Final :) Flashcards
Law enforcement agencies in the US are part of the ___________ _______ of the national government and investigate a …….
executive branch
specific set of crimes defined by congress
The FBI protects the US from… (4)
- terrorist attack
- foreign intelligence
- espionage
- cyber based attacks
T/F: The FBI protects civil rights
true
The FBI combats … (3)
- translation and national criminal organization and enterprises
- major white collar crime
- significant violent crimes
DEA
Drug Enforcement administration- importation and sale of controlled drugs
IRS
Internal Revenue Service - pursues violations of tax laws
ATF
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives - alcohol, gun controls, and bombings
State-
patrol of state highways and serves rural areas with complete police service, operation of crime lab to serve local agencies
County-
Sheriff provides day to day police services at the local level, particularly in the south and went however this take is assigned to municipal agencies in much of the northeast where they mainly serve tasks the other sheriff tasks of court officers and operating jails
represents the majority of law enforcement in our nation, includes cities and towns, throughout the country
Municipal
Recruits receive formal training while at the police academy. This is needed to understand the rules, weapons use, and other aspects of the job. This learning continues after graduation from the police academy and during one’s probationary period when he or she works alongside and experienced officer.
Police Subculture-
occurs at this point which involves the process of learning rules, symbols, and values of a group of subculture
Socialization-
New officers will learn
- How to “look” productive
- How to take short-cuts in filling-out forms
- How to be safe in dangerous situations
- How to analyze conflicts so as to maintain order
- Informal ways of law enforcement “not by the book”
T/F: A working personality is developed over time.
True
A set of emotional and behavioral characteristics developed by members of an occupational group in response to the work situation and environmental influences.
Working personality
The working personality of the police thus influences the way officers …
view and interpret their occupational world.
What two elements of police work define the working personality
Threat of Danger, Need to Establish and Maintain Authority
Threat of Danger-
constantly alert if surroundings, suspicious and cautious, always on guard - this can create tension in officers’ lives and may affect interactions with others who may perceive this cautious behavior as being hostile
Need to Establish and Maintain Authority -
must establish authority through their actions (demeanor and behavior), order maintaining function puts pressure on officer’s authority
Police officers interact with the public mainly in moments of _______, _________, and ______
conflict, emotion, crisis
Job stress (5)
- always alert
- sometimes face grave danger
- long hours, double shifts, fatigue
- feel unappreciated by a public they perceive to be hostile
- one of the most stressful occupation just behind coal miners
4 kinds of stress that officers face
- external stress
- organizational stress
- Personal stress
- Operational stress
external stress
real threats and dangers
organizational stress
nature of work in a paramilitary structure; constant adjustment to changing schedules, irregular work hours, detailed rules and procedures
Personal stress
status among peers
Operational stress
total effect of dealing with thieves, derelicts, mentally ill; being lied to so often that all citizens become suspect; being required to face danger to protect a public that seems hostile, and always knowing that one may be held legally liable for his or her actions
Police functions
- order maintenance-
- Law enforcement-
- Service-
the police function of preventing behavior that disturbs or threatens to disturb the public peace or that involves face-to-face conflict between two or more people; in these situations police exercise discretion in deciding whether a law has been broken
order maintenance
the police function of controlling crime by intervening in situations in which the law has been clearly violated and the police need to identify and apprehend the guilty person
Law enforcement-
the police function of providing assistance to the public, usually in matters unrelated to crime
Service-
5 factors of police discretion
- Nature of the crime
- Relationship between the alleged criminal and victim
- Relationship between the police and the criminal or victim
- Race/ethnicity, age, gender, class
- Department policy
occurring in response such as police activity in response to notification that a crime has been committed
Reactive-
acting in anticipation such as an active search for potential offenders that is initiated by the police without waiting for a crime to be responded; usually are arrests for crimes without victims
Proactive-
driven policing- policing in which calls for service are the primary instigators of action
Incident
a patrol strategy that assigns priorities to calls for service and chooses the appropriate response
Differential response
Quantifying police work is difficult in part because of the
wide range of duties and day-to-day tasks of officers.
the percentage of crimes known to the police that they believe they have solved by arrest
Clearance rate
attempts by the police to involve residents in making their own neighborhoods safer, a high level of interaction between the police and citizens and the involvement of citizens in identifying problems and solving them best characterizes this approach
Community Policing
a strategy that seeks to find out what is causing citizens to call for help; the police seek to identify, analyze, and respond to the conditions underlying the events to call the police
Problem oriented policing
- the objective standard developed by the courts for determining whether a government intrusion into an individuals person or property continues a search because a interferes with the individuals interests that are normally protected from government examination
Responsible Expiration of Privacy
officers may examine and use evidence without a warrant, contraband or evidence that is in open view at a location where they are legally permitted to see
Plain View Doctrine
situations is which police officers use their authority to deprive people of their liberty or property and which must not be unreasonable according to the 4th amendment
Seizures
government officials interference with an individuals freedom of movement for a duration that typically lasts less than on hour and only rarely extends for as long as several hours
Stop-
a police officers belief based upon articulable facts that would be recognized by others in a similar situation as indicating that criminal activity is afoot and necessities further investigation that will intrude on an individuals reasonable expectation of privacy
Reasonable suspicion
an amount of reliable information indicating that it is more likely than not that evidence will be found in a specific location and that a specific person is guilty of a crime
Probable Cause
written statement of fact supposed by oath or aftermath submitted to judicial officers to fulfill that requirements of probable cause for obtaining a warrant
Affidavit
flexible test established by the supreme court for identifying whether probable cause exists to justify a judges insurance of court
Totality of Circumstances
Supreme Court decision endorsing police officers authority to stop and frisk suspects on the streets when there is a reasonable suspicious that they are armed and involved in criminal activity; a stop and frisk search is limited to a put down of the clothing to uncover weapons
Terry v Ohio
when there is an immediate threat to public safety to to the brisk that evidence will be destroyed, officers may search, arrest, or question without obtaining a warrant or following other rules if criminal procedure
Exigent Circumstance
US supreme court decision that suspects in custody must be informed of their rights to remain silent and have legal consent prior to questioning
Miranda v Arizona
exception to Miranda requirements that permit police to immediately question a suspect in custody without providing any warning when public safety would be jeopardized by their taking the time to supply the warnings
Public Safety Exception
Miranda Warning
- You have the right to remain silent
- If you decide to make a statement, it can and will be used against you in court
- You have the right to have an attorney present during interrogation or to have an opportunity to consult with an attorney
- If you cannot afford an attorney the state will provide one
the principle that illegally obtained evidence must be excluded from trial
Exclusionary Rule
permits the use of improperly obtained evidence when police officers acted in honest reliance that proper rules were being followed but a judge issued the warrant improperly, or a consent to search by someone who lacked authority to give such permission
Good Faith Exception to the Exclusionary Rule
Supreme Court ruling that improperly obtained evidence when it would later have been discovered by the police
Inevitable Discovery Rule
a difficult concept of its broad interpretations racing from accepting a free cup of coffee to robbing businesses or beating suspects
Police corruption
officers who accept payoffs that routines of police work bring their way, more common, make corruption seen acceptable and promote a code of secrecy that brands any officer that exposes corruption as a traitor, harder to detect, considered the heart of the problem
Grass Eaters
officers who actively use their power for personal gain, less common, actions make headlines when discovered
Meat Eaters
Civic accessibility 4 techniques
- International affairs units
- Civilian review broads
- Standards and accreditation
- Civil liability lawsuits
a branch of the police department that receives and investigates complaints alleging violations of rules and polices on the part of the officers
International affairs units
a committee of people who are not sworn police officers that over see and review how police departments handle cities complaints
Civilian review broads
requiring that police actions meet nationally recognized standards, the commission on accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies, a private non-profit corporation maintains specific standards in the form of a brief explanation that provides clear requirements for matters such as “the use of dissertation and its limits”
Standards and accreditation
US Supreme court ruled the citizens may sue public officials for violations of civil rights and if a human was caused by an employee whose wrongful acts were the result of “customs, practices, and policies include poor training and supervision” then the agency may be sued as well
Civil liability lawsuits
Police issues most likely to be affected by
civil liability
Civil Liability (3)
- Use of force
- Pursuit Driving
- Improper arrests
