Final Flashcards
1
Q
What are the ethical principles?
A
- Autonomy: individuals have the right to determine their own actions and the freedom to make their own decisions (Respect of this is important)
- Beneficience: “the doing of good”; one should always consider one’s actions in the context of promoting good for other (ex. putting a sitter in a patient’s room to make sure they don’t fall even if the patient doesn’t want it)
- Non maleficence: duty to do no harm; nurse must not act in a manner that would intentionally harm the patient; the patient may experience harm but it is for the own good (Ex. chemotherapy which causes pain but may cause remission)
- Justice: equals should be treated the same and the unequals should be treated differently
- Fidelity: faithfulness and honoring one’s commitments or promises
- Veracity: telling of the truth
2
Q
What are the ANA code of ethics?
A
- The nurse in all professional relationships practice with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and uniqueness of every individuals, unrestricted by considerations of social or economic status, personal attributes, or the nature of health problems
- The nurses’ primary commitment is to the patient, whether an individual, family, group, or community
- The nurse promotes, advocates for, and strives to protect the health, safety , and rights of the patient
- The nurse is responsible and accountable for individual nursing practices and determines the appropriate delegation of tasks consistent with the nurse’s obligation to provide optimum patient care
- The nurse owes the same duties to self as to others, including the responsibility to preserve integrity and safety, to maintain competence and to continue personal and professional growth
- The nurse participates in establishing, maintaining, and improving health care environments and conditions of employment conductive to the provision of quality health care and consistent with the values of the profession through individual and collective action
- The nurse participates in the advancement of the profession through contributions to practice, education, administration, & knowledge development
- The nurse collaborates with other health professionals & the public in promoting community, national, & international efforts to meet health needs
- The profession of nursing, as represented by associations and their members, is responsible for articulating nursing values, for maintain the integrity of the profession and its practice, and for shaping social policy.
3
Q
What are the steps in analyzing an ethical dilemma?
A
- Clarify the Ethical Dilemma
- Gather Additional Data
- Identify Options
- Make a Decision
- Act
- Evaluate
4
Q
What is the ANA definition of nursing?
A
Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities and populations
5
Q
What are characteristics of an occupation?
A
- Training may occur on job
- Length of training varies
- Work → manual
- Decisions → trial and error
- Value, beliefs, ethics = not a big deal
- Commitment and personal identification vary
- Supervised
- Often change jobs
- Material rewards = main motivation
- Accountability → employer
6
Q
What are characteristics of a professional?
A
- Education at college/university
- Length of education prolonged
- Work → mentally creative
- Decisions → evidence-based practice
- Values, beliefs, ethics = big deal
- Commitment and personal identification = strong
- Autonomous
- Unlikely to change jobs
- Commitment > material rewards
- Accountability → individual
7
Q
What is Flexner’s view on the idea of a Profession?
A
- ›Intellectual (verses physical)
- ›Individual responsibility
- ›Own body of knowledge developed through research
- ›Practical and theoretical
- ›Taught thru highly specialized education
- ›Strong organization of members
- ›Motivated by altruism & public interest
8
Q
How does Hall define professionalism?
A
- Use of professional organization as a point of reference
- Belief in the value of public service
- Belief in self-regulation
- Commitment goes beyond materialistic incentives
- Sense of autonomy in practice
9
Q
How does Kelly define professionalism?
A
- Services are vital to humanity and welfare of society
- Special body of knowledge that is continually enlarged through research
- Intellectual activities and individual accountability
- Education is college/universities
- Independent (autonomous)
- Altruism
- Code of Ethics
- Organization/association encourages high standards of practice (example: ANA)
10
Q
What are ways to influence policy change?
A
- Support the professional organization that advocates for policy change -ANA American Nurses Association. Out of 3 million nurses, only 150,000 are members.
- Professional organizations and professional nurses have much to offer in formulating policy decisions at federal, state, and local levels and in each branch of government.
- Organized nursing is involved in politics at many levels in promoting comprehensive health reform and creating a safer workplace.
- Becoming politically active is as easy as signing your name in support of an issue, registering to vote, organizing a project, or speaking out on an issue.
11
Q
What is Cohen’s levels of learning/socialization?
A
- Unilateral dependence: totally reliant on authority, doesn’t question
- Negativity/independence: cognitive rebellion
- Dependence/mutuality: more reasoned evaluation of others ideas
- Interdependence: collaborative decision making, role identity
12
Q
What is Benner’s levels of socialization/knowledge acquization?
A
- Novice: limited skills, relies totally on others
- Advanced Beginner: some skills, difficulty prioritizing
- Competent Practitioner: competent, organized, coordinates several tasks
- Proficient Practitioner: sees subtle changes, sets priorities easily, long term goals
- Expert Practitioner: performs fluidly, expertise comes naturally
13
Q
Who made the reality shock theory?
A
Kramer
- Absence of positive reinforcement and lack of frequent communication
- Lack of support (faculty availability)
- Gap between ideals in school and work setting
- Inability to implement desired nursing care because of circumstances such as a heavy case load or time constraints
14
Q
What are nurses primary duty?
A
- to promote health
- to prevent illness
- to restore health
- to alleviate suffering
15
Q
What are the 5 steps of the nursing process?
A
- Assessment
- Data gathering
- Planning
- Implementation
- Evaluation
16
Q
What are the 4 stages of team development?
A
- Forming: members introduced, goals/tasks established, politeness
- Storming: more comfortable, competition, arguments, sides
- Norming: issues resolved, agreement, trust/common interests, roles/objectives understood
- Peforming: contributions, motivated by results, abilities determine shared leadership, tasks accomplished effectively
17
Q
What is the NPA?
A
Nurse Practice Act
- Defines the practice of professional nursing
- Sets the minimum educational qualifications and other requirements for licensure
- Determines the legal titles and abbreviations nurses may use
- Provides for disciplinary actions of licensees for certain causes
Establishes state boards of nursing
18
Q
What must a patient fully comprehend for an informed consent?
A
- Purpose of the procedure
- Risk and Benefits
- Expected or Desired outcomes
- Side effects and potential complications
- Alternative treatment options
19
Q
What is civil law
A
- Deals with violation of a person’s rights by another
- Dispute is resolved by third party and compensation given
- Ex: tort
20
Q
What are some intentional torts?
A
- Assault
- Conduct making another person fearful of violence, may not actually carry it out
- Battery
- Contact with a person that involves an injury or offensive act, actual touching
- Defamation of Character
- May give an individual or a group a negative image, defaming, saying something that is false that ruins the reputation of another, slander
21
Q
What are some UNintentional torts?
A
-
Negligence
- Failure to act as a reasonably prudent person would have acted in the same circumstances
-
Omission of an act of care that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in like circumstance.
- Involves harm caused by carelessness, not intentional.
-
Malpractice
- Negligence but applied to a professional.
- A professional fails to act as a reasonably prudent professional would have acted in a similar situation.
- Expert witnesses often testify.
22
Q
What are the core competencies of informatics?
A
- -provision of patient-centered care
- -work in interdisciplinary teams
- -employ evidence-based practice
- -apply quality improvement
- -utilize informatics
23
Q
What are the values of informatics?
A
- -improve health care quality
- -prevent medical errors
- -reduce health care costs
- -increase administrative efficiencies
- -decrease paperwork
- -expand access to affordable care
24
Q
What are the 6 QSEN?
A
- -patient-centered care
- -evidence-based practice
- -teamwork and collaboration
- -safety
- -quality improvement
- -informatics
25
Q
Who was Florence Nightengale?
A
- Developed concept of sanitary conditions
- Understood value of food/nutrition. Milk source of nourishment.
- Practiced changing bedding (by having two beds and airing out one at a time)
- Understood the need for fresh air
- Understood the need for the cleanliness of the patient (bathing, grooming)
- Went to Kaiserwerth
- Opened St. Thomas Hospital, London 1860
26
Q
AMA model of nursing training
A
- 1869 Dr. Samuel Gross recommended to AMA to open formal training programs for nurses
- Recommended that all hospitals have a training program taught by physicians
- 1872 first hospital training program by physicians at New England Hospital, NY. Linda Richards was first graduate
27
Q
Florence Nightengale model of training
A
- 1878 Linda Richards opened Florence Nightingale Nurse Training Program at Boston College Hospital
- Spent life reorganizing hospital training programs that offered programs independent of hospitals and physicians
28
Q
advocate for mentally ill, superintendent of women nurses of the army
A
Dorothea Dix
29
Q
Matrons of hospitals Chimborazo. One of the earliest to be placed in charge
A
Pheobe Pember
30
Q
- Director & founder of Johns Hopkins Nursing Program (first diploma school)
- Founded American Nurses Association (ANA)
A
Isabel Hampton Robb (1860-1910)
31
Q
- Taught at Johns Hopkins
- Wrote History of Nursing
- Started public health & school nursing (Nurses Settlement)
- Women’s rights & birth control advocate
- Jailed 3 times!!
A
Lavina Lloyd Dock (1858-1956)
32
Q
Who founded the International Council of Nurses (ICN)?
A
Bedford Fenwick
33
Q
- Founder of Henry Street Settlement
- Founder of Public Health Nursing Organization
- Wrote Standards for Public Health Nursing
A
Lillian Wald
