Final Flashcards
what are the 2 types of Abs?
membrane-bound on the surface of B lymphocytes and secreted antibodies that neutralize toxins, prevent entry and spread of pathogens and eliminate microbes
what is serum?
residual fluid with antibodies lacking coagulation factors
what is antiserum?
serum that has detectable antibody molecules that bind to a particular ag
what is electrophoresis?
Physical separation of plasma or serum proteins based on solubility characteristics
What is the purpose of various antigen-binding regions?
to allow different antibodies to bind to a tremendous number of structurally diverse antigens
what is the hypervariable region?
the region in the v region of both the heavy and light chain that allow varian and differences in amino acid sequence
what makes up the hyervariable region? which is the most effective?
CDRs and CDR3
what does the sequence difference of CDRs contribute?
to distinct interaction surfaces and therefore to specificities of individual antibodies
why are different isotypes and subtypes of antibodies allowed to perform different effector functions?
most of the effector functions of antibodies are mediated by the binding of heavy chains C regions to Fc receptors on different cells
what are the types of light chains?
kappa and delta
What are monoclonal antibodies?
antibodies with a single specificity and respond to one specific epitope
what is flow cytometry?
a technique used to characterize and measure cells and cellular constituents based on detecting and measuring fluorescence emitted with a laser light beam
what can you measure with flow?
cell size, cell granularity, expression of cell surface
what is ELISA?
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Assay for the detection and quantification of ags and abs
what is the purpose of an ELISA?
measure antibody levels, detect viruses, detect hormonal changes, detect circulatory inflammatory markers
what is the difference between affinity and avidity?
affinity is the strength of a single antibody to an epitope and avidity is the strength of antibody attachment to antigen that accounts for all of the binding sites
Name the location and recognition of TLRS(3,4,&5)
TLR 4 and 4 are expressed on the plasma membrane. TLR 4 recognizes the LPS and TLR recognizes the bacterial flagellin. TLR 3 is expressed on the inside of the ER and endosomal reticulum where dsRNA is bound.
Which signal does each of TLRs through and activate?
TLR 5 signal through MyD88 and activates NFKB inducing an inflammatory response. TLR 3 signals through TRIF activating IRF3 inducing TFN1. TLR 4 signals through MyD88 and TRIF inducing both responses.
How are normal individuals tolerant of their own self antigens?
lymphocytes recognize self antigens are killed or inactivated or specificity of lymphocytes is changed
What are the two types of tolerance?
central and peripheral
What is the purpose of central tolerance?
when an antigen attempts to harm a self antigen during the development stages in the thymus and bone marrow
what is the purpose of peripheral tolerance?
to maintain unresponsiveness to self antigens that are expressed in peripheral tissues
what help regulate peripheral tolerance?
Tregs
what are the mechanisms regulated by T cell central tolerance?
development of Tregs, and apoptosis/deletion
what are the mechanisms regulated by peripheral T cell tolerance?
suppression via Tregs, apoptosis(deletion), and anergy
what are the two main causes of anergy in T cells?
absence of costimulation and inhibitory signals
which two factors determine if T cells undergo negative selection?
the presence of the antigen in the thymus and this affinity of antigen recognition
what are the two mechanisms in central B cell tolerance?
receptor editing or apoptosis(high avidity) and anergy (low avidity)
describe the process of receptor editing.
when an immature B cell recognizes self antigens at high concentrations the B cell has a chance to edit itself from undergoing apoptosis. B cells reactivate Rag complex initiating new VDJ recombinase in the light chain. The VJ segment is removed and replaced with a new VJ segment,
what occurs if B cell receptor editing fails?
the immature b cell may die by apoptosis
what are the mechanisms involved with peripheral B cell tolerance?
anergy and deletion, and signaling by inhibitory receptors
