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Horticulture > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

All incomplete flowers are imperfect?

Complete flowers include?

A

False

Sepals, petals, stamens, pistils

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2
Q

All imperfect flowers are incomplete?

Perfect flowers include?

A

True

Stamens and pistils

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3
Q

Are potatoes roots or stems?

A

Tubers are underground stems.

sweet potatos are underground roots

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4
Q

Monoecious-

Dioecious-

Dioecious plants have perfect flowers (T/F)

A

male and female on the same plant.

Male and female on different plant.

Flase

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5
Q

High temperatures increase transpiration? (T/F)

A

True

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6
Q

What country produces the most fruits and vegetables?

A

China

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7
Q

Dicot Leaf veins are?

Monocot leaf veins are?

A

Net Venation

Parallel Venation

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8
Q

Name 5 professions in the horticultural industry.

A 
Golf superintendent, 
Landscape designer
Berry Grower
Seed salesman
Orchard supervisor
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9
Q

Define horticulture?

A

The art and science of growing, packaging, and marketing and storing ornamental/ food plants that are high maintenance for the benefit of humans or aesthetic values.

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10
Q

3 parts of a Pistil-

A

Stigma, style, ovary

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11
Q

Pomology-

Floriculture-

Corolla-

A

Science and practice of growing, harvesting, processing, and marketing fruits and nuts.

Growing and production of flowers and foliage plants.

Collective term for all the petals of a flower

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12
Q

Samara-

Perennial-

Olericulture-

A

dry indehiscient fruit with a wing like structure.

Plant that can live longer than two years

Science and practice of growing, harvesting, processing, and marketing vegetables

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13
Q

Monoecious-

Follicle-

Pome-

A

male and female flowers on the same plant.

A dry dehiscent fruit that splits along only one structure(milkweed)

A fruit made of several carpels, outer layer fleshy (pear)

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14
Q

Lateral-

Biennial-

Perianth-

A

Type of meristem that is responsible for increased girth or secondary growth

Plant that completes it life cycle in two seasons

All the sepals and petals together

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15
Q

Calyx-

Aboriculture-

Hesperidium-

A

all the sepals

cultivation of woody plants.ex trees

Fruit composed of several carpels with inner juice sacs enclosed in a leathery rind. ex) orange.

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16
Q

Turfgrass science-

Dioecious-

A

culture and utilization of lawns, golfcourses, athletic fields. etc.

Male and female flowers on different plants.

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17
Q

Monocots-

dicots-

A

one cotyledon, multiples of 3s

two cotyledons, multiples of 4 and 5s

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18
Q

Name two horticultural families that are monocots

A

grass, and lilly

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19
Q

Equation for photosynthesis-

A

6CO2+6H2O = C6H12O6

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20
Q

is a tomato a fruit or a vegetable?

A

Botanically a fruit because of fleshy ovary around its seeds,

Horticulturally a vegetable becasue we dont eat it as a desert. and requires preperation.

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21
Q

Describe aesthetic consideration, management, and income per unit area of agronomic crops vs horticultural crops.

A

Agronomic crops- low, extensive, low

Horticulture -high, intensive, high

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22
Q

Name the 3 stages of cellular respiration-

A

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and Oxidative phosphorylation

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23
Q

What are the small pores on stems that permit gas exchange?

A

Lenticels

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24
Q

The process by which plants naturally cool itsself via evaporation of water from the leaf surface?

A

transpiration

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25
Q

Who founded the American society of Horticultural science? father of american horticulture.

A

Liberty Hyde Bailey

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26
Q

Name the binomial system of nominclature.

A 
Kingdom,Division 
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
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27
Q

What group of vascular plants reproduces by spores?

A

Pteridophyta, ferns

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28
Q

The botanist who credited with developing the binomial system of nomenclature.

A

Carl Linnaeus

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29
Q

Roots from tissue other than root tissue derived from the root apical meristem are called?

A

Adventitious roots

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30
Q

science of classifying and naming plants-

A

taxonomy

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31
Q

compressed underground stems with fleshy, overlapping leaves that resemble scales-

A

Bulbs

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32
Q

A fruit in which individual pistils from from one flower develop into tiny fruitlets on a single receptacle

A

Aggregate

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33
Q

Bark is composed of what 3 parts-

A

Phloem, Cork cambium, Cork

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34
Q

What do aerenchyma in roots help adapt a plant to overcome?

A

Floods, they hold extra oxygen.

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35
Q

When do long day plants flower?

When do short day plants flower?

A

when the dark period is shorter than critical length.

when dark period is longer than critical length.

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36
Q

The U.S. hardiness zones are defined by what?

A

the average annual minimum temperate mean.

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37
Q

As relative humidity increases, the amount of water lost by plants _______

A

decreases

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38
Q

What percentage of solar radiation reaching earth is converted into chemical energy by photosynthesis?

A

less than 1%

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39
Q

Name two cool season horticultural crops?

2 Warm season?

Two horicultural crops in which GMO varieties are available?

A

KY bluegrass, Tall

Bermudagrass and Zoysiagrass

corn, Apple

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40
Q

What 5 elements make up climate?

A

Temperature, precipitation, humidity, Light, wind

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41
Q

The growth of a fruit without fertilization of the ovules or after fertilized embryos are aborted?

The ageing and death of a plant or any of its parts?

Horomones that promote cell division, slow down leaf senescence, and stimulate callus growth in tissue culture

A

Parthenocarpy

Senescence

Cytokinins

42
Q

Emergence in which the cotyledons are above the soil?

A plant that can live for many years but dies once it flowers?

Horomones that cause apical dominance, synthetic versions used to root cuttings.

A

Epigeal

Monocarp

Auxins

43
Q

Emergence in which the cotyledons stay below the soil surface?

Cuttings taken in the summer from partially mattured new growth of the season?

Horomone that promotes fruit ripening, only type that is a gas?

A

Hypogeal

Semihardwood

Ethylene

44
Q

Cuttings taken in late spring?

Horomones that stimulate cell division and/or cell elongation

Breakying dormancy in seeds by breaking the seed coat with acid or rough treatment?

A

softwood

gibberellins

Scarification

45
Q

breaking dormancy in seeds by storing moist seeds at temps near freezing for one or more months.

A

Stratification

46
Q

Climate-

Microclimate-

Abscission-

A

patterns of meteorological variation that develop over an area over many years.

weather conditions around a plant part, a plant, or a group of plants.

Droping of a leaf, fruit, or other plant part at the petiole between the stem.

47
Q

Self pollination-

Photoperiodism-

A

pollination from the same plant or a genetically identical plant.

Amount of time of light a plant requires to flower.

48
Q

What 3 factors can induce the formation of flowers?

A

Photoinduction(light)
Maturity
Thermal Induction

49
Q

Explain how needle shape leaves help evergreens survive cold temperatures in winter.

A

The needle shape reduces the surface allowing for less waterloss from wind during periods when water is difficult to obtain from the soil.

50
Q

3 ways synthetic growth regulators can be used in horticultural crops-

A

create compact bushes.
Increase time between turf mowings
Limit the growth of flowering plants.

51
Q

Name 3 traits of Juvenility in plants-

A

Thorns, - defense
Leaf form- leaf shape is different than maturity
Growth form- can have suckers

52
Q

When does germination begin, and when does it end?

A

Beings at imbibtion

and ends at emergence of the radicle

53
Q

Describe the process of air layering-

A

cut away the cambium layer on stem,
wrap exposed layer with damp peat moss and plastic
secure ends to hold in moisture
wrap with tin foil if in direct light
once 2-3 roots form, cut from host and plant in new medium.

54
Q

Two reasons why dew is important in plant production.

A

important resource for plants that absorb water through leaves

can transmit diseases from plant to plant via mowing.

55
Q

Explain what happens to make fruits soften during ripening?

A

Pectic substances dissolve, softening the fruit breaking down cell walls. caused by the release of ethylene gas.

56
Q

Part of stem graft placed on the top?

Bottom?

A

Scion

Rootstock

57
Q

Propagation in which a long hanging branch is brought into contact with the soil, covered and allowed to root?

A

layering

58
Q

initial chemical reaction that begin flowering is called?

Light sensitive protein that is blue in color?

A

Flowerinduction

Phytochrome

59
Q

Part of the seedling between the radicle and the cotyledons?

in hypogeal emergence in monocots, the first part of the plant to emerge above the soil sureface is the?

A

hypocotyl

Coleoptile

60
Q

The T-test, is used to test what?

an official seed germination test uses how many repetitions of how many seeds

A

viability of seeds

4 of 100

61
Q

How do plants respond to low light?

A

stack chlorophyll at surface of leaf.

62
Q

two mechanisms that cause dormancy in seeds?

A

Impermeable seed coat,

Biochemical blockers.

63
Q

Define soil-

soil percentage chart-

pore space-

A

the unconsolidated mineral and organic materials on the immediate surface of the earth that is a medium for plant .

45% minerals, 5% organic matter, 25%air, 25%water

voids between soil solids, provide a way for CO2 to escape.

64
Q

Organic Matter-

A

solid component of soil includes living organisms, waste products by animals, and decomposed animals and plant bodies. hold nutrients in forms available for plants

65
Q

inorganic minerals-

A

derived from weathering rock, highly resistant to change, quantity depends upon parent material.

66
Q

soil texture

what does it influence?

A

% of sand silt and clay

ability to hold water, aeriation, warming and cooling, fertility, root penetration, ease of tilling.

67
Q

Clay soil-

What is the ideal soil for most plants-

A

higher surface area, expands with water

loam soil. absorbs water but not to much, holds good nutrients.

68
Q

Soil structure refers to what?

what does good soil structure provide?

what affects soil structure?

A

the way soil particles group together into aggregates or peds.

favorable air/water, and plants accessibility to nutrients

freezing/thawing, earthworms, microorganisms, wetting/drying

69
Q

CEC-

soil pH-

A

capacity of a soil to hold and exchange nutrients.

degree of acidity or alkalinity in the soil. influences- chemistry, microbiology, plant adaptation and growth.
range of 4-10.

70
Q

Soils in humid climates tend to be _____
dry_____
best range for most plants 5-7

A

acidic,
alkaline
5-7, for most hort crops range of 5.5-6.5 is best.

71
Q

Seventeen Essential Nutrients in order:

A

C,O,H
N,P,K
Ca,Mg,S
B,Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Zn, Ni

72
Q

C:N ratio-

A

usually 12:1, plants with low will decompose quickly. high slowly, because of N req.

73
Q

Compost-

Balanced fertilizers-

Complete fertilizers-

single element ferts-

forms of fertilizers-

A

Partially decomposed plants

equal amounts of N,P,K

have N,P,

have only one element

liquids, soluble powders, granuels, tablets.

74
Q

Lime-

Sulfur-

A

raise soil pH

Lower Soil pH

75
Q

List some benefits of mulch-

tillage-

soil sterilization-

A

conserve moisture, stabilize soil temperature, suppress weed growth, erosion control, improvement of soil structure.

manual or mechanical manipulation of the soil to prepare it for crop cultivation

process used to destroy harmful bacteria, fungi, and nematodes, as well as many types of weed seeds.

76
Q

Vegetables-

cool season-
Warm Season-

A

Most are annual(peppers),
some biennials( beets,carrots),
perennial- (asparagus)

60-75 F lettuce
80-95F tomatoes , killed by frost, plant in late spring

77
Q 
Edible fruit-
Edible seeds-
Edible seeds non legumes-
Edible roots-
bulbs-
flowers-
A 
okra,
peas
corn
carrots
onions
broccoli
78
Q

frost free period-

days to maturity-

A

average # of days from the last spring frost to earliest all frost. april 15th -oct. 20th

number of days from seed to time crop is ready to harvest.

79
Q

production of unwanted leafy flowers in vegetables when temps are to warm

A

bolting

80
Q

Sunlight-

Garden Layout-

succession croping-

A

leafy vegetables can be in shade,
fruit producers need full sunlight

rows easy to west prevent shading,taller crops north,

planting at different times for different harvest dates.

grow vegetables in blocks not rows

81
Q

Hill-

interplanting-

thinning-

A

a group of seed planted close together, common for melons and squash.

planting seeds of quick maturing plants with slow ones or between transplants.

removing excess seedlings that are spaced too closely for best growth.

82
Q

Weeding-

Mulching-

watering-

training-

crop rotation-

A

reduce competition from weeds

using a layer of plant derived or synthetic material on soil surface.

18 inches deep

vining plants to grow upward.

ration of crops every year, deters build up of disease organisms and insects, with a particular crop.

83
Q

cover cropping-

Green manure crops-

A

used to maintain fertility in established vegetable gardens.

planted at anytime of the year, grown half mature then turned to decay. supplies N with legumes

84
Q

Major vegetable crops in USA are-

A

Tomatoes, lettuce, and broccoli.

85
Q

What determines fruit tree species growing location?

site selection-

A

Climate,- temperatures,
Property size,- dwarf or semi dwarf,
expected maintenance time

good soil, 6 hours direct sunlight, Land slope and exposure( grow on upper part to protect form frost injury)

86
Q

tree selection factors:

A 
winter hardiness
fruit maturity period, 
disease resistance,
fruit use
fruit appearance
pollination reqs
87
Q

tree sizes:

pruning styles-

A

dwarf- 5-12, semi dwarf 10-15, standard 20-25

vase, central leader, modified, espalier

88
Q

fruit failures may be caused by:

A

Age, Pollination problems, insufficient winter chilling, sunlight, frost or rain during pollination.

89
Q

small fruits need:

landscape uses-

A

rapid soil drainage, full sunlight,

bluberry- small tree, pH 4.2-5.5
brambles (hedges), canes produce fruit
strawberries(groundcover) , perennial 2-4 years.
grapes(vines) muscadine in south

90
Q

four arm kniffen system-

A

two-wire trellis to grow grapes.

91
Q

cold hardy bulbs-
non hardy bulbs-

what should you look for when choosing plants?

A

only move when dormant, die in summer
die in winter, summer bulbs

height differences, colors, textures, flowering periods, light reqs.

92
Q

xeriscaping-

A

using drought resistant plants to minimize water reqs.

93
Q

Floribundas-

hybrid tea roses-

Grandiflora-

Climbing and rambling roses-

A

smaller blooms in bunches

large blossoms on moderately sized plants

cross between the two

long canes that are trained.

94
Q

Tree roses-

Shrub roses-

A

grafted roses onto the longer cane form to make small trees.

more cold hard roses and disease tolerant.

95
Q

Rock garden-

Container garden-

Water Garden-

Herb Harden-

A

incorporates rocks

needs good potting medium for drainage

ponds, waterfalls, fountains.

fragrant leaves and seeds for decorating and cooking

96
Q

Interiorscaping-

what two kinds of plants are bred for this?

A

indoor landscaping,
aesthetic benefits and improves air quality.
- fill in gaps, add color, block sharp edges, window displays.

tender perennials and tropicals, take into account humidity(40%), temp( 64-75) and light.
higher respiration rates at night for indoor plants.
lower carbohydrates for new growth

97
Q

What water is dangerous to indoor plants_

effects of containerization-

considerations for choosing houseplants-

A

chlorine, sodium, and fluoride.

limited amount of growing medium, limited root size, limited water/nutrients.

attractiveness, appearance and size at maturity, growth cycle, Growth rate.

98
Q

overwatering-

3 needs of indoor plants-

what indicates that compost or soil is to dry?

A

leads to root death, collpase of the plant.

watering, feeding, occasional transplant.

brown leaf tips and margins.

99
Q

Most plants are actively growing when?

feed flowering plants when?

A 
march- September
liquid feeds for house plants
P and K for flowering 
slow release will last the growing season
when bud is growing,
100
Q

Re-potting:

A 
Clean pot 1-2 sizes bigger, 
water plant, allow to drain,
repot with similar soil medium
break loose any rootbound roots.
divide plant if necessary.

Horticulture (3 decks)

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