Final Flashcards
The nature/nurture debate is concerned with:
he relationship(s) between heredity, environment, and human development
With the 1877 publication of Biographical Sketch of an Infant, __________ established a scientific basis for studying children.
Charles Darwin
According to Urie Bronfenbrenner, an ecological systems theorist:
two-way interactions between a child and his/her parents influence the child’s development.
The purpose of having random assignment in an experiment is to
make sure that no pre-existing differences among groups caused the change in the experimental group’s behavior.
Dr. Martinez wants to know which exhibits children prefer at the new Children’s Museum. To find out, she unobtrusively observes them to see which exhibits they choose to visit most and at which ones they spend the most time. Which type of research method does this represent?
naturalistic observation
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory suggests that
a child’s interactions with adults organize the child’s learning experiences.
According to Piaget, what is a scheme?
a pattern of action or mental structure used in acquiring or organizing knowledge
Cynthia’s mother gives her an apple each day and tells her that apples are “fruit.” However one day, Cynthia’s mother gives her an orange. She tells Cynthia this is also “fruit.” What happens to Cynthia’s scheme of “fruit?”
She incorporates the information so that her scheme now includes apples and oranges.
Ethology suggests that behavior is a result of:
innate behaviors
Omar can tie his shoes, but only with his mother’s help. This suggests that tying shoes:
is within Omar’s zone of proximal development.
which of the following is most likely to remain in her own home
Maria, who is 75 and had her mortgage paid off for twenty years
research on religion in later adulthood has shown
religion is associated with greater life satisfaction
in late adulthood, self-esteem may be lower than in middle adulthood because
older people may suffer a lot of losses in their lives during late adulthood
in older adults, depression
is often undiagnosed and untreated
life reviews
vary significantly from person to person
older adults do nearly as well on tasks that require
implicit memory
dementia
is most often caused by Alzheimer’s disease
sexual satisfaction in late adulthood
is possible when expectations are modified
life expectancy in the U.S. has dropped in the last few decades. The main reason given for this drop has to do with
poor health behaviors
elder bais is apparent when
older adults are less likely to be diagnosed and treated for illnesses than younger adults
research on friends during middle adulthood has shown
social isolation is connected with poorer health
when adolescents are ‘launched’ from their home
parents still may influence their children’s choices or at least register their views on them
which of the following is true regarding the “sandwich generation”
middle-aged children often have the burden of carrying for young children and aging parents
cassandra got divorce, lost her job, and had to move into a new apartment in a run-down section of town. she believes that these setbacks are temporary. she is likely
to manage her stress better than someone who believes this situation would not change
stanley and his wife never had children and now that he is in his early 50s, he feels like something is missing from his life. according to erikson’s psychosocial theory of development, he
became stagnant
dan is a manager of an information technology company. he has two finalists for a job opening, one is 45 and the other is 23. he should know the following before he makes his final decision about whom to hire
middle-aged adults have more experience and practical knowledge than younger adults
shemeeka finds that as she gets older, she recalls most of her medical training and has built upon it in her medical practice, but cannot recall the italian she learned when she was a student abroad. this shows ___ of her cognitive development
multi-directionality
which of the following is true regarding physical development during middle adulthood
it declines gradually for most people who exercise and eat well
reaction time
increases because of a loss of neurons involved in sensing signals
what is true about the costs of divorce
divorced people have higher rates of illness than married people
which of the following is about dual-earner families
mothers are more likely to drop out of their jobs than fathers are when there are problems in the family
during the first year of a child’s life
marital satisfaction declines
those who cohabit
have less traditional view of marriage than others
farrah and michael have had a relationship for five years and have found their love for each other, which was initially extremely passionate, has flowered into a strong relationship with equal parts passion, commitment, and intimacy. their relationship would be considered to be
consummate
people who are single in their 20s
are more likely to be postponing marriage today than a generation or two ago
what makes someone attractive
in ones culture may be considered attractive in a different culture
separation of the young from the family home
occurs at different times and in different circumstances for many
diana has finished college and is beginning a new job in a city far from her parents’ home. she is continuing the process of ___ and ___
individuation; separation
the textbook authors recommend which of the following strategies for benefitting from diversity in one’s college
embrace opportunities to learn about others cultures and viewpoints
thoughts of young adults
are less egocentric than those of adolescents
piaget proposed a stage of cognitive development referred to as post formal in which
there is recognition that each person experiences differ which results in unique ways of thinking
cognitive decline during adulthood typically
affects fluid intelligence more than crystallized intelligence
rape
is most common among women ages 16-24
which of the following is true regarding causes of death during early adulthood
homicide and suicide are the leading causes of death during this time
which of the following is true about stress
younger adults are ore likely to respond to strew in unhealthy ways compared to older adults.
healthy behaviors
are lacking for many during early adulthood
juan is a tennis player (sprinter); miguel is a golfer (marathoner/archer). which statement below is correct
miguel’s athletic skills will peak in his late twenties or early thirties
which of the following is true regarding sensory abilities during early adulthood
hearing of high pitches tends to decline in the late 20s/early 30s
according to carol gilligan (1982), women score lower on kohlberg’s stages of moral development because
women have been socialized to make judgements based upon the needs of others
alexis realizes that one does not have to believe in the truth or justice of something in order to argue for it. what can we assume about alexis
all of these
which of the following is true about gender and cognitive abilities during adolescence
males score higher on tests of visual-spatial ability
jeremy is 16-years-old and drives recklessly. he tells his friends “other people have accidents, not me”. this type of thinking represents
personal fable
which of the following is true regarding nutritional needs during adolescence
adolescents often do not get as much nutrition as they need
what do we know about formal operations
some people never reach this stage
clark has hit puberty earlier than his peers. what will be the likely outcome for clark
he will be more confident and more skilled at sports
why might children from poorer, non-industrialized countries still be growing taller while those in industrialized countries are not
medical care and nutrition continue to improve in non-industrailized countries
gina and david are both 12-years-old. given what we know about adolescent height and weight growth spurts, which would you expect to find
gina is taller than david
which of the following is true about hormone levels in young men and women
they tend to remain fairly stable for young men
teachers should
communicate values and expectations
which of the following influences how well prepared a child is to make the transition from home to school
the diversity of the child’s early life experiences
jared is 6-years-old. he is experiencing nausea and vomiting each morning before school. jared may
have separating anxiety
what happens to self-esteem throughout middle childhood
it declines
as children progress into middle childhood
they become better at controlling their own behavior
justin is 5-years-old. he believes that right and wrong are absolutes and that behavior is correct when it conforms to the rules of the games. according to piaget, what stage of moral development is justin in
moral realism
why are certain disabilities, such as ADHD, often not noticed in children until the middle childhood years
because that is when children enter school and are required to sit still and pay attention
a key component of the information processing view of cognitive development includes
selective attention processes
understandingthat “dogs” can also belong in the category called “animals” is an example of
class inclusion
gains in height and weight ___ during middle childhood
are fairly steady
which of the following is an accurate definition of gender stability
recognizing that people retain their gender for a lifetime
children’s fears during early childhood focus LESS on which of the following
loud noises and strangers
by 2 years old children use words like good and bad. which of the following perspective on moral development refers to an empathy based method for teaching children about the effects of their behavior
psychoanalytic
research on very young preschoolers shows that the stronger children’s self-concept
the more possessive of objects they tend to be
bridgette and ben have created a game in which they race their bicycles through an obstacle course. according to piaget, this type of play is defined as
formal games
a child who cannot take someone else’s perspective
all of these
providing children with knowledge that enables them to generate desirable behavior patterns is called
an inductive method
another term for parallel, associative, and cooperative play is ___
social
a self-reliant child is most likely to have been raised by
authoritative parents
when she speaks to her kitten, Anais talks in a high pitch and uses short, soft words. when she talks to her friends, anais uses an adult tone. anais is demonstrating understanding of
pragmatics
according to Vygotsky, what is inner speech
the ultimate binding of language and thought
marcario is trying to build a tower of blocks. his father carefully balances a layer while marcario places the next block. soon marcario can support each layer himself which placing each block. this is an example of
the zone of proximal development
conservation requires understanding that
properties of objects remain the same, even if you change their shape or arrangement
caitlin thinks that all people love dolls because she loves dolls. this is an example of
egocentrism
which of the following is important regarding nutrition during early childhood
a well-balanced diet with plenty of healthy snacks and limited sweets and soft drinks should be provided as the eating habits now can last a lifetime
nhu and joseph are chasing each other around the park and wrestling in the grass. this form of play is called
rough and tumble play
throughout early childhood
motor skills are very similar between boys and girls
what is meant by brain plasticity
the brain can sometimes compensate for injuries
in terms of height and weight gains during early childhood
boys and girls become more slender and lose some baby fat
in terms of physical abuse, which of the following is true
none of these
mallory and steve are parents of a difficult temperament infant. in response to the child’s temperament, they become less available and less responsive. as a result, their child becomes more difficult to handle. this is an example of
goodness of fit
can attachment in humans fail to occur
yes, but attachment bonds can be built later
christopher is 4-months-old. he prefers to be held by his mother or father rather than relatives or people he’s never met. in terms of attachment, in which of Ainsworth’s phases is christopher?
attachment-in-the-making phase
a securely attached infant
may or may not be well-adjusted as an adolescent depending upon other childhood events
andrew was in the car listening to his favorite song, the circle of life from the lion king. when the song ended he said “more”. this is an example of
expressive language style
whereas Broca’s area is involved in language ___, Wernicke’s area is involved in language ___
production, comprehension
babbling
appears between 6 and 9-months of age
why do we test infants using the Bayley scales of infant development
to identify handicaps such as early signs of sensory or neurological problems
D.C. has learned that his ball is called toy. when he sees a round lightbulb, he calls it a toy. this is an example of
assimilation
why might newborns possess an imitation reflex
all of the above
dylan picks up an object he has not seen before. he immediately puts it in his mouth. dylans behavior is representative of which stage of development
sensorimotor stage
Johnny is 4 months old and his older brother Gus is playing with him. Gus holds up a bright red ball for johnny to look at, but after a couple of minutes Johnny stops looking and looks away when his brother attempts to capture his attention with the ball. Johnny has
habituated to the ball
the greatest gains in visual acuity occur
from birth to 6 months of age
a child is holding a toy clumsily, using only his fingers and palm. this is an example of
ulnar grasp
james is 2 months old. according to the principle of cephalocaudal development, of the following behaviors, which can he do well
hold his head up
Kiley, a 5-month-old infant, refuses to eat and has not gained any weight in 2 months. Kiley
may suffer from failure to thrive syndrome
human development is the field of study devoted to __ throughout life
change and correlation
which of the following represents observational learning?
gina watches mother mow grass and then pushes toy mower
Erikson’s psychosocial theory emphasizes __ more than Freudian psychosexual theory
lifespan development
a woman is considered ready to deliver:
when the cervix is effaced and dilated 10 cm
Which of the following is an argument that some make in favor of using midwives instead of traditional medicine?
modern medicine is less personal of an experience
why would a woman have an episiotomy during childbirth?
to widen the vaginal opening
the term neonate refers to
the infant the first month after birth
a baby is considered premature:
if birth occurs before 37 weeks of gestation
which of the following is most likely to show the greatest cognitive deficits and development delays?
weigh less than 3.3 lbs
does early maternal contact soon after birth influence bonding?
researchers now view the hours after birth as just one element in a complex bonding process.
newborns show preferences for which of the following?
recognizable speech like mothers voice
after first child mom became depressed what happened
baby blues
a normal huan cell contains __ chromosomes organized into __ pairs
46;23
the __ refers to a person’s physical characteristics
phenotype
carriers of certain genetic characteristics can pass that characteristic only if:
the other parent has a recessive gene for the same characteristic
during menstruation:
the unfertilized egg is discharged
the procedure that poses the least risk to the fetus is
alpha-fetoprotein assay
during amniocentesis
fluid is tested from the sac containing the fetus
environmental hazards
include lead, mercury, PCBs, and radiation
the most dramatic gains in height and weight occur:
during prenatal development
