Final Flashcards
What are the religious reactions to Islam being “asleep” for so long?
Negative reactions:
1) wahhabi movement begins in 1818. beginning of islamic extremism.
2)muhammad Ahmed: claimed to be the Mahdi and that he had a vision of muhammad telling him to reclaim the faith. led an uprising, defeating army in Cairo. British fleet eventually destroys them. He dies in 1885.
Positive Reactions:
1)Muhammad Abduh: believed islam should adapt to changing times and that education was the way to success in the middle east.
What are the Secular reactions to Islam being “asleep” for so long?
1) some claimed that Islam was the problem such as FOKOLI. who thought that western Ideals were the way forward
2) Mustafa Kamal: Declared the creation of the Republic of Turkey and demanded the constitution be completely secular and Islam should keep their religious practices to themselves.
Arab Socialism
Based on Goverment control of industry and islam being separated from government
Ba’ath
United Arab Socialist Party. Stressed education, gender equality, and democratic government. Each country had its own version of this party and they all hated each other. These soon turned to dictatorships, one of these produced Sadam Hussein and another the Assad regime
1979 Iranian Revolution
Reaction to Shaw’s attempts to modernize Iran. he could not see the difference between modernization and westernization. Shaw made enemies of Sunni and Shia Islam.
Why is the USA hated so badly in Iran?
Because in 1953 the US helped the Shaw overcome elections and obtain absolute power.
What is the Zionism movement?
An attempt by jewish people and world powers to find a homeland for Jews. begins in Europe. NOT A RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT!
Diaspora
Mass immigration that is fleeing violence
Examples of a Diaspora
1- Babylonian captivity in the bible
2-Alexander the Great in Syria- Great rebellion, jews displaced
3-Revolt of Jews 60 years later that romans put down and ban jews from Jerusalem for a generation. they immigrate to europe
4-Jew persecution and exile from spain and other countries.
What events pushed the jewish problem over the edge?
1) Dafus being sent to devils Island by France because he was a jew. Victor Hugo wrote book called “I Accuse” about it. Helped him prove his innocence.
2) T. Herzel, German Kaiser, declares that all Jews be expelled from Prussia and eastern Europe. Some migrate to USA. He demands something be done about the jews.
C. Wiezmann
Englishman who calls for a Zionist gathering in Switzerland to determine what to do about the jews.
Why is Zionism condemned by the Jewish Rabi’s?
Because they believed that the jews cannot return to their own land in Palestine until the messiah comes, which they believed he hasn’t yet.
When does Zionism come to an end?
Early years of 20th Century
Who offers the jews a place to live?
The Ottoman Empire. Sultan offers a place to live but would not give them an independent nation in palestine.
What happens to the ottoman empire in 1907?
A Coupe De tah takes place led by “The Young Turks” and the gov. is overthrown. Sultan still leads but is controled by the three young turks.
Who are the three Turks that led the overthrow of Ottoman empire and controlled the sultain?
- Enver Pasha
- Tulat Pasha
- Jamal Pasha
What does the three young turks do after taking over that is so significant?
Extended Orient Express from Berlin to Baghdad.
What events were taking place as WW1 broke out?
- Zionists had given up on finding homeland
- Iran had become a non-factor because it had been taken over by Russia and GB in 1907
- Cairo declared Brittish territory as war broke out
- Arabs in Ottoman empire negotiate with Turks in attempt to obtain independent homeland.
How does Britain engage the ottoman empire
by the suez canal
how was russia making its was into the middle east in WW1 and why did they not succeed?
They were coming by the way of the Caucus Mountains. However, the Bolshevik revolution in 1917 made them withdraw.
How was britain running two separate campaigns in the middle east during WW1?
They are negotiating with the Heshamite Family in Mecca and Medina while also negotiating with the Saudi Family in Calcutta. They strike a deal with both sides, promising the creation of an arab state after the war.
What is significant about Husayn Heshamite?
Head of Heshamite family. Strikes a deal with turks through his son FAYSAL, who says the turks are not to be trusted. because of this, Husayn breaks agreement with turks and declares Jihad against Ottomans and fellow muslims who support them.
What is significant about Martin Edward Lawrence?
A brittish officer who helps Faysal fight a gorilla war against the Ottoman empire
In 1916, what agreement would change everything for the arabs after the war?
The Sykes-Picot Agreement(1916). Britain sends Sykes and France sends Picot to hash out how the middle east will look after the war. agreement dictates that GB will have Iraq( first use of the word), and france will get Syria. Not a word about an Arab state. This stays secret until 1917 when it comes out and Arabs and Martin Edward Lawrence are Irate.
what is the Balfour Declaration?
An letter written from Aurthur Balfour to Lord Rothchild that was read on the floor of brittish parliament stating that parliament look favorable on the creation of a Jewish Homeland in the Middle East. However, when it comes down to delivering on their promise they state they never promised a political state to the jews.
12/25/1917
Brittish forces surround Jerusalem. German forces surrender before they can be destroyed, but the surrender takes all day because the german forces cannot find a british leader to surrender to.
How does Mustafa Kamal come to power?
Damascus falls in early 1918, Ottoman empire on verge of collapse. The Sultan retains control and negotiates with ally’s. Order his men to surrender to Allied forces. MUSTAFA KAMAL refuses to surrender, declares war on the Sultan, and wins. He does away with the Caliphate and creates modern turkey. He rules as a disctator but sets up a democratic government for after he dies.
What does Mustafa Kamal change his last name to and what does it mean?
He changes it to Ataturk, which means “Father of Turks”
What is unique about the turks after WW1?
They are the only ones in the middle east who have control over their own political destiny. All others will have their boarders dictated to them by GB and france
the end date of ww1
November 11, 1918
The peace talks at versailles proceed by…
- not allowing any non-european power into the talks.
- Prince Feisal was allowed to speak to the major powers at the conference but the big three (Wilson, Lloyd-George, and Clemenceau) just blew him off.
- Wilson insists on a commission being sent to Palestine to investigate the creation of a Jewish State, but the other two had no interest in allowing this and tell him that because he got his League of Nations he better back off.
What is the results from the commision sent to Palestine to investigate a jewish state?
they concluded it to be a terrible idea since the Jews were a very small minority in the region and this would upset the Arabs, which it did when they were given the state in 1948.
Where can many of the issues in the middle east today be traced back to?
Sykes-picot and Versailles
What happens after the sykes-picot agreement is implrmented?
Syria given to france- split to form Lebenon. rest given to GB. Britain declared independence for egypt, Saudi Arabia and a few others but stays in the country militarily until the 1950’s.
What two families engaged in civil war after ww1?
Saudi family and Heshamite family. Saudi’s win.
What happens in syria and Iraq after ww1?
Democratic government fails, both are overthrown and replaced by Ba’ath party powers.
What was the greatest problem in the middle east after WW1?
Palestine. Jews living there didn’t like immigrant jews because they were rich and educated. there were so mnay immigrants that the brittish had to stop it but it continued to become oven worse as ww2 approached.
What did the Arab countries see the creation of a jewish state as?
an expansion of European colonialism
What are the three major conflicts that have happened in the persian gulf since 1980?
1980-1988: Iraq invades Iran. war was so severe, An entire male population die in the war
1990: Invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. US gets involved.
March 2003: US invasion of Iraq. probable that this was directly contributor of rise of ISIS. Iran emereged as major player in middle east.
Wafd definition
Egyptian Political Party- hated the British
