behavior of social situations
2) Alienation from community
3) Vocational Barriers
4) Educational Barriers
Tracheoesophogeal prosthesis
Post- laryngotomy speech option that involves the insertion of a one-way plastic valve between the trachea and esophageal walls
Muscle Tension Dysphonia
condition involves the voice been “adversely affected by excessive muscle tension that ranges from severe to mild.”
Christian Model of disability
- Focus on love, inclusion, and abilities
- We are all made in the image of God
Language Form
Involved in language disorder
Internal Effects of Stigmatization
1) Feelings of incompetence
2) Affective pain/suffering
3) loss of control
4) Feeling of confinement
5) Experiencing obstacles
6) Life takes extreme effort
Goal or Target Behavior
Verbal or nonverbal skill a clinician try to teach a person
Defense Mechanisms (BAT list 5)
1) Avoidance
2) Denial
3) Escape
4) Ego-restriction
5) Fantasy
6) Suppression
7) Sublimation
8) Substitution
9) Altruism
10) Humor
11) Rationalization
12) Intellectualization
13) Pathological
14) Immature
15) Neurotic
16) Mature
Breakdown Theories
Theory that attributes stuttering to the effects of early environmental stress and usually assigns and important role to neurological factors
Endoscopy
Uses either a rigid or flexible scope to view the vocal folds while the patient is alert and awake
Abnormal Disfluency
1) Repeating a sound
2) Silent block
3) Prolonging a sound
Phonics
Method of teaching reading and the pronunciation by learning to sound out words
Stigma/ Stigmatized person
- brand, blemish, or defect
- someone who is seen as “devalued, spoiled, or flawed in the eyes of others”
Misreading
Reads “house” instead of “horse”
Components of stigma
1) Cognitive – stereotype
2) Affective – prejudice
3) Behavioral – discrimination
Physiological
Voice therapy method that focuses on the “modification of the inappropriate psychological activity through exercises and manipulation of the respiratory, phonatory and resonatory systems.”
Symoptomatic
Voice therapy method that focuses “on the modification of a person’s vocal symptoms, fining the person’s ‘best’ voice… and facilitating techniques to stabilize the improved voice production.”
Hyper functional
Voice disorders that have “a pervasive pattern of excessive effort and tension.”
Spasmodic Dysphonia
condition is “a relatively rare voice disorder… characterized by strained, strangled, harsh voice quality” and may be due to “either or both neurological and psychological etiologies.”
MIDVAS
Motivation Identification Desensitization Variation Approximation Stabilization
Protective Mechanisms
1) Avoid people/ situations
2) Compare to others who are alike
3) Devalue things they are not good at
4) Attribute any negative feedback to the fact that they belong to a stigmatized group rather than their own personal fault
Shame
covert reaction to suffering
Sequencing error
Read “was” instead of “saw”
Sub mucous cleft
A defect in the hard palate in the absence of an actual opening of the nasal cavity
Velopharyngeal incompetence
the palate does not have adequate or sufficient tissue to make contact with the posterior pharyngeal wall
Vocal nodules
condition that involves “continuous abuse and misuse of the voice” resulting in hard, white, bilateral growths on the vocal chords
Laryngitis
condition that involves either acute or chronic “inflammation of the vocal fold mucosa” and is often due to “bacterial or viral infection of the larynx
Contact ulcer
the condition that “is a small ulceration that develops in posterior region… of the vocal folds” and is often caused by gastroesophageal reflux.
Loose, relaxed disfluency
Key feature of borderline stuttering
Fluency shaping
therapy approach that has the goal to teach people who stutter how to talk more fluently
Vocal cancer
the condition that “is a life-threatening disease” that involves malignant lesions on the vocal folds
Specific Language Impairment
Associated with:
1) Significant expressive language impairments
2) Significant expressive language impairments
3) No identifiable cause or condition
4) Normal hearing
Receptive language
An active process in which a listener infers the meaning or an auditory message based on the context of the information and long-term stored memory of words and general knowledge
Stuttering modification
therapy approach focuses on fears, avoidances, and struggles to escape stuttering
Functional Treatment
Treatment that improves a person’s communication abilities useful in a person’s natural environment
Electrolarynx
Post-laryngectomy speech option that involves an electronic device that “produces a vibrated mechanical sound that is held against the neck…”
Emergent Literacy Skills
1) Turning book pages
2) Looking at pictures
3) Learning letter names
Hygenic
Voice therapy method that focuses on instilling “healthy vocal behaviors in the person’s habitual speech patterns”
List 3 problems associated with cleft palate
1) Middle ear infections
2) Dental issues
3) Feeding problems
“Refers to an excessive and undesirable amount of perceived nasal cavity resonance during speech”
Hypernasality
“Refers to a reduction in nasal resonance during speech”
Hyponasality/denasality
List 2 compensatory articulation errors that children with clefts make?
1) Pharyngeal fricatives
2) Glottal stops
Rule of 10’s
1) 10 grams hemoglobin
2) 10 weeks of age
3) 10 pounds in weight
The surgical repair of cleft palate
Palatoplasty
“A computer-based instrument that measures the relative amount of nasal acoustic energy in a person’s speech”
Nasometer
A speech appliance that covers “an open palatal defect”
Palatal obturator
A speech appliance “that fills in the pharyngeal space for speech”
Speech bulb obturator
3 causes of neurological communication disorder
1) Tumors
2) Traumatic Brain Injury
3) Stroke
Aphasia
a deficit in language processing that may affect all input (understanding and reading) and output modalities (speaking and writing)
Having trouble understanding auditory or reading information
Receptive aphasia
A type of non-fluent aphasia
Wernicke’s aphasai
Type of fluent aphasia
Transcortical sensory aphasia
A severe to profound form of aphasia characterized by severely impaired receptive and expressive language
Global Aphasia
A term that refers to impaired ability to retrieve the names of things
Anomia
An impairment of the ability to produce words in their correct sequence and with all necessary morphemes
agrammatism
Verbal Paraphasia
saying “brother” instead of “sister”
Literal Paraphasia
saying “tar” instead of “car”
Divided attention
driving and talking on the phone
Orientation
knowing the date, time, etc.
Executive functions
set goals for your week, developed plans to achieve those goals, and used feedback to determine the success of your plans
Anosognosia
Being unaware of your deficits
Perseveration
a patient got stuck on a word such as “pea,” and kept saying it over and over even though it was no longer appropriate
Dementia
a syndrome caused by a progressive neurological disease that results in intellectual, communicative, behavioral, and personality changes not seen in normal aging
Stage 1
stage in which a patient with Alzheimer’s disease experience forgetfulness
Stage 2
stage in which a patient with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) experience confusion
Prosopagnosia
suddenly stopped recognizing my wife’s face
List 2 motor speech disorders
1) Apraxia
2) Dysarthria
List 3 systems affected by dysarthria
1) Respiration
2) Articulation
3) Phonation
How many types of Dysarthria are there?
6
Dysarthria
a group of motor speech disorders caused by weakness, paralysis, or incoordination of the speech muscles
Conditions associated with Dysarthria
1) Parkinson’s
2) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
3) Myasthenia gravis
4) Multiple sclerosis
Apraxia of speech
a problem in neural motor planning and programming of the articulatory muscles for the voluntary movements of speech in the absence of weakness
Examples of automatic speech
1) Counting 1-10
2) Saying the days of the week
3) Saying the alphabet
Dysphagia
medical term for swallowing
Aspiration
medical term used for when food and/or liquid enters the larynx, trachea, and lungs
Mastication
medical term used for the process of chewing
Pharyngeal
phase of the normal swallow where contraction of muscles in the pharynx take place
Oral prepatory
phase of the normal swallow where chewing food take place
Modified barium swallow study
swallowing test that is a dynamic radiographic or x-ray procedure that shows a real-time movement of the bolus from entering the mouth to entering the stomach
Cerebral Palsy
most frequent cause of dysarthria in children
25%
the percentage of children with CP who have normal or superior intellectual abilities
Inner ear
part of the ear that contains hair cells that send neural impulses to the auditory nerve
List 3 bones in the middle ear ossicular chain
1) Incus
2) Malleus
3) Stapes
Tinnitus
a hearing disorder that involves a ringing, roaring, or swishing sound in the ear
Air conduction testing
a hearing assessment technique that sends tones “to the inner ear through the external auditory canal and the structures if the middle ear
CP is caused by
a brain condition
Vision loss that involves not being able to see the middle of a picture
macular degeneration
Vision issue that involves a loss of peripheral vision
Glaucoma
Vision loss that involves floaters
diabetic retinopathy
myopia
type of correctable vision problem involves preserved ability to see up close, but difficulty seeing things at a distance, like street signs
