Final

Question 1

what are the 2 types of Abs?

Answer 1

membrane-bound on the surface of B lymphocytes and secreted antibodies that neutralize toxins, prevent entry and spread of pathogens and eliminate microbes

Question 2

what is serum?

Answer 2

residual fluid with antibodies lacking coagulation factors

Question 3

what is antiserum?

Answer 3

serum that has detectable antibody molecules that bind to a particular ag

Question 4

what is electrophoresis?

Answer 4

Physical separation of plasma or serum proteins based on solubility characteristics

Question 5

What is the purpose of various antigen-binding regions?

Answer 5

to allow different antibodies to bind to a tremendous number of structurally diverse antigens

Question 6

what is the hypervariable region?

Answer 6

the region in the v region of both the heavy and light chain that allow varian and differences in amino acid sequence

Question 7

what makes up the hyervariable region? which is the most effective?

Answer 7

CDRs and CDR3

Question 8

what does the sequence difference of CDRs contribute?

Answer 8

to distinct interaction surfaces and therefore to specificities of individual antibodies

Question 9

why are different isotypes and subtypes of antibodies allowed to perform different effector functions?

Answer 9

most of the effector functions of antibodies are mediated by the binding of heavy chains C regions to Fc receptors on different cells

Question 10

what are the types of light chains?

Answer 10

kappa and delta

Question 11

What are monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 11

antibodies with a single specificity and respond to one specific epitope

Question 12

what is flow cytometry?

Answer 12

a technique used to characterize and measure cells and cellular constituents based on detecting and measuring fluorescence emitted with a laser light beam

Question 13

what can you measure with flow?

Answer 13

cell size, cell granularity, expression of cell surface

Question 14

what is ELISA?

Answer 14

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Assay for the detection and quantification of ags and abs

Question 15

what is the purpose of an ELISA?

Answer 15

measure antibody levels, detect viruses, detect hormonal changes, detect circulatory inflammatory markers

Question 16

what is the difference between affinity and avidity?

Answer 16

affinity is the strength of a single antibody to an epitope and avidity is the strength of antibody attachment to antigen that accounts for all of the binding sites

Question 17

Name the location and recognition of TLRS(3,4,&5)

Answer 17

TLR 4 and 4 are expressed on the plasma membrane. TLR 4 recognizes the LPS and TLR recognizes the bacterial flagellin. TLR 3 is expressed on the inside of the ER and endosomal reticulum where dsRNA is bound.

Question 18

Which signal does each of TLRs through and activate?

Answer 18

TLR 5 signal through MyD88 and activates NFKB inducing an inflammatory response. TLR 3 signals through TRIF activating IRF3 inducing TFN1. TLR 4 signals through MyD88 and TRIF inducing both responses.

Question 19

How are normal individuals tolerant of their own self antigens?

Answer 19

lymphocytes recognize self antigens are killed or inactivated or specificity of lymphocytes is changed

Question 20

What are the two types of tolerance?

Answer 20

central and peripheral

Question 21

What is the purpose of central tolerance?

Answer 21

when an antigen attempts to harm a self antigen during the development stages in the thymus and bone marrow

Question 22

what is the purpose of peripheral tolerance?

Answer 22

to maintain unresponsiveness to self antigens that are expressed in peripheral tissues

Question 23

what help regulate peripheral tolerance?

Answer 23

Tregs

Question 24

what are the mechanisms regulated by T cell central tolerance?

Answer 24

development of Tregs, and apoptosis/deletion

Question 25

what are the mechanisms regulated by peripheral T cell tolerance?

Answer 25

suppression via Tregs, apoptosis(deletion), and anergy

Question 26

what are the two main causes of anergy in T cells?

Answer 26

absence of costimulation and inhibitory signals

Question 27

which two factors determine if T cells undergo negative selection?

Answer 27

the presence of the antigen in the thymus and this affinity of antigen recognition

Question 28

what are the two mechanisms in central B cell tolerance?

Answer 28

receptor editing or apoptosis(high avidity) and anergy (low avidity)

Question 29

describe the process of receptor editing.

Answer 29

when an immature B cell recognizes self antigens at high concentrations the B cell has a chance to edit itself from undergoing apoptosis. B cells reactivate Rag complex initiating new VDJ recombinase in the light chain. The VJ segment is removed and replaced with a new VJ segment,

Question 30

what occurs if B cell receptor editing fails?

Answer 30

the immature b cell may die by apoptosis

Question 31

what are the mechanisms involved with peripheral B cell tolerance?

Answer 31

anergy and deletion, and signaling by inhibitory receptors