Final

Question 1

Subjective elements of culture

Answer 1

Values, beliefs, norms, attitudes, worldviews

Question 2

Values

Answer 2

Guiding principles that refer to desirable goals that motivate behavior; personal (individual) versus cultural (societal)

Question 3

Beliefs

Answer 3

Propositions that are regarded as true

Question 4

Norms

Answer 4

Generally accepted standards of behavior within a cultural or subcultural group

Question 5

Attitudes

Answer 5

Evaluations of things, occurring either in ongoing thoughts or in memory

Question 6

Worldviews

Answer 6

Culturally specific belief systems about the world and assumptions people have about their physical and social realities

Question 7

Values - theorists

Answer 7

Geert Hofstede, Shalom Schwartz, Atran and Axelrod

Question 8

Geert Hofstede - values categories

Answer 8

a. Individualism versus collectivism
b. Power distance
c. Uncertainty avoidance
d. Masculinity versus femininity
e. Long- versus short-term orientation

Question 9

Shalom Schwartz - values categories

Answer 9

a. Embeddedness
b. Hierarchy
c. Mastery
d. Intellectual autonomy
e. Affective autonomy
a. Egalitarianism
b. Harmony

Question 10

Atran and Axelrod - values categories

Answer 10

Sacred values

Question 11

Individualism versus collectivism

Answer 11

The degree to which a culture encourages looking after one’s self and immediate family versus looking after members of their ingroup in exchange for loyalty

Question 12

Power distance

Answer 12

The degree to which a culture encourages less powerful members to accept the unequal distribution of power

Question 13

Uncertainty avoidance

Answer 13

The degree to which people feel threatened by the unknown and have developed beliefs and rituals to avoid it

Question 14

Masculinity versus femininity

Answer 14

The degree to which a culture is focused on success, money, and things versus on caring for others and quality of life

Question 15

Long- versus short-term orientation

Answer 15

The degree to which a culture encourages its members to delay gratification of material, social, and emotional needs and desires

Question 16

Embeddedness

Answer 16

The degree to which a culture emphasizes maintenance of the status quo, propriety, and restraint of desires to take action to disrupt the group’s solidarity or traditional order

Question 17

Hierarchy

Answer 17

The degree to which a culture emphasizes the legitimacy of hierarchical allocation of fixed roles and resources such as power, humility, and wealth

Question 18

Mastery

Answer 18

The degree to which a culture emphasizes getting ahead through active self-assertion or dominance over natural or social environments

Question 19

Intellectual autonomy

Answer 19

The degree to which a culture emphasizes independent ideas and the right of the individual to pursue personal intellectual directions

Question 20

Affective autonomy

Answer 20

The degree to which a culture emphasizes people’s independent pursuit of positive experiences

Question 21

Egalitarianism

Answer 21

The degree to which a culture emphasizes transcending selfish interests in favor of promoting the welfare of others

Question 22

Harmony

Answer 22

The degree to which a culture emphasizes fitting in with the environment

Question 23

Sacred values

Answer 23

Nonnegotiable values that incorporate moral beliefs that drive action in ways dissociated from prospects for success; such core values outweigh most others, especially economic ones

Question 24

Beliefs - components

Answer 24

Social axioms, religions

Question 25

Norms - components

Answer 25

Etiquette / politeness, expressive behavior, tightness versus looseness

Question 26

Attitudes - components

Answer 26

Opinions, stereotypes, prejudice

Question 27

Worldviews - components

Answer 27

Self concepts, attributions

Question 28

Social axioms

Answer 28

General beliefs and premises about oneself, the social and physical environment, and the spiritual world

Question 29

Religions

Answer 29

Organized systems of belief tying together attitudes, values, beliefs, worldviews, and norms

Question 30

Etiquette / politeness

Answer 30

A code of behavior that describes expectations for social behavior according to contemporary cultural and conventional norms

Question 31

Tightness versus looseness

Answer 31

The strength of social norms versus strength of sanctioning (how much tolerance there is for deviance from norms

Question 32

Self concepts

Answer 32

How we think about ourselves–as individuals versus fundamentally connected with others, for example

Question 33

Attributions

Answer 33

Inferences people make about the causes of events and their own and others’ behaviors

Question 34

Social axioms - components

Answer 34

Dynamic externality, societal cynicism

Question 35

Dynamic externality

Answer 35

An outward-oriented, simplistic grappling with external forces including fate and a supreme being; cultures high on this dimension tend to be more collectivistic, conservative, hierarchical, and spiritual

Question 36

Societal cynicism

Answer 36

A predominantly cognitive apprehension or pessimism of the world; cultures high on this dimension believe that the world produces malignant outcomes, that they are surrounded by inevitable negative outcomes, and that individuals are suppressed by powerful others

Question 37

Ethnocentrism

Answer 37

The tendency to view the world through one’s own cultural filters

Question 38

Enculturation

Answer 38

The process by which individuals learn and adopt the ways and manners of their specific culture

Question 39

Globalization

Answer 39

The process of integrating the world’s peoples economically, socially, politically, and culturally into a single world system or community