Final Flashcards
What are the traditional cancer managements?
surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy
How is cancer stratified?
using gene expression arrays allows survillence of expression levels which classify cancers into subgroups
What are the three types of B lymphomas stratified with gene expression arrays?
primary mediastinal, germinal-center, and activated
How has the NFKB pathways used to target b cell lymphoma?
by targeting upstream IKK
What is the future hope of genomics and proteomics?
to assign each patient’s tumor to a specific subtype of disease and to apply drug therapies that are proven to be effective
What is the difference between Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics?
PK is the study of the rate at which drugs are administered. PD is the study at which cells or molecular targets actually respond to administered drugs
What are most drugs targeting?
most drugs are targeting oncogenic receptor downstream tyrosine kinase pathway
What is does the term druggability imply?
that the target molecule has structure that should make it vulnerable to attack and inhibition by low molecule-weight compounds,
What is necessary for a protein to be considered druggable?
a well-defined catalytic cleft which allow small organic molecules to bind
What is meant by the ideology of “rational drug design?’
drugs should be targeted against specific proteins know to be malfunctioning within cells, the candidacy of these proteins as attractive targets for therapeutic intervention, detailed molecular structures of such target proteins should inform the design of the chemical structures of the drugs that are to be developed
what is a teratoma
benign tumor formed by an embryonic stem cell in which a wide variety of differentiated cell types are formed
what is warburg effect?
aerobic glycolysis
what type of cancer derives from connective tissues?
sarcomas
what type of cancers derive from secreting epithelium?
adenocarcinoma
what are some characteristics of cancer?
evading apoptosis, insensitivity to antigrowth signals, sustained angiogenesis, tissue invasion and metastasis, limitless replicative potential
what are the classification of cancer cells according to cellular growth?
normal, hyperplasia, mild dysplasia, severe dysplasia, and metastasis
how is cancer graded according to the differentiation of the tumor?
G1: well differentiated
G4: undifferentiated
what was the conclusion of Rous sarcoma virus?
he broke a sarcoma into piece which was then filtrated and injected into anther chicken which then developed a sarcoma. this concluded that RSV was able to be multiplied and cause cancer
true or false. the src antigen is also resent in uninfected cells
true
what does src encode?
tyrosine kinase
true or false, c-src is a proto-oncogene
true
Describe the process that was used to detect oncogenes in the DNA of cancer cells?
DNA is extracted from cancer cells which is then into a phosphate buffer with Ca forming crystals. The crsytals are added to normal mouse fibroblasts. If a transforming gene is present the donor DNA would become incorporated into the genome and then proliferation occurs. the cells are then injected into a mouse to determine if a tumor will form
What are the pleiotropic actions of a protein kinase
GSK-3B- proliferation
BAD-apoptosis
HIF-1a-angiogenesis
TSC2- protein synthesis
what are the types of cell communication systems?
autocrine- a cell signaling to itself
paracrine- cell signaling to a nearby tissue
endocrine- cell signaling to a distant cell
Explain the Patched-Smoothened signaling system
when a hedgehog ligand binds to the patched receptor allowing Gli to move into the nucleus to induce transcription. without the ligand patched inhibits smoothened from moving into the primary cilia creating gli to act as repressor
What is the Hayflick phenmenon
the number of times a normal human cell population will divide until cell division stops (senescence)
true or false. senescent cells may remain metabolically active but the lost the ability to reenter the cell cycle
true
which two cdks are increased during the onset of senescence
p16 and p21
what is crisis?
state arising when cells lose telomeres of adequate length, resulting i end to end fusion of chromosomes and widespread death of apoptosis
what are telomeres
repeating hexanucleotide sequence
how do cancer cells escape crisis?
by expression of telomeraseTERT
By what mechanism can telomeres be maintained
by the ALT mechanism which is used by human tumor cells that lack significant telomerase activity
True or False. Age does not play a large factor in the incidence of cancer.
False. Age plays a large factor
What is the alternative model
many steps of tumor progression are driven by heritable alterations accumulated by developing tumor cells, notably somatic mutations and promoter methylation events
what is field cancerization?
organs affected by sporadic tumors occasionally sprout multiple, apparently independently arising tumors
what causes the genetic alteration in the field of cancerization?1
somatic mutations
what is the cellular Darwinian Evolution theory?
Random mutations are presumed to create genetic variability in a cell population. Forces of selection may favor the outgrowth of individual cells that have mutatnt alleles, favoring proliferating and survival
Combining Darwin’s evolution theory with multi-step tumorgenesis what can researchers can conclude?
tumorgenesis is a succession of clonal expansion
What must the Darwinian evolution be modified?
events during tumorgenesis are epigenetic and the rate of genetic diversification can occur very rapidly
what is the cause and effect of clonal diversification?
it caused by high mutation rates which leads to tumor heterogeneity
What is heterotypic signaling?
communication between dissimilar cell types used to encourage proliferation of the other type of cells nearby
In normal cell types what does heterotypic signaling depend on?
mitogenic growth factors, growth-inhibitory signals, trophic factors
what causes stromalization of many advanced tumors?
the level of PDGF expression increases
What are the sequences of the invasion-metastasis cascade?
primary tumor formation, localized invasion, intravasation, transport throughout circulation, extravasation, micrometastasis, macrometastasis
