Final Flashcards
1
Q
What is evolution, in a couple phrases?
A
“Descent with modification”
Genetic change in a population over time
2
Q
What is the difference between Lamarck’s theory of evolution and Darwin’s?
A
Lamarck: Animals adapt during life and pass on these traits to offspring (Giraffe stretching its neck)
Darwin: Descent with modification describes gradual change. Individuals better able to obtain resources are more likely to survive
3
Q
What is natural selection, in a couple sentences? Just the basic gist.
A
Survival of the fittest. Adaptions enhance reproductive success. Structures, behaviors, and physiological processes that are heritable and contribute to reproductive success in their specific environment.
4
Q
What is the difference between natural and artificial selection?
A
Natural- Structures, behaviors, and physiological processes that are heritable and contribute to reproductive success in their specific environment.
Artificial- humans breed desirable traits and breed only those who best express those traits
5
Q
Genetic drift
A
Change in allele frequency that occurs purely by chance; eliminates alleles; most likely to affect small populations
6
Q
Bottleneck effect
A
Population drops rapidly over a short period of time; loss of many alleles; genetic diversity permanently diminished
7
Q
Founder effect
A
Small group of individuals leaves to form an isolated population; rare traits can become more common
8
Q
What is the Cambrian explosion?
A
When the ancestors of all modern animals appeared
9
Q
What is a transitional species? What is probably the most prominent or important example? (Think vertebrates going from living in the water to living on land.)
A
Tiktalik
10
Q
What are some examples of sexual selection? Don’t worry about the difference between inter/intrasexual.
A
Deer, sea lion, birds of paradise
11
Q
How have the continents / continental plates been arranged in the past? Know how this relates to why marsupials were the dominant mammals in south America for so long and are still common in Australia.
A
Pangea, Laurasia, Gandwana
12
Q
What are some examples of analogous and homologous structures, and what is the difference?
A
Analogous- Due to convergent evolution, produces superficial similarities. Ex: birds and insects
Homologous- have a shared evolutionary origin that reflect common ancestry. Ex: finger bones in humans, monkeys, whales
13
Q
What is convergent evolution?
A
Produces superficial similarities between animals that do not have a common ancestor
14
Q
What is Wallace’s line and what is the explanation behind it?
A
There were deep water trenches separate islands. It was due to climate change instead of continental drift- glaciers
15
Q
What is speciation? When does it happen? What is gene flow?
A
A “lineage splitting” event that produces two or more species
16
Q
What is the biological species concept? What was Linnaeus’s version of what a species is? How are they different? What are some problems with each method?
A
BSC- A population or group of populations who members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Excludes asexual reproduction, excludes extinct species, and some species can breed in captivity.
Linnaeus- Binomial naming system; grouped by outward appearance. Didn’t look about animals that look the same, but are different.
17
Q
Difference between pre- and post-zygotic barriers?
A
Post-zygotic- prevent viable or fertile offspring
Pre-zygotic- prevent fertilizaton
18
Q
What are some ways in which species can be isolated from one another, creating pre-zygotic barriers?
A
Temporal species- out at different times of the year
Different mating calls
19
Q
Allopatric speciation
A
Natural physical boundary; gene flow between isolated population stops; forces of microevolution work seperately
20
Q
Why are there so many fish species in the small amount of fresh water on the planet compared to the large amount of ocean?
A
Allopatric speciation
21
Q
Give a couple examples of adaptive radiation.
A
Flowering plants, Finches, anoles (lizards)
22
Q
What is the difference between ancestral and derived characters?
A
Ancestral- characteristics species have in common from their ancestor
Derived- characteristics that differ between the ancestor and more recently evolved species
23
Q
Parapatric speciation
A
Adjacent populations that share a border; most individuals mate within their own border; gene flow still may occur sometimes
24
Q
Sympatric speciation
A
Occurs in a shared habitat; uniform habitat may actually be many microenvironments
25
Know the timeline of some of the really major events – not necessarily the years of each eon/era/period, but know the order of events – i.e. what happened first, oxygen building up in the atmosphere or the Cambrian explosion? Or another example, what came first, vascular plants or reptiles?
Look at first test
26
How did mitochondria and chloroplasts originate?
They originated as their own bacteria, then was engulfed by a bigger bacteria, creating a symbiotic relationship. Endesymbiont Theory
27
What characteristics define primates? What characteristics are unique to certain primate groups? (i.e. what is different about apes vs. simians? Hominins vs. other apes?)
Opposable thumbs, depth perception, large brains.
28
What are the most distantly related primates to humans? The closest? In between?
Most distant- Prosimians
Closest- Apes
In between- Simians
29
What are some reasons for human evolution? Why did humans leave the trees and become bipedal?
Forests became scarcer; bipedalism allowed tool use (picking grass and eating ants); helped detect and escape predators
30
What is a virus? What are viruses composed of? What do they lack compared to bacteria and eukaryotes?
Smaller and simpler than cells. They are composed of genetic info- DNA or RNA, and a protein coat, or capsid.
Life
31
How large are viruses?
80nm in diameter
32
Are viruses alive? Why or why not?
No
They have living qualities such as genetic material, they mutate, and they are subject to natural selection, but they are subject to natural selection, but they don't metabolize, respond to stimuli, or reproduce on their own
33
What is a reservoir? What is an example of a reservoir for a very common virus?
The sight where it exists in nature.
| Birds are reservoir of influenza
34
What is a host range?
Consists of the organisms or cells that it can infect
35
What kinds of organisms do viruses infect?
Virtually all species of animals, fungi, plants, protists, and bacteria
36
What are the two stages of viral infections? (lytic and lysogenic – what is the difference)
Lytic- infects bacteria; enters cell, immediately replicates and lysses host
Lysogenic- viral DNA "hides" in cell; genetic material is replicated along with the host's cell's chromosome (prophage), the host is not immediately destroyed and it eventually switches to lytic pathway
37
What are the differences between immune system responses and the direct effects of viruses?
For flu
Immune system- fever and body aches
Virus- dead and damaged cells in the airway cause cough and sore throat
38
What is a prokaryote?
a single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
39
What is wrong with the “prokaryote” grouping of archaea and bacteria? (Look at the phylogenetic tree)
Even though archaea and bacteria are prokaryotic, archaea and eukaryotes share a more recent ancestor
40
What are the external structures of bacteria, and what is different between “gram negative” vs. “gram positive” bacteria?
Even though archaea and bacteria are prokaryotic, archaea and eukaryotes share a more recent ancestor
41
What are endospores? What is an example of a bacterium that has endospores and does well in canned food?
dormant, thick-walled structures, allow bacteria to survive extreme temps, dryness, etc
Clostridium botulinum
42
What is an anaerobic vs. aerobic bacteria?
Anaerobic doesn't metabolize in the presence of oxygen very well. and vs
43
Why do bacteria exchange genetic material with one another in addition to reproducing asexually?
Transformation- naked DNA
Transduction- virus mediated
Conjugation- sex pilus
44
Where do Archaea live and what are the main types (i.e. names of Archaea that live in really hot places, really acidic places…)?
They live in extreme environments
Thermophiles- live in very hot environments
Halophiles- 30% salt concentrations
Acidophiles- pH as low as 1
45
What are some important uses of bacteria and archaea, both economically and in the environment?
Food
Industry- vitamins, ethanol
Medicine
Water and waste treatment
46
Are the current Protista groups phylogenetically relevant? That is do they accurately reflect the relatedness of certain groups to one another? Basically just know that the protists are a very diverse group - calling them all the same thing is misleading.
No, because organisms in it do not really relate to each other
47
What are the characteristics of Algae? What are the different protists that are considered algae?
General term for any photosynthetic protist that lives in water
Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, Golden algae, Diatoms, Brown algae, red algae, green algae
48
What is the difference between organisms that photosynthesize and those that eat other organisms for energy? What are the names of these groups?
The difference between organisms that photosynthesize (Autotrophs) and those that eat other organisms for energy (Heterotrophs) is that Autotrophs make their own energy while Heterotrophs have to consume other organisms to obtain their energy.
49
What are red tides? What organisms cause them?
Red tides are harmful toxins that cause the sores on fish. Red tides are caused by Dinoflagellates.
50
What are dinoflagellates, euglenoids, diatoms? Which of these have silica shells? Flagella? For these groups, worry about interesting environmental associations or unique characteristics, not about every detailed thing listed on the powerpoint slide or in the book. Focus on the particular things we talked about in class, like for diatoms that they have silica cell walls that are used to repel insects.
Dinoflagellates- "Whirling" Cells. They are the major component of ocean plankton. 2 flagella
Euglenoids- are heterotrophic and autotrophic, unicellular. Flagella
Diatoms- unicellular with silica cell walls
51
What are the brown algae? Characteristics of them?
Brown Algae are the most complex protist and the largest. They live in marine habitats. Ex. Laminaria
52
Red Algae? What is unique about them?
Red algae is the most relatively large. It is Marine and lives in water about 200 meter deep. They have pigments that capture light deep underwater (Chlorophyll b)
53
Green algae? What is unique about them? What do green algae look like?
Green algae is the closest relative of plants. They use Chlorophyll a and b. Use Starch as energy. Cellulose cell walls, alternation of generations, unicellular, filamentous, colonial, or multicellualr
54
What are slime molds? Are they multicellular, unicellular? What are some interesting parts of their life cycles?
Slime molds are unicellular and multi cellular. They live in damp habitats. Plasmodial- thousands of nuclei enclosed in a membrane. Cellular- cells maintain individual membranes
55
What are water molds? Are they related to other molds?
Water molds are decomposers and parasites of plants and animals in damp environments. They are not related to other molds
56
What are the four groups of protozoa, and where might you find them / some examples of each of these groups? What are the different ways they move around?
Flagellated- Use Flagella to move around. Unicellular organisms. Example- Trichomonas which is found in the termite gut that contains a bacteria that digests cellulose.
Ameoboid- Use pseudopodia to move. They make up 1/3 of the ocean floor. Example- Foraminiferans and radiolarians
Ciliates- Use Cilia to move. Example- Paramecium
Apicomplexans- They are nonmotile. They are found in animals (animal parasites). Example- Malaria and toxoplasma
57
How do paramecium eat?
Through their food vacuole
58
How do apicomplexans move around?
They don't.
59
How have plants changed the world? Both in how other organisms live and how the world looks, etc.
Increase O2 drasticly in the atmosphere, set in motion profound changes, and form base of food web
60
What lived on land before plants?
Nothing
61
Compared to vertebrates, how many plant species are there? How much plant biomass? (Very rough estimates – no numbers, just think in terms of “a lot” and “a little”)
A lot more than vertebrates
62
What are the three groups of plants? Which are the oldest? Which are the newest? (The seed plants include a fourth subgroup, the flowering plants, which are even newer and are by far the most diverse)
Bryophytes- which are the simplest and oldest
Seedless vascular- have xylem and phloem but no seeds
Gymnosperms- "Naked Seeds" Angiosperms- Newest
63
What are the three groups of plants? Which are the oldest? Which are the newest? (The seed plants include a fourth subgroup, the flowering plants, which are even newer and are by far the most diverse)
Bryophytes- which are the simplest and oldest
Seedless vascular- have xylem and phloem but no seeds
Gymnosperms- "Naked Seeds" Angiosperms- Newest
64
Cuticle? Stomata? How do these work and what do they do?
Cuticle- minimize water loss and is a waxy coating excreted by epidermal cells
Stomata- pores in leave epidermis that allows gas exchange, they open and close using guard cells
65
What’s the difference between xylem and phloem?
Xylem- transports water and dissolved minerals up
| phloem- transports sugars down
66
What is different about the alternation of generations in most plants vs. most algae?
Plants- sporophyte which is the diploid and produces spore by meiosis. Gametophyte which is haploid and produces gametes by mitosis
67
What are bryophytes? What are the three types? What are the unique characteristics of bryophytes compared to other plants and to algae?
Bryophytes are the simplest plants, they lack vascular tissue, no specialized transport tissues, lack true leaves are roots, restricted to damp areas. Three types are liverworts, hornworts, and mosses.
68
How do bryophytes usually reproduce?
Most of them reproduce asexually.
69
What is the more visible generation in the bryophytes?
Gametophyte
70
What is different about the seedless vascular plants from bryophytes and from other plant groups?
They do not have vascular tissue or xylem and phloem unlike the seedless vascular plants and other plant groups that allows them to grow taller. Bryophytes gametophytes are more common and S.V. sporophytes are more common
71
What are some examples of seedless vascular plants? When did seedless vascular plants dominate the landscape?
Examples- Club mosses, horsetails, whisk ferns, true ferns. They dominated during the Carboniferous Period
72
What is a gymnosperm? What is unique about gymnosperms compared to other plant groups?
Gymnosperms- "Naked Seeds".
73
What are some examples of gymnosperms? What are the most common gymnosperms today?
Ginkgo, Gnetophytes, Cyads, Conifers. Conifers are most common today
74
How are most gymnosperms pollinated?
By insects
75
What would you call a plant species with both male and female reproductive parts on the same individual, as opposed to a species that has male and female reproductive parts on separate individuals?
Monoecious
76
What is an example of a deciduous conifer that grows in Louisiana?
Bald cypress
77
Why did angiosperms become so diverse and dominate the landscape so quickly?
Probably because animals helped in reproduction and they had an adaptive radiation around the same time
78
How are angiosperms typically pollinated?
By animals
79
What are some interesting examples of angiosperms?
"Corpse Flower", Amorphophallus titanum, Hydnora africana
80
What is the advantage of having seeds in fruits vs. “naked” like gymnosperms?
Because it has an endosperm that nourishes the growing embryo
81
What are fungi?
Eukaryotic, most closely related to animals, heterotrophs, cell walls of chitin, storage carbs is glycogen (like animals)
82
What are some clues to the evolutionary relationship between fungi and animals?
Heterotrophs, cell walls of chitin (like insects), storage carbs is glycogen (like animals)
83
What are fungi made up of?
Hyphae, which are cellular filaments
| Mycelium are lots of hyphae together
84
What is the name of the spore releasing structure that some groups of fungi form (like mushrooms)?
Conidia
85
What are the different groups of fungi?
Chytridiomycetes, zygomycetes, ascomycetes, glomermycetes, basidiomycetes
86
Which fungi are the most commonly known, and which are the most diverse?
Most commonly known- mushrooms- basidiomycetes
| Most diverse- ascomycetes
87
What are chytrid fungi well known for?
Parasite killing frogs
88
What kind of fungus is a bread mold? A yeast? A mushroom?
Bread mold- zygomycetes
Yeast- ascomycetes
Mushroom- basidiomycetes
89
What is unique about the life cycle of some fungi, a trait that is not found in any other kingdom?
It includes a dikaryotic stage- 2 haploid nuclei in one cell
90
What are the ecological roles of fungi?
Yeast fermentation, molds for cheese, drugs (penicillin, LSD)
91
What is a lichen?
Algae and/or cyanobacteria cells inside fungi
92
What are some examples of mutualistic relationships between fungi and other species?
Lichen, mycorrhizae, endophytes, leaf cutter ants
93
What are some examples of parasitic fungi? Diseases caused by fungi?
Chytrid fungi on frogs, cordyceps fungi with ants, athlete's foot, plant pathogens like chestnut blight and dutch elm disease
94
What are the characteristics of all animals?
Multicellular bodies, eukaryotic cells that lack cell walls, heterotrophic, have a blastula (hollow ball stage of development), respond to stimuli with contractile tissues
95
What is polymorphism? What are some examples?
Have multiple stages in life cycle
| Cnidaria phylum have a polyp phase (sessile) and medusa phase (swimming)
96
What characteristics do animals and plants share? Fungi?
All eukaryotic, multicellular, diploid lfe cycle
| Animals and fungi are hetero
97
What are some diagnostic features used to classify animals into different groups?
Body symmetry, embryonic development, body cavity, digestive tract, segmentation
98
What are the different types of body symmetry and some examples of each?
Asymmetrical- sponges
Radial symmetry- jellyfish and corrals
Bilateral symmetry- cephalization- everything else
99
What is cephalization and what type of body symmetry typically exhibits cephalization?
"Head-foot" Have a head versus tail end
| Bilateral
100
How does an organism go from being a blastula to a fully formed being with a mouth and (maybe) an anus? Or more simply put, how does the digestive tract form?
It can develop mouth first, protostomes, or anus first, dueterostmes
101
What is a coelom?
fluid filled body cavity
102
What is the difference between an incomplete and a complete digestive tract?
Incomplete- has a single opening for both input and output
| Complete- two openings, one for input, one for output
103
The phylum Porifera, the sponges: what is unique about them? Symmetry? Tissues?
Mostly marine, inner layer of flagellated cells, filter feeder, no true tissues, made up of only one type of cell, has no digestive tract, asymmetrical
104
Phylum Cnidaria – what are the different classes? What are their unique characteristics? Type of symmetry? Etc.
```
"Stinging ones"
Hydras, anenomes, jellyfish, corals
Radial symmetry
Polymorphic- polyp and medusa phase
Incomplete digestive tract
```
105
How are corals important in ecosystems, and why are they in trouble?
Provide homes for the most diverse populations of fish. The COTS eats them
106
Phylum Platyhelminthes – flatworms – what are the types of flatworm? Characteristics of flatworms?
Free living or parasitic.
Bilateral symmetry
Cephalization
Incmplete digestive tract
107
Phylum Nematoda – roundworms – differences between these and flatworms?
Complete digestive tract
Have pseudocoelom, restricting their movement
More nematodes
108
Phylum Mollusca – what are the general characteristics of this phylum? What are the three groups we looked at in this phylum? Interesting or cool examples of molluscs?
```
Soft-bodied
Unsegmented
Largest class
Body is mantle, foot, and visceral mass
Bivalves, gastropods, and cephalopods
Octopus and squid
```
109
Phylum Arthropoda – what is unique about this phylum? What three groups make up this phylum?
```
1,200,000 species named
Exoskeleton made of chitin
Jointed appendages
Terrestrial, fresh water, and marine
Have coelom
Complete digestive tract
Open circulatory system
2 or 3 major body regions- head, thorax, abdomen or cephalothorax and abdomen
```
110
What’s the cool thing about horseshoe crabs?
Blue blood is used to test medicine for bacterial contamination. Their blood will clot if bacteria is found
111
What’s so special about insects? What are some interesting facts/features of insects? Some economic and ecological roles they play?
Well over 1,000,000 species
First animals to fly
Provided food on land, enabling vertebrates to exit ocean
Diverse mouth parts
Economic benefits- pollination of crops, pest control, honey/silk
112
What’s so special about insects? What are some interesting facts/features of insects? Some economic and ecological roles they play?
Well over 1,000,000 species
First animals to fly
Provided food on land, enabling vertebrates to exit ocean
Diverse mouth parts
Economic benefits- pollination of crops, pest control, honey/silk
Ecological benefits- pollination, food source for birds, fish, lizards, and other insects, and consume detritus
113
Phylum Echinodermata – what organisms are included in this group? What are some special features/unique characteristics of echinoderms?
```
Includes starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
"Spiny skin"
Have water vascular systems, tube feet
Marine
Radial symmetry
```
114
Phylum Chordata: What are the different groups of chordates, and what distinguishes them from one another?
Tunicates and lancelets, hagfish, lampreys, jawed fish/cartilaginous fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals.
Cranium, vertebrae, lungs, jaws, limbs, amniote, body coverings, body temp regulation
115
What are features used to classify these chordates? Which of these features are unique to which groups of chordates? (i.e. which groups have craniums? Backbones? Jaws?)
```
Tunicates and lancelets- nothing
Hagfish- cranium
Lampreys- vertebrae
Jawed fish- jaws
Amphibians- lungs
Reptiles- amniote, body coverings
Mammals- temp regualation
(*In order...characteristic added to each group)
```
116
Which chordates are the most ancient? The most recent?
Ancient- tunicates and lancelets
| Recent- mammals
117
What are the three different types of mammals, and what is unique about each one?
Monotremes- lay eggs
Marsupials- give birth to immature young, continue developing in pouch
Placental- have longer pregnancy, have placenta
118
What are the three different types of mammals, and what is unique about each one?
Monotremes- lay eggs
Marsupials- give birth to immature young, continue developing in pouch
Placental- have longer pregnancy, have placenta
119
The scientist who published "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" in 1859 was:
Charles Darwin
120
Which of the following is not a physical trait characterizing sexual dimorphism in some species?
intelligence
121
Farmers and horticulturalists bred broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and cabbage from the wild mustard plant through _____.
Artificial Selection
122
The few ancestors of the finches who first landed on the Galapagos islands would be an example of:
Founder Effect
123
The North American bison was hunted to near extinction in the 1800s, and has since recovered, but with decreased genetic diversity. This is an example of:
A bottleneck
124
When fishing, it is typical to keep larger fish and throw smaller juvenile fish back in the water. When the largest fish are continually removed from the population in this way, you can expect the average size of the remaining fish population to do what?
Decrease
125
Humans evolved from our closest living relative, the chimpanzee.
False
126
Which of the following time categories covered a longer timespan? (which of these was the longest)
Hadean eon
127
The abundant remains of ammonites (extinct relatives of squid and octopus) in Oklahoma indicate:
That okahoma was in the past part pf a shallow ocean
128
Relative dating uses ______ to estimate how old a fossil is.
depth within rock layers
129
If an isotope's half-life is 100 years:
in 100 years only half of the atoms in that isotope will remain
130
Earth once consisted of a single large landmass and one ocean. The landmass is named:
Pangaea
131
Marsupials are mammals that:
Carry their young in a pouch
132
The wing of a bat and a dragonfly are examples of:
Analogous Structures
133
The internal leg bones in snakes and whales are examples of:
vestigial structures
134
The observation that most aquatic animals, like fish, penguins, and whales all have streamlined bodies and fins or flippers for steering are a result of:
Convergent evolution
135
One of your friends asks you, “If humans are related to chimpanzees, then you must think that humans evolved from chimps. Why, then, are
there still chimps?” What is the best response to this?
Humans did not evolve from chimps. Humans and chimps share a common ancestor that was neither a chimp nor a human.
136
speciation is an example of
Macroevolution
137
Which of the following is Linneaus's theory of what a species is?
Individuals that look identical are the same species.
138
when a population that occupies the same territory splits into two species - that is, there is not physical separation, but speciation still occurs - this is called
sympatric speciation
139
which of the following is a problem with the biological species concept?
It doesn't apply to asexual organisms, Non living things dontmate, so fossils cant be identified as the same species under this criteria, some organisms can mate with members of a different species, even though they rarely will in the wild.
140
If two individuals look identical, they are definitely the same species.
False
141
Two different species of monkeys meet in the forest, mate, and have a little baby monkey and name it Coconut. Unfortunately, Coconut is sterile. This is an example of a
Postzygotic barrier
142
Allopatric speciation occurs when populations of individuals are separated by a distinct geographic barrier. Due to allopatric speciation,
there is a high proportion of fish species in lakes and streams relative to oceans.
143
Which of the following is an ancestral characteristic of fish and mammals?
Backbone
144
Which happened first?
oxygen accumulating in the atmosphere
145
what were the first complex multicellular organisms?
the ediacaran fauna
146
what is the name of the period of the geologic timescale during which vast forests covered the earth, 9 meter long amphibians were roaming around and the atmosphere contained very high levels of oxygen?
Carboniferous
147
Which of the following is NOT a derived characteristic of primates?
Powerful lower jaw
148
Which of the following is the smallest?
An influenza virus
149
Most strains of influenza originated in birds. Birds are thus the ____________for influenza.
reservoir
150
When a virus "hides" in a cell for multiple generations, incorporating its DNA to that of the cell itself, it is utilizing the ______________ pathway.
Lysogenic
151
Which type of organisms are not susceptible to viral infections?
All organisms are susceptible to viral infections.
152
bacillus bacteria have what shape?
rod shaped
153
Bacteria are really asexual, but they can still exchange pieces of genetic material with a process similar to sexual reproduction called
conjugation
154
which type of bacteria are photosynthetic?
cyanobacteria
155
What are the extremophile Archaea that live in hot springs in yellowstone called?
Thermophiles
156
What are the bacteria in the root nodules of legumes important for?
converting atmospheric nitrogen into forms usable by plants and animals
157
A general term for photosynthetic protists that live in water is:
Algae
158
Euglena is an example of a protist that is
both autotrophic and heterotrophic
159
This protist can give off toxins that lead to "red tides" which kill fish
Dinoflagellates
160
The shells of these protists are made of silica and are commonly used as a non-chemical insecticide.
diatoms
161
These protists specialize at harvesting light wavelengths that penetrate deep under the ocean's surface:
red algae
162
After a meiotic division, the number of chromosomes has been reduced by half; the resulting cells can be described as
Haploid
163
which of the following are true of slime molds?
They are heterotrophic and they may act as unicellular or multicellular organisms
164
since protists have nuclei, we can say that they belong to which group?
eukarya
165
Paramecium are an example of what type of protozoan?
ciliated
166
The flagella of protists superficially resemble those of bacteria, but internally their structure is totally different. These structures can be described as
analogous
167
What are the closest relatives of plants?
green algae
168
In the alternation of generation in plants, the sporophyte is _______________ and produces _________________ spores.
diploid, haploid
169
which of the following is a characteristic of all plants?
cellulose cell wall
170
which was the first thing to happen of the following:
cambrian explosion
171
the combination of a large central vacuole inflated with water and a rigid cell wall creates __________________, which helps a plant maintain it's upright structure.
turgor pressure
172
Which of the following plants could be described as the most primitive?
hornwort
173
If male and female cones are found on the same individual tree, the species is described as
monoecious
174
which group of plants contains the largest, tallest, and oldest organisms on earth?
gymnosperms
175
Which part of a flower eventually becomes the fleshy fruit of an apple?
ovary
176
this plant structure can be described as "triploid."
endosperm
177
Which of the following is NOT a fungus?
Slime mold
178
fungi are most closely related to
animals
179
Match the term with the correct description.
This describes the way that fungi acquire energy, by consuming other organisms.
the mass of fungal filaments put together is referred to as the
the cell walls of fungi are composed of this material which also makes up the exoskeleton of insects
the filaments that make up the fungal body are called
Answer 4
Heterotrophic
Mycelium
Chitin
Hyphae
180
match the type of fungus with the appropriate description. you can use the same answer more than once.
This fungus only lives in symbiosis with plants.
This type of fungus included morels and yeast.
This group of fungus includes shelf fungi and puffballs.
This fungus has caused the decline of hundreds of species of amphibian
This fungus grows on bread and cow dung and sometimes parasitizes insects.
Glomeromycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota
181
Which of the following groups includes a fungus called a stinkhorn that disperses spores by producing an odor that attracts flies?
Select one:
basidiomycota
182
What is not true of ascomycete fungi?
There are 30,000 species
183
Aggregations of hyphae in a fungus form special structures for the purpose of producing and dispersing spores. Mushrooms are an example of this structure. They are called:
fruiting bodies
184
Which of the following is a characteristic that all animals share?
multicellularity
185
Which of the following is NOT a trait all animals have in common?
Their cells have a cell wall
186
Which of the following are bilaterally symmetrical? Select all that apply.
Nematoda, Annelida
187
Which of the following has a pseudocoelom?
Nematoda
188
Select all of the phyla that have an incomplete digestive tract.
Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
