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Nutrition > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Energy yield for energy nutrients (Cal/g)

A 
Carbs = 4
Protein = 4
Fat = 9
Alcohol = 7*

*not a nutrient

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2
Q

Make calculations based on a ____ cal diet

A

2000

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3
Q

My plate food group quantities

A

Fruits and veggies = 1/2
Grains = 1/4
Protein = 1/4

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4
Q

Structure claim

A

general claim about content in the food; does not need FDA approval

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5
Q

Health claim

A

must be based on scientific evidence and approved by the FDA

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6
Q

Of all the energy nutrients, ______ is consumed the highest above FDA recommendations in the US.

A

protein

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7
Q

Protein is digested in

A

the stomach and small intestine

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8
Q

Enzyme that digests protein in the stomach

A

Pepsin

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9
Q

Enzyme that digests protein in the small intestine

A

Peptidase

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10
Q

Chief cells secrete ___.

A

pepsinogen

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11
Q

Goblet cells secrete ___.

A

mucus

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12
Q

Parietal cells secrete ___

A

HCl

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13
Q

Role of HCl in stomach

A

to denature proteins

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14
Q

Role of mucus in stomach

A

to protect stomach lining

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15
Q

Parietal cells are stimulated by the presence of :

A

gastrin

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16
Q

Peptidases are secreted by ____

A

the epithelial lining of the small intestine

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17
Q

Lack of fiber cause ____.

A

constipation

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18
Q

Highly fermentable fiber in the small intestine

A

pectins

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19
Q

Glycogen is stored in the ___ and in ____.

A

liver; muscle

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20
Q

Lactose intolerance causes ____.

A

diarrhea

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21
Q

Alpha cells in the pancreas secrete ____ and beta cells secrete ____.

A

glucagon; insulin

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22
Q

hydrogenated oils and trans-fatty acids (increase/decrease) LDLs

A

increase

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23
Q

products of cholesterol

A

Vit D, bile, sex hormones, and steroids

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24
Q

Omega 6 function

A

Pro inflammatory, converted to icosanoids and prostaglandins

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25
Q

Omega 3 function

A

Antiinflammatory

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26
Q

Enzymes are ____.

A

amino acids

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27
Q

NTs from amino acids

A

epinephrine, serotonin, norepinephrine

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28
Q

Source of omega 6

A

corn oil

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29
Q

Meat is usually an (complete/incomplete) protein and plants are usually _____.

A

complete; incomplete

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30
Q

Complete sources of protein

A

eggs, soybean, milk

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31
Q

Marasmus

A

Muscle wasting, from energy deficiency

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32
Q

Kerwarshiorkor

A

Edema, from protein defieciency

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33
Q

Richest source of meat is ___.

A

Vitamin B12

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34
Q

During starvation, fatty acids turn into ______.

A

ketone bodies

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35
Q

Na+ is a cation found in ___.

A

extracellular fluid

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36
Q

Signs of dehydration

A

shortness of breath, fatigue, nausea, headache

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37
Q

Pregnant women need food rich in ____ .

A

iron

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38
Q

One of the differences between the blood and lymph system is that the lymph system has no____.

A

red blood cells

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39
Q

The common function between B12 and folic acid is

A

DNA synthesis. Affects formation of RBC and can cause microcytic anemia.

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40
Q

Sardines are a good source of _____.

A

calcium

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41
Q

The process by which non essential amino acids are synthesized is called _____.

A

transamination

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42
Q

Resources for new amino acids

A

acid groups and side chains from amino acids, breakdown products of carbs and fats

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43
Q

Transcription location

A

nucleus

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44
Q

Transcription process

A

DNA unwinds → mRNA → to cytosol → translation

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45
Q

Translation location

A

cytosol

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46
Q

Translation process

A

mRNA → ribosomes + tRNA → amino acid chain

note : tRNA read and added three base pairs at a time

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47
Q

Denaturation

A

Process that destroys 2ndary to 4ternary structure of proteins; DOES NOT affect nutritional value of protein

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48
Q

Things that cause denaturation

A

heat
acid
salt
mechanical agitation

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49
Q

Pepsinogen is activated to form ___.

A

Pepsin

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50
Q

______ digests proteins in the stomach

A

Pepsin

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51
Q

Condensation

A

when two amino acids are brought together and RELEASE a water molecule

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52
Q

Protein hormones

A

insulin, glucagon, CCK

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53
Q

Non-protein molecules made from amino acids

A

Urea, NTs (epi, norepi, serotonin, melanin), niacin

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54
Q

Anabolism

A

Build larger molecule from small ones

Ex. gluconeogenensis, glycogenesis, lipogenesis

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55
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaks down large molecule to smaller ones

Es. glycolysis, glycogenolysis

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56
Q

The ETC takes place in the _____ and produces __(2)__..

A

mitochondria; ATP and water

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57
Q

Product of the Krebs cycle

A

CO2

58
Q

why acetyl CoA can’t form glucose

A

It is a 2 C molecule and glucose must be synthesized from at least a 3 C molecule

59
Q

Missed one meal or Day 1 starvation

A

Glycogenolysis

60
Q

Day 2-3 starvation

A

gluconeogenesis

61
Q

Day 4 starvation

A

ketosis

62
Q

Chances of being obese (BMI >30)

A

Both parents = 80%
One parent = 40%
No parent = 10%

63
Q

_____ the first energy source to be depleted in a high energy activity

A

ATP/creatine system

64
Q

Ways to measure body fat

A 
Fat fold measures
Bioelectrical impedance (curves)
Hydrodensitometry
Bod pod
Dual energy X-Ray (DEXA)
65
Q

Factors that affect BMR

A 
Height
Age
Gender
Body composition
Physical stress
Overeating
Undereating
66
Q

BMI =

A

lb * 703 / in^2

67
Q

Quick BMR

A 
Men :
kg x 24 hr x 1.0 kcal
Women :
kg x 24 hr x 0.9 kcal
1 kg = 2.2 lb
68
Q

Ideal body weight

A 
Men :
106 lbs  + 6n lbs
Women :
100 lbs + 5n lbs,
where n = in over the first 60 in (when over 5 ft)
69
Q

Total energy expenditure =

A

BMR (50-60%) +
Physical activity, or NEAT (15-35%) +
Thermal effect of food (5-10%)

70
Q

____ accounts most for total energy expenditure

A

BMR

71
Q

(T/F) In food labeling, ingredients in the greatest amount are labeled first.

A

True

72
Q

_____ is the storage form of iron; ______ is the transport form.

A

Ferritin (or hemosiderin); transferrin

73
Q

Glucose + galactose =

A

Lactose

74
Q

Lactose =

A

Glucose + galactose

75
Q

Glucose + fructose =

A

Sucrose

76
Q

Sucrose =

A

Glucose + fructose

77
Q

Glucose + glucose =

A

Maltose

78
Q

Maltose =

A

Glucose + glucose

79
Q

Glycogen is the main animal saccharide made of ___.

A

glucose

80
Q

Saturated and trans fats have a (higher/lower) melting point than unsaturated fats. Why?

A

Higher; they are more stable.

81
Q

What is the water content of the body?

A

55-60%

82
Q

Triglycerides are made up of ___ and ___.

A

a glycerol head; three fatty acid tails

83
Q

A trans fat is made from a ______.

A

cis unsaturated fat

84
Q

Micelles are made of _____ and act as _____.

A

Phospholipids; emulsifiers

85
Q

Chylomicrons are made up of

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Triglycerides
Protein

86
Q

The ______ absorbs medium/short fatty acid chains and delivers them to the ____.

A

portal vein; liver

87
Q

The ____ absorbs chylomicrons and delivers them to the ____.

A

lymph system; bloodstream

88
Q

Carbohydrates and sugars are digested in ____ by _____ in saliva.

A

the mouth; amylase

89
Q

Fats are digested in the _____.

A

small intestine

90
Q

(T/F) Facilitated and passive diffusion require energy.

A

False, they move with the concentration gradient.

91
Q

(T/F) Active transport requires energy.

A

True

92
Q

In cells, proteins are transported through ____.

A

facilitated diffusion.

93
Q

LDL

A

Low density lipoprotein = more fat than protein

94
Q

HDL

A

High density lipoprotein = more protein than fat

95
Q

For diets ____ in protein and ____ in carbs, the excess fat becomes ketone bodies.

A

high; low

96
Q

The precursor for Vit A is

A

betacarotene.

97
Q

What is UL?

A

tolerable Upper Limit:

highest amount you can take without toxicity

98
Q

Phenylalanine

A

E

99
Q

Valine

A

E

100
Q

Tryptophan

A

E

101
Q

Methionine

A

E

102
Q

Threonine

A

E

103
Q

Histadine

A

E

104
Q

Isoleucine

A

E

105
Q

Leucine

A

E

106
Q

Lysine

A

E

107
Q

Alanine

A

Non

108
Q

Arginine

A

Non

109
Q

Asparagine

A

Non

110
Q

Aspartic acid

A

Non

111
Q

Cystine

A

Non

112
Q

Glutamic acid

A

Non

113
Q

Glutamine

A

Non

114
Q

Glycine

A

Non

115
Q

Proline

A

Non

116
Q

Serine

A

Non

117
Q

Tyrosine

A

Non

118
Q

For diets ____ in protein and ____ in carbs, the excess fat becomes ketone bodies.

A

high; low

119
Q

Active forms of Vitamin A

A

Retinol
Retinal
Retinoic acid

120
Q

Retinoic acid help with _____.

A

epithelial cell formation

121
Q

Excess vitamin A causes _____.

A

birth deffects

122
Q

Vitamin A deficiency causes ___.

A

keratinization

123
Q

Important antioxidants:

A

carotenoids and Vit E

124
Q

Foods with color are rich in:

A

antioxidants

125
Q

The precursor for Vit A is

A

betacarotene.

126
Q

What is EAR?

A

Estimated Average Requirement:

where 50% of the population meets their needs

127
Q

What is RDA?

A

Recommended Daily Allowance:

amount that meets 98% of populations needs

128
Q

What is UL?

A

tolerable Upper Limit:

highest amount you can take without toxicity

129
Q

Vitamin C is crucial in _____ formation.

A

Collagen

130
Q

Subitramine (Meridia)

A

Effects: appetite suppressant, but can raise heart rate and blood pressure

131
Q

Orlistat (Xenical)

A

inhibits absorption of dietary fat from the intestinal tract, but can result in abdominal pain, loose GI, farts, and decreased absorption of Vit A, D, E, and K (fat soluble)

132
Q

Alli

A

over the counter Orlistat

can result in pancreatitis, kidney stones, liver damage

133
Q

(NT) Tryptophan is a precursor for:

A

Serotonin

134
Q

(NT) Tyrosine is a precursor for:

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

135
Q

Keto acids can become

A

Fat
Glucose/glycogen
Energy

136
Q

Ammonia can become

A

Non essential amino acid

Urea (excreted)

137
Q

Contributes to amino acid pool

A

Body proteins

Dietary proteins

138
Q

Leaves amino acid pool

A

Body protein
Non-protein molecules
Keto acid
Ammonia (excess)

139
Q

Enriched in wheat flour

A

Folic acid

140
Q

Added to food because it was lost in refinement process

A

Enriched food

141
Q

Added to food because it wasn’t already there

A

Fortified food

Nutrition (5 decks)

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