Final Flashcards
what year was sound added?
1929
how many americans went to the movies every week
80 to 90 million
what are the four institutions of film?
- economic
- social
- technological
- psychological
what is an economic institution?
designed to make money
what is a social institution?
providing an appropriate form for social contact for members of an emerging American populace born and bred in the world of mass culture
what is a technological institution?
dependent for is success on products of the Industrial Revolution - cameras, celluloid, microphones, amplifiers, magnetic recording tape, film laboratories, electricity, projectors, speakers and screens
what is a psychological institution?
purpose is to encourage the moviegoing habit by providing the kind of entertainment that working-class and middle-class Americans want
when and what did George Eastman invent?
motion picture film
1889
when and what did Thomas Edison invent?
motion picture camera - the Kinetoscope
1891 - 1893
when and what did Guglielmo Marconi invent?
wireless telegraph
1895
what are Kinetoscope parlors?
contained only a few individual machines and permitted only one customer to view a short, 50-foot film at any one time
when did the first Kinetoscope parlor open?
1894
when was the advent of projection?
1895 - 1896
what films were popular in the pre 1906 cinema?
actualities
whena dn what is the nickelodeon era?
1905
theatres devoted exclusively to the showing of motion picture films began to spring up in virtually every city on the country
what are nickelodeons? (4)
- price of admission was a nickel
- 200 seats
- quickly installed in or near shopping or entertainment districts in former stores that were converted to movie theaters
- low cost of admission and abbreviated length attracted working class
how many americans attended nickelodeons each week and how many did they attend?
26 million americans attended over 10,000 nickelodeons each week
what did the Motion Picture Patents Company do?
sought to control all aspects of motion picture production, distribution and exhibition
when and why did the mayor of New York City order all nickels to be closed?
december 1908
“threat to the city’s physical and moral well being”
how did the MPPC respond to the closing of nickels?
responded almost immediately with a campaign to improve the content of motion pictures and conditions of theaters
how did exhibitors respond to the closing of nickels? (4)
began to court middle class customers by becoming more “respectable”
- provided half price matinees for women and children
- upgraded quality of the physical structure of the theaters
- eliminated lower-class elements such as ethnic films and foreign-language sing-alongs
- raised prices
how did producers respond to the closing of nickels? (3)
- by making films that appealed to a higher class of clientele
- engaged in self-censorship and voluntarily submitted their films to the national Board of Censorship for review
- drew more and more on the classics
what is Griffith cinema?
actively narrated events, shaping the audiences perception of them. commonly used parallel editing
what is parallel editing/crosscutting?
cutting back and forth from two (or more) simultaneous events taking place in separate spaces. can be used to create suspense and contribute to psychological development of his characters
why is the birth famous? (3)
- ran for 44 consecutive weeks at the Library Theater in New York City
- reserved seats sold at $2
- racist agenda
what is The Regent?
a 24600 seat theater that opened in 1913 in New York
who is S.L. Rothapfel?
manager of the Regent who made it the premier motion picture theater in the world
who is Sid Gauman?
launched a series of movie palaces that were more lavish then the other and provided a prologue to each movie
what did Balaban & Katz offer in their theaters? (5)
- free child care
- attendant smoking rooms
- paintings and sculptures
- organ music for those waiting in line
- air conditioning
who joined forces with Balaban & Katz?
Paramount
who are the majors? (5)
- Paramount
- Loew’s/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
- Fox/20th Century-Fox
- Warner Bros
- Radio-Keith-Orpheum
who are the minors? (3)
- Universal
- Columbia
- United Artists
when and why did MPPC break up?
1915
US courts declared the MPPC to be in violation of the Sherman Artitrust Act
what is the Famous Players Company and when was it formed?
1912 by Adolph Zukor
boasted motion pictures with “famous players from famous plays”
what is vertical integration and when did it begin?
1910
the structure of a marketplace that is integrated at a variety of crucial levels. in the motion picture industry, the studios are owners of their production facilities, distribution outlets and theaters
how many pictures did major studios produce a year?
40 - 60
what are the three distribution practices?
- block booking
- blind bidding
- runs, zones and clearances
what is block booking?
a distribution system in which exhibitors are forced to contract for the rental of groups of (two or more) films to secure the permission to exhibit any one film distributed by a particular studio
what is blind bidding?
a distribution system in which exhibitors are forced to contract for the rental of films prior to seeing them
what are runs?
a film that opened in the first-run movie palace in early September would not get to play in the cheaper neighborhood theaters until later October or early November
what are zones?
only one theater in any particular area was permitted to exhibit a new picture.this tended to favour studio-owned theaters
what are clearances?
smaller second-run and sub-run theaters were forced to wait until a picture had completed its run in the larger houses before they could obtain it
what are the characteristics of M-G-M? (4)
- “more stars than there are in heaven”
- polish and gloss
- middle class family values
- seriousness of prestige melodramas
what are the characteristics of Paramount? (3)
- sexual savoir-faire
- tongue-in-cheek wit
- european stylishness
what are the characteristics of Warner Bros? (3)
- working man’s studio
- hasty, rough, conveyed a gritty realism
- gangster films
what are the characteristics of 20th Century Fox? (4)
- period and costume pictures
- rural audience
- only studio neither owned or operated by Jews
- films with a certain social consciousness
what are the characteristics of RKO? (1)
- unlikely combination of films
what are the characteristics of Columbia Pictures? (2)
- witty and urbane screenwriting
- skrewball comedy talent
who are the poverty row studios? (4)
- Grand National
- Producers Releasing Corporation
- Eagle-Lion
- Allied Artists
what is poverty row?
a number of smaller studios that sprouted up in the early 1930s to make B pictures to accompany the A picture on the bottom half of a double bill
what is the Paramount case?
the US Department of Justice’s Antitrust Division filed suit against the majors for using monopolistic practices and in 1948, the majors were forced to separate production and distribution from exhibition
what were the other factors that led to the demise of the studio system? (4)
- lengthy postwar strikes against studios by labour unions
- changing patterns in leisure-time entertainment
- competition with television
- rise of independent production
what is segmentation?
the process of dividing works into their constituent parts to study them in greater detail
what are dramatic unities?
unities of action, time and space
what do establishing shots do?
to present the spatial parameters within which the subsequent action of a scene takes place
what is mise-en-scene?
staging of the scene, relation of everything in the shot to everything else in the shot
what are the three types of camera angles?
- low angle
- eye-level
- high-angle