Ch. 12-15 Flashcards
What is evolution, in a couple phrases?
“descent with modification”
Genetic change in a population over multiple generations
What was Aristotle’s view of individuals within a species and about species changing?
Individuals withing a species are all the same and do not change.
What was Lamarck’s theory of evolution and what was wrong about it?
Animals adapt during life and pass on these traits to offspring.
This is incorrect because animals do not pass on traits that they adapted during their life
Who are the two founder’s of the modern theory of evolution and what characterizes the difference between their theory vs. previous versions?
- Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace
- They both proposed Natural Selection
- They proposed that individuals better able to obtain resources were more likely to survive and reproduce, passing their good traits onto their offspring
What is artificial selection vs. natural selection?
Give examples of artificial selection
Humans manipulating the environment or choosing which individuals to make reproduce, in order to pass on certain traits.
Ex: Wild mustard, Hitler
Name of Darwin’s paper that proposed Natural Selection?
On the Origin of Species
What is micro-evolution?
Give an example.
Identify the difference between micro and macroevolution.
Evolution on small scale. Genetic changes within a population.
Macro-evoution is over a longer peiod of time
What is natural selection? As changes gradually occur, does a species become “better” or “improved” forever?
How can some adaptations be beneficial in one instance, but negative in another time or place?
Structures, behaviors, or physiological processes that are heritable and that are heritable and that contribute to reproductive success in their specific environment.
No, it becomes better or improved for the time that the environment they are in stays the same.
Whether a characteristic is beneficial or not depends on the environment that it lives in. Ex: white squirrels don’t blend in, so they survive only where there is no predator.
(Sickle cell, antibiotic resistant bacteria, species being affected by climate change, etc.)
What is sexual selection and sexual dimorphism?
What are examples of sexual dimorphism?
Sexual selection: Type of natural selection, resulting from variation in the ability to obtain mates. (2 types)
Sexual dimorphism: Males and females appear differently. Some differences make males more obvious to predators.
Examples: peacocks
Difference between Intrasexual and Intersexual selection?
Intrasexual- members of the same sex compete among themselves for access to the opposite sex.
Ex: deer, seals
Interexual- multiple members of one sex choose their mates from multiple members of the opposite sex.
Ex: golden silk spider
What is mutation?
It is a random change in an organism’s DNA
How does genetic drift work?
It is the change in allele frequencies that occurs purely by chance.
What sizes of populations are more likely to be affected by genetic drift?
Small populations
When a rare trait, such as extra fingers is very common in a subgroup of people, this is likely because of what kind of genetic drift?
Founder Effect
What are bottlenecks and what are some examples of species that have been affected by them, and how? What are some events that can cause bottlenecks?
Populations that dropped rapidly over a short period of time.
Ex: Cheetas and American Bison were overhunted, Golden Hamster and Greater Prairie Chicken had loss of habitat
