Exam #3 Flashcards
Can anything be related to muhammad to suggest that islam should conquer the world?
Nothing at all. he actually thought they should stay to themselves but sent messengers to the Sassinids/Bysintine empires to preach the word of god. The both rejected it.
By 750 AD what does the Arab Empire look like?
Stretches from southern France to Northern Africa and from Constantinople to India.
How did such a large expansion of islam by 750 happen?
The byzintine and sassanid empires were too weak to challenge them because of the war between each other.
How are the Hindu tribes of Northern India treated by Islam?
They were completely merciless to them because of their poly-theistic religious beliefs. the war between them gets really bad.
who was Shirkuh?
Kurd General of Zangid Dynasty, Uncle of Salah-Al-Din. Defeats Fatamids. salah-al-din Becomes leader after the Zangid leader dies. Salah- Al-din Vows to re-take Jerusalem, does so in 1187. Destroys the christian army at HATTIN. Beheads knights that violated treaty and ransoms king. Negotiates with Balian and everyone in city is spared and all christian sites are preserved like church of holy sepulcher
What leaders were involved in the 3rd Crusade
King Phillip II of France, King Richard of England, and Kind Fredrick the 1st of Holy roman empire
What even set of the 3rd crusade?
the defeat at the battle of Hattin and the taking of Jerusalem served as a rallying cry for leaders to initiate the crusade
In what order did the leaders of the 3rd crusade arrive? What happend once the crusade began?
first was Frederick I. tried to cross a river in turkey in his armor and thrown off horse, never found.
Second if Phillip, He assembles on the coasts of israel and waits for Phillip II
Richard finally arrives last and takes control over the entire operation without anyone’s consent. he makes everyone so mad that Phillip leaves take army and goes home and starts to negotiate with prince john.
Richard Attack Jerusalem and is easily repelled by Saladin. and a negotiation is struck that allows pilgrimage of Christians to the holy land.
What happens to Richard on his way home from the crusade?
He is captured and held for ransom by Leopold of Austria. Pope excommunicates leopold and demands richards release. Leopold in league with Prince John and Phillip. The jews that richard sacked before he left help by paying the ransom.
What is important about Phillip the II?
Pope tells him to go on crusade and he refuses. He becomes the “infidel emperor.” Pope threatens excommunication. he sails to holy Land and negotiates with Al-Kamil. Al-Kamil agrees to give holy land to Fredrick II and he becomes king of jerusalem. Pope is furious and sends army into Austria and excommunicates Frederick. Frederick leaves jerusalem to return home and it falls buck under Islam control.
What happens during the 4th Crusade?
1202: Venetians Sack city of Constantinople and take treasure back to Venice. the never reach Jerusalem.
1200-1300: Louie 9th tires to take cairo believing it will help take Jerusalem
What is so significance about the mamluke’s?
means “slave” in Arabic. Bodygaurds of Saladins family. take over in 1300. New Rulers are former slaves and the Sultan is Elected. Remain influencial till 19th century. take the idea of Jihad to extreme They begin to expand in 1260’s and by 1292 all of the crusaders are expelled from the Middle east.
What year is the best estimate for the end of the crusades?
1396, however, some believe that the crusades continued until 1492 because Columbus was supposed to be finding a back door into Jerusalem when he found the new world. He was supposed to get riches from the new world to fund a new crusade against the turks.
Why does the Idea of Crusade shift from offensive to defensive?
Because of the Invading Ottoman Turks invading Europe
What happened in 1396?
The Defeat of European Forces at the battle of Nicopolis by the Ottoman turks
The Invasion of the Monguls was so devastating that only two muslim powers remained. what were they?
Mamlukes in Egypt and Ottomans in turkey (Sultan Osman)
What happens in 1453?
The taking of Constantinople by Mehmed II.
Vlad Tepes
Last name means impaler. Very brutal, impaled lives prisoners up through anal cavity. Father also this way. father was known as Vlad Dracul “Vlad the dragon” younger vlad was known as Vlad Dracula “Vlad the little dragon.” everyoe hated him, even his own men. His men killed him while he was scouting the battlefield but claimed they mistook him for and enemy. He was buried and eventually they tried to dig him up but couldnt find his bones.
What did the Crusades reflect within the islamic world?
Great internal weakness. It was fractured, having as many as three Caliphates at one time.
Who were the monguls?
They were from mongolia. Considered to very civilized/advanced. Warrior race that was skillful horsemen and workers of the Bow. very rugged people.
Timuchin
eventually named “Chengiz Kahn” meaning universal ruler. Led monguls across asia and conquered everywhere. when he conquered a place he would demand 1/3rd of their wealth and population. if they refused he would level everything to the ground and build pyramid of heads in its place.
Did the expansion stop after Changiz Kahn died?
No, his children continued expanding in his place. into Russia, Ukraine, etc.
Hulagu Kahn
Means Ruler, Chengiz Kahn’s grandson. Swept across Iran leveling cities as he went. This took only two days. Later came to city of Baghdad. The current ruler of was MUTASIM who refuses to surrender. Kahn asks to negotiate and when he does he kills all his generals and throws Mutasim off a cliff rolled up in a carpet. He then takes Baghdad and destroys it. This is the End of the Caliphate.
What year signaled the End of the Caliphate
1258
Where do the monguls go after bagdad?
Into Syria and Destroy Damascus. Then move south and meet an army of Mamlukes at AYN JALUT “Goliaths Well” in 1260. Monguls are defeated and retreat into Iranian Platue. They settle there and are slowly absorbed into islam through intermarriage and conversion.
Timur
Suffered a leg wound early in his life, so knowjn as Timurlang because lang means lame. successful leader in battle and dies in 1404 very brutal just like predecessors. He goes to battle with the Ottomans and Nearly defeats them. He captures their leader and keeps him in a golden cage.
Hafez
Poet who refuses to pay head tax imposed by Timur. writes a poem that Timur likes so much he pays the tax for him.
The results of the battles with the monguls are;
- Mamlukes Stay in power in Cairo.
- Osmanli’s Stay in power in what s now Turkey, They become the ottoman turks
- Caliphates wiped out
- ilkans absorbed into islam
Between 1300-1500 the ilkans become great patrons of what?
The Arts. It is considered to be a high point of Iranian History.
How does the second definition of Jihad (Lesser Jihad) become more meaningful to Islam?
The writings of Ibn Tayimiya (1264-1378) give a less islamic view of lesser Jihad. He writes about aspects of warfare that are unacceptable. These writings are the main readings for Al-Queda but they twist his words.
1300-1453
Small group of Muslims in NW turkey are beginning to grow. Bysentine and Osmanli Turks become allies t0o fight Bulgers. because of this alliance, muslims begin to cross into easter Europe and build ADRIANOPLE. They soon become strong enough to resist bysentine’s, but can never take Constantinople. They spread and conquer areas of masedonia, Bulgaria, etc
What happens in 1451?
Mecmed II becomes Sultan and commits to taking Constantinople. They are developing gun powder by this time.
Tuesday, May 29, 1453:
Constantinople falls and Constantine the 11th is killed. This is the end of Bysentine emperors. city is plundered but buildings are not harmed. mecmed makes the city his capital. This signifies the beginning of the Ottoman empire.
How long did mecmed rule after he took constantinople?
30 years.
What are the results of the taking of Constantinople by Mecmed?
the City is rebuilt and becomes a major city in the middle east.
by 1453….
most of eastern Europe is under Islamic control. This incites fear in western Europe.
After mehmed comes who?
Salim the first, AKA “Salim the Grim”. rules for 8 years. begins expansion in middle east. spain and other western european nations are raking in the gold from the new world but Salim doesn’t seem to care about that. only expansion in middle east
who is Ismail
leads the ilkans (saffavids) into expansion in Northern Iran and Turkey. He allies with Shia islam and marries the daughter of the most powerful Iatola in islam. this unites all of Iran. he also allies with Kizel Bash and has all of their leaders murdered.
What are the two major things that Ismail Does?
He declares Shia islam to be Irans religion and Farsee to be the national language
in the year 1500, what happens?
The Ottomans and the Saffavids clash in Iraq, Creating a conflict that lasts two centuries.
What are some of the important battles that take place during this conflict? of ottomans and Saffavids?
1514: Battle of Chaldron- Ottomans win because of Gun powder
1516: Salim takes Damascus and Jerusalem
1517: Ottomans attack mamlukes and absorb them in Cairo. They also take Mecca and Medina in Arabian peninsula. The Caliph in Cairo is sent back to Constantinople where he dies and the office is absorbed into the office of Sultan
Treaty of Capitulations
Treaty made between France and the Ottoman Empire Under Sulayman . Says that Turks and French Citizens are not subject to each others laws while in each others countries.
What does Sulayman do that decreases the quality of Sultans forever?
Decree’s that all heirs to the throne will be educated in and remain in the palace
what does the massive influx of silver from the New World do to the Ottoman empire.
Ottoman economy takes a tumble because their economy is based on silver and the large influx devalues silver.
What does Nepolians invasion of Cairo in 1798 show about the islamic world?
It showed that they were way behind in technology and other advancements. This still continues even to this day.
It showed that the Islamic world was conflicted as a whole
It also showed that the middle east had been forgotten and was all of a sudden being explored again.
When did modern archaeology begin?
after neoplians invasion of Egypt.
What are extremists connected most with today from this time period
Wahhabies
What are the Qajars?
Royal family in Iran. Strikes a deal with Britain and finds itself under European control because of it.
When and how did the first actual crusade occur? Not the peasants crusade.
Barons Crusade: 1095. Bysentine army is destroyed by Islam. Cry’s for help from Constantinople. Pope urban 2 calls for holy war in Clemon. To save Constantinople and Jerusalem
What did pope urban 2nd promise those who went on crusade?
Forgiveness of their sins prior and during the war. Also implied treasures and wealth awaited them
What was the first crusade that was not actually a crusade?
Peasants crusade: French monks get together and follow “Peter the hermit” on pillage to Constantinople. The are destroyed by Islam army.
What does crusades mean?
Wars of the cross
When was Jerusalem taken during the first crusade?
- Slaughter is immense
