Final Flashcards
Facultative parthenogenesis
Eggs may develop without fertilization or after fertilization depending on conditions
Dermatosis
Skin irritations caused by bites, contacts, secretions, or skin invasions
Cosmetic damage
Injure that is largely or wholly aesthetic; inconsequential in all aspects except with consumer perceptions
Automictic parthenogenesis
Normal meiosis division in egg formation, followed by fusion of nuclei so diploid number restored
Silverfish
Damage books and papers
Mate guarding
Behavior to insure paternity
Homeland security
Agro-terrorism
Dirofilariasis
Dog heartworm
Traumatic insemination
Insemination of a female by piercing the abdomen at a specialized site and injecting semen directly into the body cavity
Nicotine
String neurotoxin product of tobacco
Economic injury level
Level of insect injury where cost of damage equals cost of control
Lotic
Moving waters
Shredders
Chew up dead plant matter and eat bacteria and fungi on surface
PPQ
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Pest status
Depends on the population levels and the type of injury that the insect inflicts to the crop
Multivoltine
Many gens/year
Standard deviation
Averages deviations of sample counts from the mean value
E horizon
Zone of leaching; dissolved or suspended materials move downward
Lyme disease
Progressive disease, initial rash, flu-like symptoms, leading to possible cardiac and neurologic problems, arthritis; vectored by ticks
C horizon
Weathered parent material; partially broken-down inorganic minerals
Sampling universe
Whole population from which samples will be taken/habitat
Sampling unit
Proportion of the space from which insect counts are taken
Sampling technique
Method used for collecting information from a single sampling unit
Sampling program
Procedure that employs a particular sampling technique to obtain the sample and make an estimate of the population
PTTH
Neuropeptide secreted by neuro-secretory cells in the brain, stored in corpora cardiaca or corpora allata, acts on prothoracic gland
Bivoltine
2 gens/year
Ecdysone
Molting hormone, released from the prothoracic gland
Pest
Any insect that interferes with human welfare or aesthetics
Prothoracicotropic hormone
PTTH
Facultative myiasis
Casual or accidental; larvae normally develop in another habitat
Envenomization
Injection of venom by stings or other means
Juvenile Hormone
JH
Benthos
Organisms associated with the bottom of body of H2O
Sclerotization
Hardening of the cuticle by a process of chemical tanning
Spiders
Most are harmless but some are toxic
A horizon
Topsoil: organic matter (humus), living organisms, inorganic minerals
Generalized Female Reproductive System
Accessory glands may have several functions from the secretion of adhesive materials to formation of an ootheca
Conservation of natural enemies
Conserving existing biocontrol agents
Benthic zone
Stream bottoms
B horizon
Subsoil: accumulation of iron, aluminum, humic compounds, and clay leached down from the A and E horizons
Biological control
Use of natural enemies (parasites, predators, pathogens) to control pests
Precocenes
Interfere with corpora allata
Leishmaniasis
Infection by intracellualar parasites in genus Leishmania; widely various symptoms
Courtship feeding
Male brings a “gift” of a seed to a female, allows male to mate with her while she eats the “nuptial gift”
Parasitoids
Kill one host to mature
Littoral zone
Shallow water along edge, where it is possible for plants to be rooted
Bt (a Bacillus species)
Toxic to caterpillars
Cultural control
The manipulation of a cropping system or specific crop production practices to reduce pest populations or pest injury to crops (ex: tillage, crop rotation, trap crops)
Acaricides
Kills mites
Wasps
Stinging danger
Generalized Male Reproductive System
Accessory glands produce seminal fluid and proteinaceous secretions for the formation of a spermatophore
Thelytoky parthenogenesis
Only females are produced in parthenogenesis
Diflubenzuron
Inhibits the synthesis of chitin
Sperm displacement
Replacement of sperm received from previous matings
Aquatic insects
Insects that spend at part of their lives associated with aquatic environments
Augmentation of natural enemies
Mass reading and releasing parasitoids and predators
O horizon
Surface litter; fallen leaves and partially decomposed organic debris
Delusory parasitosis
Erroneous belief that one is infested by insects or other arthropods
Role of the endocrine system
Controls the process of molting and metamorphosis via hormone secretion
Termites
Play an important role in the breakdown and recycling of wood, however when they invade wooden structures they become a serious pest
Antixenosis
Repelling pest
London purple
(Arsenical) Used as a substitute for Paris Green
USDA-APHIS-PPQ
Main US quarantine agency
Myiasis
Invasion of organs or tissues of vertebrate animals by larvae of Diptera
Grazers
Feed by scraping diatoms, bacteria, and algae off on surfaces
Sperm competition
Ex: males dislodge rival’s sperm packet and insert their own
Stored product pests
Feed on and damage grains, food stuffs, clothing, leather, tobacco products, etc.
Direct pests
Feed or oviposit on fruiting structures of parts of the plant that are harvested
IPM
The use of ALL available tactics in the design of a program to manage (not eradicate) pest populations so that economic damage and harmful side effects are minimized
Japanese beetle
A widespread, polyphagus insect that may feed on some 275 kinds of plants, including fruit and shade trees, roses, flowers, and turf
Entirely aquatic orders
Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Megaloptera, Trichoptera
Botanical insecticides
Derived from plants
Plague
An acute, severe infection that appears in a bubonic or pneumonic form; caused by Yersinia pestis, vectored by oriental rat flea
Lead arsenate
Used for gypsy moth control and cotton pest control
Indirect pests
Attack the vegetative parts of the plant and reduce overall productivity
Diapause
Period of arrested development and reduced metabolism during which growth and development cease; may be obligatory or facultative
Pyrethrum
Contact poison product of chrysanthemums
Hydrogen cyanide
Used for museum case fumigation
Red Imported Fire Ant
Pest of humans, livestock, wildlife, agriculture, turf; spread throughout much of Southern US
Kerosene
Emulsions sprayed on fruit trees
Springtails
Beneficial to crop plants by releasing nutrients and by feeding upon diseases caused by fungi
Injury
Nuisance that the insect inflicts to the crop
Indirect methods of sampling
Products measured, plant damage
Limnetic zone
Vertical region from water surface to point where light is insufficient to drive photosynthesis
Sclerites
Hardened plates in integument
Yellow fever
An acute arbovirus infection of valuable severity; characterized by sudden onset of fever, lowered pulse and headaches…sometimes accompanied by jaundice and black vomit
Tropical Soda Apple
The plant from hell
R horizon
Bedrock; impenetrable layer
Relative methods of sampling
Number of insects per trap
Integrated Pest Management
IPM
Profundal zone
Deepest layers, where photosynthetic light can’t penetrate
Entomophobia
Fear of insects
Physiologically important injury
Some level of insect feeding is not detrimental to the plant; above a certain level, plants can become physiologically stressed
Cockroaches
Household pests that feed on and spoil food; can cause allergies and even asthma
Standard error
Estimate of the standard deviation of the population
Lime-sulfur
Mixture used for scale insect control
Soybean aphid
A new pest of soybean in the US; native to Asia
Boll weevil
Introduced from Mexico in 1892, major pest of cotton grown in US
Malaria vector
Anopheles mosquito
Filter feeders
Obtain particulate matter from the water column using feeding fans or with silk nets
DDT
A chlorinated hydrocarbon; effective but long lived in environment
Paris Green
Found to be effective against the Colorado Potato Beetle
Herbivores (root feeders)
Consume plant roots; crop yield losses
Shredders
Chew up dead plant matter and eat bacteria and fungi on surface
Mean
Average
Herbivores
Root feeders
Onchocerciasis
River blindness
Plastron
The bubble through which insects breathe when underwater
Causal organism of Malaria
Plasmodium spp. (Parasitic protozoan)
Integument
Consists of sclerites interconnected by membranous areas to provide flexibility
Facultative diapause
Temporary dormancy or halt in the life cycle due to unfavorable environmental conditions; independent of the life cycle
Arboviruses
Arthropod-borne viruses
Apomictic parthenogenesis
No reduction division in egg formation, females identical to mother
Obligatory diapause
State of arrested growth or development that is programmed into the life cycle; usually initiated by environmental factors and requires special circumstances for termination
Absolute methods of sampling
Number of insects per standard unit
Lentic
Still waters
APHIS
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Fungus
Kills cotton aphids
Juvenile hormone (JH)
Terpenoid compound secreted by corpora allata
Antibiosis
Killing pest directly
Rotenone
Stomach and contact poison from Derris plants
Integument
Insect exoskeleton
Spermatophore
Sperm packet produced by the male; provides nutrients for female in some species
Diamondback moth
One of the most important pests of vegetables world wide; frequent pest of cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, rape, and tsunga
Parthogenesis
Production of offspring from unfertilized eggs
Inorganic insecticides
Derived from inorganic chemicals
Typhus
Caused by Rickettsia; vectored by human body louse
Host plant resistance
Altering the genetic component of the host plant to increase resistance to insect feeding or to discourage insect attack
Economic threshold
Level of insect injury in which treatment must be initiated to prevent economic loss
Cowpea weevils
Major storage pests of cowpea
Buboes
Enlarged lymph nodes
Pneumonic plague
Moves into lungs, high fever, chills, cough, highly contagious, deadliest form
Gypsy moth
The most important hardwood pest in the US; attacks trees, prefers oaks
Autocidal control
Genetic manipulation of pest population by introducing lethal genes, genes which affect development or by reducing reproductive capacity
Sperm precedence
Typically sperm of last male to mate fertilizes a female’s eggs
Deuteroroky parthenogenesis
Eggs may be of either sex
Homeostasis
Water, salt balance
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Acute febrile disease, characteristic rash, can be fatal; caused by Rickettsia, vectored by ticks
Classical biological control
Importation of new natural enemies
Voltinism
Number of generations per year in an insect life cycle
Univoltine
1 gen/year
Trypanosomiasis
Sleeping sickness; Nagana (domestic animals)…vectored by tsetse fly
Arrhenotoky parthenogenesis
Males are produced without fertilization, haploid-diploid situation
Bubonic plague
Symptoms include high fever, formation of buboes, disease progression typically from lymphatic system to blood, to liver and spleen
Acute toxicity
Immediate toxic effects of exposure (not long term)
Chronic toxicity
Toxic effects that occur some time after exposure, months or years
Carcinogenicity
Potential to cause cancer
Teratogenecity
Potential to cause birth defects
Mutagenicity
Potential for genetic damage
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
FIFRA
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)
Establishes pesticide residue tolerances
Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA)
Strengthens legal provisions in the first 2 above; particularly to protect infants and children
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Sets tolerance levels
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Monitor pesticide residues in all foods
Oviposition
Selection of site to lay eggs, often based on specific stimuli
Juvabione
The paper factor
