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Spinal Anatomy Quizzie Questions > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the names of the anterior curves, secondary curves and compensatory curves?

A

cervical and lumbar curve

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2
Q

What segmental levels form the cervical curve?

A

C2-T1

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3
Q

What segmental levels form the lumbar curve?

A

T12-L5

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4
Q

What is the earliest time of appearance of cervical curve?

A

third fetal month

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5
Q

What is the traditional time of appearance of the cervical curve said to be?

A

during the last trimester in utero

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6
Q

What is the time during which the “adult” cervical curve is said to appear?

A

within the first year after birth

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7
Q

What developental events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical curve?

A
  1. centers for vision and equilibrium will appear in the brain
  2. musculature attaching the skull, cervical region, and upper thorax together develops
  3. the head is held upright
  4. the intervertebral disc height becomes greater anterior than posterior
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8
Q

At what age will the infant begin to hold the head erect?

A

usually betwen the third and fourth month after birth

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9
Q

What is the name given to the integration of visual and motor pathways associated with holding the head erect?

A

the righting reflex

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10
Q

What is the location ofr the apex of the cervical curve?

A

typically between C4 and C5

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11
Q

What is the location for the cervical kyphosis?

A

between the occiput and C1

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12
Q

What is the vertebral relationship between cervical curve and the cervical enlargement?

A

cervical curve C2-T1; cervical enlargement C3-T1

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13
Q

What is teh time of appearance fo the lumbar curve?

A

between 12 and 18 months after birth

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14
Q

What infant activities are associated with the developmental of the lumbar curve?

A

crawling and walking

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15
Q

What developmental events are indicated int eh formation of the adult lumbar curve?

A
  1. crawling will cause the abdomen to put tension on the lumbar region and pulls it forward
  2. muscle development is promoted to compensate for the swayback of the lumbard
  3. intervertebral disc height will become greater anterior compared to posterior
  4. walking will further promote muscle intervertebral disc development
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16
Q

Which sense is a requirement for holding the head erect, standing, sitting and walking?

A

vision

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17
Q

What is the gender bias associated with lumbar curve convexity?

A

females have a greater convexity of the lumbar curve

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18
Q

What isthe vertebral relationship between the lumbar curve and the lumbar enlargement?

A

lumbar curve T12-L5; lumbar enlargement T9-T12

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19
Q

What is teh time of appearance of the lateral curves?

A

they appear after 6 years old

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20
Q

What is the relationship between curve direction and handedness?

A

a right-handed person has a high probability for a right htoracic, left lumbar curve combination

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21
Q

What names are given to conditions associated with abnormal curves of the vertebral column?

A

lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis

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22
Q

What is the defeinitions of lordosis?

A

a forward bending condition

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23
Q

What is the definition of kyphosis?

A

a humpback or hunchback condition

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24
Q

What is the definition of scolosis?

A

a warped or crooked condition

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25
Q

What are the curve classifications for military neck?

A

kyphosis or hypolordotic curve

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26
Q

What are the curve classifications for humpback or hunchback?

A

kyphosis or hyperkyphotic curve

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27
Q

What are the curve classifications for swayback?

A

lordosis or hyperlordotic curve

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28
Q

What is the more complete, more accepted definition of scoliosis?

A

an abnormal lateral curve coupled with axial rotation

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29
Q

What is the radiological test for skeletal maturity?

A

the Risser sign, and indication of bone maturity in the iliac apophysis

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30
Q

What are the classifications of scoliosis according to the Scoliosis Research Society?

A

magnitude, location, direction, etiology, structural scoliosis and non-structural scoliosis

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31
Q

What does magnitude of scoloisis refer to?

A

the length and angle of the curve deviation onX-Ray

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32
Q

What is often used to measure the magnitude of scoliosis?

A

Cobb Method

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33
Q

What does location of scoliosis infer?

A

the location on the vertebral segment forming the apex of the curve deviation

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34
Q

What does direction of scoliosis refer to?

A

the side of convexity of the curve will bend toward

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35
Q

What does etiology of scoliosis mean?

A

cause of the scoliosis

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36
Q

What is structural scoliosis?

A

a more radical form of scoliosis, it way worsen, associated with structural deformities of the vertebra or intervertebral disc, frequently has a fixed angle of trunk rotation

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37
Q

What is nonstructural scoliosis?

A

a mild form of scoliosis, unlikely to worsen, not associated with structural deformities of the vertebra or intervertebral disc and lacks a fixed angle of trunk rotation

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38
Q

What are some of the classifications of scoliosis based on etiology?

A

congential, neuromuscular, neurofibromatosis, nerve root irritation, idiopathic

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39
Q

What ist he classification of scoliosis that si unique to individual patient?

A

idiopathic scoliosis

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40
Q

What is the incidence of idiopathic scoliosis in the population?

A

1-4% of the population

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41
Q

Based on age of onset, what are the types of idiopathic scoliosis?

A

infantile, juvenile, and adolescent

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42
Q

What is the age range for infantile idiopathic scoliosis?

A

birth to 3 years

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43
Q

What is eh age range for juvenile idiopathic scoliosis?

A

3-10 years old

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44
Q

What is the age range for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?

A

over 10 years old

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45
Q

Idenfity the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of infantile idiopathic scoliosis.

A

left thoracic, male, less than 1% incidence

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46
Q

Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis.

A

right thoracic or right thoracic and left lumbar, females, 80% incidence

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47
Q

What is the genetic factor associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?

A

an autosomal dominant factor that runs in families

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48
Q

What is the relationship between curve deviation, incidence and curve worsening?

A

the greater the deviation, the lower the incidence, and the more likely to worsen

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49
Q

What are the transition zones of the vertebral column?

A

occipitocervical, cervicothoracic, thoracolumbar, lumbosacral, sacrococcygeal zones

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50
Q

What is/are te characteristics of occipitalization of C1?

A

atlas may be partially or completely fused to the occiput

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51
Q

What is another way of implying occipitalization of C1?

A

atlas assimilation

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52
Q

What is the incidence of occipitalization of C1?

A

0.1-0.8$

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53
Q

When do the centers of ossification for the odontoid process first appear?

A

during the last trimester in utero

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54
Q

When do the bilateral ossification centers for odontoid process fuse?

A

at or shortly after birth?

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55
Q

What joint is formed between the odontoid process ossification centers and the centrum of C2?

A

subdental synchondrosis

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56
Q

What is teh classification of the joint formed between the C2 odontoid process and centrum?

A

amphiarthrosis synchondrosis

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57
Q

Ossification be?

A

d

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58
Q

A joint between the odontoid process and centrum of C2 last identidied at what age?

A

7 years old

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59
Q

What is the name given to the condition in which the joint formed between the odontoid process and centrum of C2 persists beyond age 7?

A

os odontoideum

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60
Q

What is the name given to the joint between the odontoid process and centrum of C2 which is still evident beyond ge 7?

A

persistent subdental synchondrosis

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61
Q

What is the name givento the joint formed between the tip of the dens and the odontoid process centers of ossification?

A

tip of dens synchondrosis

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62
Q

What is the classification of the joint formed between the tip of the dens and odontoid process centers of ossification?

A

amphiarthrosis synchondrosis

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63
Q

WAt what age will the tip of the dens center of ossification appear?

A

sometime in early adolescence

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64
Q

Based on the age of appearance, how is the tip of the dens center of ossification classified?

A

secondary center of ossification

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65
Q

At what age will the tip of the dens and odontoid process centers of ossification perisits beyond age 12, what is the condition calle?

A

terminal ossicle

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66
Q

What is a basilar impression?

A

persistence of the nonunoin of the basilar and condylar parts of the chondrocranium such that the cartilage deforms due to the weight of the brain

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67
Q

What is a basilar invagination?

A

upper cervical spine appears to be invaginated into the skull on X-Ray analysis

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68
Q

What is teh incidence of rib-related changes following dorsalization of C7?

A

from 1/2 to 2 1/2% of the population

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69
Q

Do symptoms specific for dorsalization of C7?

A

no, they are typically asymptomatic

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70
Q

What is teh gender bias suggested in dorsalization of C7?

A

female

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71
Q

What alteration of C7 facet orientation may accompany dorsalization?

A

superior articular facet of C7 may change from back, upward and medial to that of atypical thoracic facet…back, upward and lateraal; the inferior articular facet is unchanged

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72
Q

What percent of the populcation may demonstrate thoracic- like features at C7?

A

up to 46%

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73
Q

What T1 facet orientation changes may accompany cervicalization?

A

superior articular facet may change from back, upward, and lateral to back, upward, and medial; the inferior articular facet is unchanged

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74
Q

What is the incidence of cervicalization of T1 in the population?

A

up to 28% of the population

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75
Q

What is teh incidence of lumbar ribs in the population?

A

over 7% of the population demonstrates lumbar ribs

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76
Q

What L1 facet orientation changed may accompany dorsalization?

A

superior articular facet may change from concave, back, upward and medial to flat, back, upward and lateral; the inferior articular facet is unchanged

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77
Q

What is the gender bias associated with dorsalization of L1?

A

males are 2 to 3 times more affected

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78
Q

What T12 facet orientation changes may accompany lumbarization?

A

superior articular facet may change from flat, back upward and lateral to concave, back, upward and medial; the inferior articular facet is unchanged

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79
Q

What T11 facet orientation changes may accompany lubarization?

A

the inferior articular facet may change from flat, forward, meidal and downward to convex, forward, lateral and downward; the superior articular facet is unchanged

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80
Q

What is the usual way of identifying the number of cerivals, thoracics and lumbar vertebrae during imaging studies?

A

idendify the vertebrae with ribs- they will be thoracics; those higher are cervicals, those lower are lumbars

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81
Q

What is characteristic of lumbarization of S1?

A

the filure of synostosis between S1 and S2, squaring of the vertebral body of S1 and flaring of the sacral ala

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82
Q

What is failure of synostisis between S1 and S2?

A

segments do not competely fuse together

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83
Q

What is squaring of the vertebral body of S1?

A

the S1 vertebral body has similar anterior and posterior heights, hence a lack of wedging

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84
Q

What is flaring of the sacral ala?

A

the transverse process of the ala appears to elevate as though separating from therest of the sacral ala

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85
Q

What is characteristic of sacralization of L5?

A

L5 may be partially or competely fused to the sacrum

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86
Q

What is the incidence of sacralization of L5 in the population?

A

41-85%

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87
Q

Which segment demonstrates the greatest morphological variation along the spine?

A

L5

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88
Q

What articular facet changes accompany sacralization of L5?

A

none

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89
Q

What is teh incidence of variation within the sacrococcygeal region in teh population?

A

up to 14%

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90
Q

What is characteristic of sacralization of Co1?

A

premature fusion of Co1 to the sacrum

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91
Q

What is characteristic of coccygealization of S5?

A

the separation of S5 from sacrum and its premature fusion to Co1

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92
Q

The trapezius is innervated by what nerve?

A

spinal accessory nerve

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93
Q

What forms the spinal accessory nerve innervating the trapezius

A

C1-C5 cord levels contribute to the spinal root fo the spinal accessory nerve

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94
Q

The latissumus dorsi is innervated by what nerve?

A

thoracodorsal nerve

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95
Q

What forms the thoracodorsal nerve innervating the latissumus dorsi?

A

ventral rami from C6-C8

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96
Q

Which of the muslces of the true back are innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve?

A

levator scapulae, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor

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97
Q

What forms the dorsal scapular nerve?

A

ventral ramus of C5

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98
Q

What is the innervation of the splenius capitis?

A

dorsal rami of middle cervical spinal nerves (c3-C5 cord levels)

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99
Q

Splenius cervidcis will attach to what locations on the spine?

A

lateral mass of C1 and posterior tubercle of transverse process on C1-4

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100
Q

Contraction of splenius cervicis will result in what movements?

A

lateral flexion and roataion of neck; bilaterally they extend the neck

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101
Q

Which muslces are identified as erector spinae or sacrospinous muscles?

A

iliocostalis, longissumus, spinalis

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102
Q

What is the innervation of the iliocostalis lumborum?

A

dorsal rami of lower thoracic and lal lumbar spinal nerves

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103
Q

What is tehinsertikon for the iliocostalis thoracis?

A

costal angles of the upper 6-7 ribs, transverse process of C7

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104
Q

What is the origin for the iliocostalis cervicis?

A

costal angles of the upper 3-6 ribs (ribs 1-3 or ribs 1-6)

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105
Q

What is teh insertion for the iliocostalis cervicis?

A

posterior tubercle of transverse process of C(3) C4-6

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106
Q

What is the innervation of the iliocostalis cervicis?

A

dorsal rami of T1, T2 spinal nerves, sometimes C8 spinal nerve (C8, T1, T2 cord levels)

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107
Q

What osseous parts of t?

A

3

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108
Q

Contraction of longissimus thoracis will result in what movements of the vertebral column??

A

lateral flexion of the htoracic spine (lumbar spine inadvertently)
bilaterally acts to extend thoracic and lumbar spine, holds thoracic and lumbar spine erect, increases lumbar lordotic curve
lateral pelvic movment

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109
Q

What is the innervation of the longissimus thoracis?

A

dorsal rami of all thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves (cord levels T1-T12, L1-5)

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110
Q

Which muscles of the spine exhibit a reversal of the expected origin-insertion combination?

A

iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum, longissimus thoracic pars lumborum and multifidis lumborum

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111
Q

Contraction of multifidis will result in what movements?

A

lateral flexion and roation of the lumbar spine, mantains the lumbar lordotic curve and prevents entrapement of lumbar zygapophyseal capsular ligament during movement

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112
Q

Contraction of multifidis cervicis will result in what movements?

A

alters the zygapophyseal capuslar ligament response to load distribution
determines the cervical spine response to injury as evidenced by neck pain and is a significant contributor to postural control of teh head and neck

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113
Q

What is teh innervation of the classic multifidi?

A

dorsal rami of C3-8, T1-12, L1-5 and S1 spinal nerves (cord levels C3-8, T1-12, L1-5 and S1)

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114
Q

Contraction of the classic multifidis will result in what movements of the vertebral column?

A

lateral flexion and oration of the spine, maintains the lumbar lordotic curve and prevents entrapment of zygapophyseal capsular ligament during movement

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115
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the classic multifidis?

A

articular process of C4-7, transversse processes of T1-12, mammillary processes of L1-5 and the dorsal surface of S1-4 or S5

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116
Q

What is the innervation of the semispinalis capitis?

A

dorsal rami of C1-C6 spinal nerves (cord levels C1-6)

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117
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis capitis?

A

transverse tubercles of C7, T1-6 or 7 and articular processes of C4-6

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118
Q

What is the innervation of the semispinalis cervicis?

A

dorsal rami of C6-8 spinal nerves (cord levels C6-8)

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119
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve asan origin to the semospinalis cervicis?

A

transverse tubercles of T1-5, or 6 and articular processes of C4-7

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120
Q

What is the innervation of the semispinalis thoracis?

A

Dorsal rami of T1-6 spinal nerves (cord levels T1-6)

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121
Q

What segment will represent the lowest attachment site for the semispinlis thoracis?

A

T12

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122
Q

How many vertebral can be attached to a single semgnet by transversospinalis muscles?

A

as many as 9 vertebrae

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123
Q

What osseous prats of the vertebral column serve as an insertion for the longissumus cervicis?

A

posterior tubercle of transverse processes from C2-6 or 7, articular processes from C2-6 or 7

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124
Q

What is the innervation of the longissimus cervisi?

A

dorsal rami of C4-8 and T1-2 spinal nerves (C4-8 and T1-2 cord levels)

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125
Q

What is the innervation of the longissimus capitis?

A

dorsal rami of C1-3 or 4 spinal nerves, (c1-3 or 4 cord levels)

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126
Q

Wich erector spinae muscles attach to cervical articular processes?

A

longissimus cervicis and longissimus capitis

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127
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the spinalis thoracis?

A

spinous processes of T11 and T12, L1 and L2

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128
Q

What is the innervation of the spinalis cervicis?

A

dorsal rami of all cervical spinal nerves (C1-8 cord levels)

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129
Q

What is the innervation of the spinalis capitis?

A

dorsal rami of lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal nerves

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130
Q

Which muscles are identified as transversospinalis muscles?

A

semispinalis, multifidis and rotators

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131
Q

Transversospinlis muscles represent what layer of the true back?

A

layer 5

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132
Q

Based on the name of this group, what is the origin-insertion of the transversopspinalis?

A

transverse process origin, spinous process insertion

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133
Q

Rotator muscles are typically identified in what region of the spine?

A

thoracic region

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134
Q

What is the classic origin of rotator brevis or its’ homolog?

A

transverse processes from C3 and each lower vertebra to the dorsal surface of sacrum (C3-C7, T1-T12, L1-L5, sacrum)

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135
Q

What is the classic orgin of rotator longus or its’ homolog?

A

spinous process two segmental levels above, from C2-7, T1-12, L1-5

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136
Q

What innervates the rotators?

A

dorsal rami at the level of insertion are velieved to do so

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137
Q

Which suboccipital muscle lacks an attachment to the skull?

A

obliquus capitis inferior

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138
Q

Which nerve will innervate all suboccipital muscles?

A

dorsal ramus of C1, suboccipital nerve

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139
Q

What is the origin of the rectus capitis posterior major?

A

spinous tubercle of C2

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140
Q

What is the origin of the rectus capitis posterior minor?

A

posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1

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141
Q

What is the origin of the obliquus capitis inferior?

A

C2 spinous process and lamina

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142
Q

What is the insertion of the obliquus capitis inferior?

A

transverse process of C1

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143
Q

What is the origin of the obliquus capitis superior?

A

posterior tubercle of transverse process of C1

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144
Q

An increase in the density of muscle spindles is most appearnt in which suboccipital muscle?

A

obliquus capitis inferior

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145
Q

What is the result of communication between suboccipital muscles, visual centers and vestibular centers?

A

coordination of head and eye postion

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146
Q

What is the proposed function of the suboccpiptal muscle group?

A

postural stabilizers of the atlanto-occpital and atlanto-axial joints

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147
Q

Which suboccpiptal muscles are known to attach to dura mater?

A

rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor and obliquus capitis inferior

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148
Q

Interspinalis is paired in which regions of the spine?

A

cervical and lumbar regions

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149
Q

At what locations will interspinalis be absent along the spine?

A

T3-T4 down to T10-T11

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150
Q

Based on the density of muscle spindles what is the proposed function of the interspinalis?

A

acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with intertransversarii to coordinate the smooth movemtn of teh spine and to maintain appropriate posture

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151
Q

Which of the cervical intertransversarii is innervated by dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves?

A

posterior medial belly, cervical intertransversarii

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152
Q

What is the origin of the medial belly of the lumbar intertransversarii?

A

accessory process of transverse process L1-4

mammillary process of superiro articular process L1-4

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153
Q

Which of the lumbar intertransversarii is innervated by dorsal rami of lumbar spinal nerves?

A

medial belly, lumbar intertransversarii

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154
Q

Which muscle group is innervated by both dorsal rami and ventral rami of spinal nerves?

A

intertranversarii

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155
Q

Based on density of muscle spindles what is the proposed function of the intertransversarii?

A

acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with interspinalis to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture

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156
Q

What is the origin of the longus colli?

A

vertebral bodies of C5-6, T1-3 and anterior tubercles of transverse processes C3-5

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157
Q

What will innervate the longus colli?

A

ventral rami of C2-6 or C7 spinal nerves

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158
Q

What will innervate the longus capitis?

A

ventral rami of C1-3 spinal nerves

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159
Q

What is the origin of the rectus capitis anterior?

A

lateral mass and costal element of the transverse process of C1

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160
Q

What will innervate the rectus capitis anterior?

A

ventral rami of C1-2 spinal nerves

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161
Q

What will innervated the rectus capitis lateralis?

A

ventral rami of C1-2 spinal nerves

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162
Q

What is the insertion of the anterior scalene?

A

ridge and anterior scalene tubercle of the first rib

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163
Q

What will innervate the anterior scalene?

A

transverse processes of C1, C2 and posterior tubercles of transverse process of C3-7

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164
Q

What is the insertion of the middle scalene?

A

between the tubercle and groove for the subclavian artery on the first rib

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165
Q

What will innervate the middle scalene?

A

ventral rami of C3-8 spinal nerves

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166
Q

What is teh insertion of the posterior scalene?

A

outer surface of the second rib

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167
Q

What will innervate the posterior scalene?

A

ventral rami of C6-8 spinal nerves

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168
Q

The quadratus lumborum is implicated in the formation of which ligament?

A

iliolumbar ligament

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169
Q

What is teh origin of the psoas major?

A

vertebral bodies T12, L1-5, S1 and transverse processes of L1-5

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170
Q

What will innervate the psoas major?

A

primarily the ventral rami of L2-3, may include ventral rami of L1 and L4 spinal nerves

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171
Q

What is teh origin of teh psoas minor?

A

vertebral bodies T12, L1

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172
Q

What will innervate the psoas minor?

A

ventral ramus of L1 spinal nerve

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173
Q

What will innervate the iliacus?

A

femoral nerve, primarily the ventral rami of L2 and 3

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174
Q

What is the origin of the levator costarum brevis?

A

transverse tubercles of transverse processes from C7, T1-11

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175
Q

What will innervate the levator costarum brevis?

A

dorsal rami of T1-12 spinal nerves

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176
Q

What is the origin of the levator costarum longus?

A

transverse tubercles of transverse processes from T7-10

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177
Q

What will innervate the levator costarum longus?

A

dorsal rami of te lower thoracici spinal nerves

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178
Q

What is the origin of the serratus posterior superior?

A

upper outer border of rib 2-5

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179
Q

What wil innervate the serratus posterior superior?

A

ventral rami of T2-5 spinal nerves…intercostal nerves

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180
Q

What is the origin of the serratus posterior superior?

A

spinous tubercles of spinous processes from T11, T12, L1-2 and possibly L3

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181
Q

What is the maximum number of common ligaments identified with a vertebral couple?

A

8

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182
Q

What is the reason that nine common ligaments are identified but only eight will be attached at any specific vertebral couple?

A

the ligamentum nuchae and supraspinous ligaments attach to the spinous tubercles, but only one of these will be identified at a single vertebral couple

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183
Q

Which common ligaments will attach to the vertebral body?

A

anterior longitudinal ligament, intervertebral disc and posterior longitudinal ligament

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184
Q

What common ligament will attach to the vertebral body?

A

ligmentum flavum

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185
Q

What is the number of trueinterveretebral discs identified in the adult?

A

23

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186
Q

In the adult, which vertebral levels will demonstrate a true intervertebral disc?

A

those between C2 and S1 inclusive

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187
Q

What percent of intervertrebral disc height contribution to the length of each region of the vertebral column?

A

cervical: 22-25%
thoracic: 20%
lumbar: 33%

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188
Q

What is the inervertebral disc hisologically composed of?

A

cells, collagen fibers and a hydrated proteoglycan gel

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189
Q

What are the names of the central, peripheral and horizontal zones of the intervertebral disc?

A

nucleus pulposus, central zone
annulus fibrosus: peripheral zone
cartilaginous end plate: horizontal zone

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190
Q

What is the name of the growth zone of the intervertebral disc?

A

transition zone

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191
Q

What maintains the height of the cervical intervertebral disc?

A

unicinate process

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192
Q

What is the effect of aging on the intervertebral disc nucleus puplosis?

A

it becomes more fibrous as water and proteoglycan concentrations diminish

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193
Q

What is the cervical nucleus pulposus composed of?

A

fibrocartilage

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194
Q

What is the water concentration in the lumbar nucleus pulposus at birht and after thirty?

A

birth: 88%
30: 70%

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195
Q

What is the consequence of non-aggregated glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar nucleus pulposus?

A

the nucleus pulposus will loose water under deformation conditions

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196
Q

What cell is associated with the nucleus pulposus until about age 11?

A

notochord cells

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197
Q

What cells are associated with the mature nucleus pulposus?

A

reticulocyte-fibroblast and chondroblast

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198
Q

Which type of collagen is dominant in the nucleus pulposus?

A

collagen type II

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199
Q

What is the organizational patter for collagen fibers in the nucleus puplosus?

A

irregularly oriented and randomly scattered

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200
Q

What general tissue location is described as having an abundance of collagen type II fibers?

A

cartilage

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201
Q

What is the role of collagen type II fibers based on locations where it is dominant?

A

appears to be related to tissues having a deformation-reformation ability

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202
Q

What is the appearance of the cervical annulus fibrosus?

A

a horse-shoe with the anterior margin thick and the lateral margins tapering to the uncinate processes; the posterior margin is thin

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203
Q

What compensates for the thinness of the posterior part of teh cervical annulus fibrosus?

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

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204
Q

What is the organization of the lumbar annulus fibrosus?

A

it has 12-14 concentric cylindrical lamellae

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205
Q

Why is the posterior part of the lumbar annulus fibrosus more susceptible to rupture, herniation, prolapse or protrusion?

A

the posteiror margin of each lamellus is thin and the posterior longitudinal ligamgnet is also less developed

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206
Q

What is the water concentration in the lumbar annulus fibrosus at birth and after thirty

A

birth: 78%
30: 70%

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207
Q

What is the organizational pattern for glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar annulus fibrosus?

A

they typically have a binding site for hyaluronic acid and are thus aggregated

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208
Q

Which type of collagen is dominant in the annulus fibrosus?

A

collagen type I

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209
Q

What is the organizational pattern forcollagen fibers in the annulus fibrosus?

A

they are parallel with one another in a single lamellus and angled

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210
Q

What is the organization of collagen fibers between lamellae?

A

collagen fibers will be angled in the opposite direction such that a spiral-counterspiral organization is ovserved

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211
Q

What is the average angle of collagen fibers within the annulus fibrosus?

A

they average 50-60 degrees

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212
Q

What is the attachment site for collagen fibers within the annulus fibrosus?

A

collagen fibers of the outer lamellae will become Sharpey’s fibers and penetrate the epiphyseal rims; collage fibers of the inner lamellae will attach to teh cartilaginous end plate

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213
Q

What is the origin for the cells of the annulus fibrosus?

A

sclerotomites

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214
Q

What cell type is associated with the annulus fibrosus?

A

fibroblast and fibrocyte

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215
Q

What part of the vertebral body will the cartilage end plate cover?

A

the cancellous bone at the top or bottom of the vertebral body

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216
Q

What part of the vertebral body upper and lower surfaces will the cartilage end plate not cover?

A

the epiphyseal rim

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217
Q

What is the principal type of collagen fibers within the cartilage end plate?

A

type II collagen fiber

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218
Q

What is the direction of collagen fibers within the cartilage end plate?`

A

collagen fibers are aligned anterior to posterior

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219
Q

What is the attachment site for collagen fibers of the inner lamellae of the annlus fibrosus?

A

the cartilaginous end plate

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220
Q

What cell type is associated with the cartilage end plate?

A

chondrocytes

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221
Q

What is the earliest indicator of intervertebral disc pathology or degeneration?

A

changes in the histology of the cartilage end plate

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222
Q

What part of the intervertebral disc will exhibit constant remodeling?

A

transition zone

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223
Q

What is the area of maximum metabolic activity in the intervertebral disc?

A

the transition zone

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224
Q

What part of the intervertebral disc is innervated?

A

the outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus

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225
Q

What part of the cervical intervertebral disc is highly innervated?

A

the middle third of the annulus fibrosus

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226
Q

What are the types of receptor endings in the intervertebral disc?

A

nociceptors and proprioceptors

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227
Q

What is the relationship between size of the intervertebral disc and receptor endings?

A

the larger the disc, the greater the variety of receptor endings

228
Q

The recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral nerve has typically been shown to originate from which source?

A

gray ramus communicans

229
Q

What part of the intervertebral disc is innervated by the recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral nerve?

A

outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus at the posterior part of the intervertebral disc

230
Q

What forms the anterior neural plexus of the vertebral column?

A

fibers from the ventral primary ramus

231
Q

What forms the lateral neural plexus of the vertebral column?

A

fibers from the ventral primary ramus, fibers from the white ramus communicans, fibbers from the paradiscal ramus communicans, fibers from the grey ramus communicans

232
Q

What is the name given to the white ramus communicans which becomes embedded within the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc?

A

paradiscal ramus communicans

233
Q

What part of the intervertebral disc is innervated by fibers from the paradiscal ramus communicans?

A

the outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus at the lateral part of the intervertebral disc

234
Q

What is the popular theory of intra-abdominal pressure and intervertebral disc response to weight bearing?

A

increasing the intra-abdominal cavity pressure will diminish the amount of resistance the intervertebral disc needs to generate by up to 50%

235
Q

Based on histology, what is the classification of the intervertebral disc?

A

cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis

236
Q

What are the divisions of the embryonic somite?

A

sclerotome, myotome, and dermatome

237
Q

What structure is formed following migration of sclerotoms to surround the notochord?

A

perichordal blastema

238
Q

What is formed within the perichordal blastema between the sclerotomites?

A

the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von Ebner

239
Q

What does the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von Ebner become?

A

perichordal disc

240
Q

What will the dense sclerotomite become?

A

the upper part of the vertebral segment forming below

241
Q

What structure forms following migration and subsequent mixing of the sclerotomite?

A

vertebral blastema

242
Q

What part of the intervertebral disc will the notochord form?

A

nucleus pulposus

243
Q

What part of the intervertebral disc will the perichordal disc form?

A

annulus fibrosus

244
Q

What is the earliest indicator of the position of the adult intervertebral disc?

A

intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von Ebner

245
Q

What vertebral levels will the anterior longitudinal ligament attach to?

A

those between occiput and S3 inclusive are traditionally indicated

246
Q

What is the lowest extent of the anterior longitudinal ligament based on recent studies?

A

L3

247
Q

What is believed to form the anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar spine?

A

tendon of the crura of the diaphragm

248
Q

What innervates the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

anterior neural plexus formed by fibers from the ventral primary ramus and sympathetic postganglionic fibers from the paravertebral ganglia

249
Q

what is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

it brakes or limitis dorsi-flexion or hyperextension of the vertebral column

250
Q

What was ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar region identified as?

A

Forestier’s disease

251
Q

What is ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar region now identified as?

A

Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH)

252
Q

What is the classification of the posterior longitudinal ligament-vertebral body joint?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis

253
Q

What vertebral levels will the posterior longitudinal ligament attach to?

A

those between C2 and S3 inclusive are traditionally indicated

254
Q

What will the posterior longitudinal ligament attach to in addition to vertebral bodies?

A

intervertebral disc

255
Q

Newer research suggests what regional variation in the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

priminent in the cervicals, occational in the thoracics, rare in the lumbars

256
Q

What is the relationship of the posterior longitudinal ligament to the vertebral foramen?

A

it forms the anterior boundary of the spinal canal

257
Q

What is the appearance of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine?

A

parallel along its lateral margins

258
Q

What is the appearance of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar spine?

A

hourglass shaped along its lateral margins

259
Q

What is the innermost layer of the posterior longitudinal ligament called?

A

perivertebral ligament

260
Q

What innervates the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

posterior neural plexus formed by fibers from the recurrent meningeal nerve/sinu-vertebral nerve/sinus vertebral nerve

261
Q

What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

is brakes or limits flexion of the vertebral column

262
Q

Where is ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament most commonly identified?

A

cervical spine with an 80% incidence

263
Q

What is the clinical sign of posterior longitudinal ligament ossification in the cervical spine?

A

loss of hand and finger dexterity

264
Q

What is the clinical sign of posterior longitudinal ligament ossification in the lumbar spine?

A

faltering gait

265
Q

What is the gender, age and ethnic bias associated with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

males over 50 and higher incidence in Japanese

266
Q

At one time ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament was an example of what condition?

A

Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH)

267
Q

What are the specific bony attaching sites for the ligamentum flavum?

A

laminae

268
Q

What will the ligamentum flavum atach to in addition to the lamina?

A

may blend with the capsular ligament of the zygapophysis

269
Q

How many ligamenta flava will attach to the lamina of a cervical segment?

A

two: one with the upper margin of the lamina and one with the the lower margin

270
Q

In which region of the spine will the ligamentum flavum be paired?

A

lumbar spine

271
Q

How many ligamenta flava will attach to the lamina of the lumbar segment?

A

four: two with the upper margin of the lamina and two with the lower margin

272
Q

What is the relationship of the ligamentum flavum to the vertebral foramen?

A

forms the posterior boundary of the spinal canal

273
Q

What is the name given to the ligamentum flavum based on appearance and histology?

A

yellow elastic ligament

274
Q

What fibers are most ligaments made up of?

A

collagen type I fibers which are whitish in appearance

275
Q

What is the color of most ligaments in the body?

A

whitish

276
Q

What is the function of the ligamentum flavum?

A

brakes or limits flexion of the vertebral column

277
Q

What is now thought to be a major function of the ligamentum flavum?

A

it is early prime factor in extension of the vertebral body

278
Q

Where is ossification of the ligamentum flavum most commonly identified?

A

the thoracic spine or thoracolumbar transition zone

279
Q

What is the relationship between the capsular ligament and mobility?

A

the more lax/loose the capsular ligament is, the greater the motion of the joint

280
Q

What regions of the vertebral column demonstrate the greatest laxity of capsular ligaments?

A

cervical and lumbar regions

281
Q

In what region of the vertebral column will the capsular ligament the tightest?

A

thoracic region

282
Q

What layers are present in the capsular ligament?

A

superficial layer of collagen fibers and a deep layer of elastic fibers

283
Q

The capsular ligament may blend with which other common ligament?

A

ligamentum flavum

284
Q

What muscle will blend with the capsular ligament posteriorly?

A

multifidis

285
Q

What is the pattern of innervation for the zygapophysis capsular ligament?

A

typically innervated by 3 spinal nerves

286
Q

If the zygapophyseal capsular ligament is not significantly involved in restricting motion what is its’ function?

A

probably involved in proprioceptive feedback to the muscles stabilizing the vertebral couple during movement

287
Q

What vertebral levels will the interspinous ligament be attached to?

A

those between C2 and S1 inclusive are traditionally indicated

288
Q

What is the status of the cervical interspinous ligament?

A

lacking, poorly developed or simply considered the deep anterior part of the ligamentum nuchae

289
Q

What is the status of the thoracic interspinous ligament?

A

narrow and elongated reflecting the shape of the spinous process

290
Q

what is the status of the lumbar interspinous ligament?

A

brakes or limits flexion of the vertebral column

291
Q

what is now thought to be a major function of the interspinous ligament?

A

more likely a proprioceptive transducer for the spinal reflex

292
Q

What are the layers of the ligamentum nuchae?

A

a superficial and deep layer are identified

293
Q

What is the name given to the superficial layer of the ligamentum nuchae?

A

funicular layer or part

294
Q

What is the name given to the deep layer of the ligamentum nuchae?

A

lamellar layer or part

295
Q

What are the attachment sites for the superificial layer of the ligamentum nuchae?

A

external occipital protuberance, external occipital crest, and spinous tubercle of C7

296
Q

What is the histological make-up of the human ligamentum nuchae?

A

yellow elastic ligament, but has more collagen fibers than in gradrupeds

297
Q

What is the primary yellow elastic or elastic ligament of the spine?

A

ligamentum flavum

298
Q

What is the classic function of the human ligamentum nuchae?

A

brakes or limits flexion of the cervical spine

299
Q

What is the classic termination level inferiorly for the supraspinous ligament?

A

upper sacral spinous tubercles`

300
Q

What is the termination level inferiorly for the supraspinous ligament according to current literature?

A

primarily at L4 (73%); between L4 and L5 (5%)

301
Q

Where is the supraspinous ligament said to be best developed?

A

lumbar spine

302
Q

What is now believed to form the supraspinous ligament in the lumbar spine?

A

tendons or aponeurosis associated with the longissimus thoracis and the multifidis

303
Q

What is the classic fucntion of the human supraspinous ligament?

A

brakes or limits flexion of the spine

304
Q

What is now thought to be a major function of the supraspinous ligament?

A

proprioceptive transducer for the spinal reflex

305
Q

What is the status of the cervical intertransverse ligament?

A

said to be paired with an anterior and posterior intertransverse ligament present

306
Q

What is the status of the lumbar intertransverse ligament?

A

well developed with two parts identified, a ventral slip and a dorsal slip

307
Q

Where in the vertebral column is the intertransverse ligament best developed?

A

lumbar spine

308
Q

What part of the intertransverse ligament in the lumbar spine covers the intervertebral foramen?

A

ventral slip

309
Q

What part of the intertransverse ligament in the lumbar spine divides the body wall into an anterior muscular compartment and a posterior muscular compartment?

A

dorsal slip

310
Q

What is the classification of the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

synovial (diarthorisis) ellipsoidal

311
Q

What other joint space does the atlanto-occipital joint communicate with?

A

posterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint

312
Q

Which atlanto-axial joint is identified as a synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)?

A

median atlanto-axial joint

313
Q

Which atlanto-axial joint is identified as a synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)?

A

lateral atlanto-axial joint

314
Q

What are the names given to the synovial joint spaces of the median atlanto-axial joint?

A

anterior bursa and posterior bursa

315
Q

What is the classic function of the anterior atlanto-occipital ligament?

A

brakes or limits extension of the skull over the cervical spine

316
Q

Ossification of the free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament results in which atypical bone classification?

A

accessory bone

317
Q

What other name may be used to identify a ponticulus posticus?

A

Kimmerly’s anomaly

318
Q

What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?

A

arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal

319
Q

What is the classic function of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?

A

brakes or limits axial rotation, flexion and perhaps lateral bending of the skull on atlas

320
Q

What amount of flexion extension is accommodated by the atlanto-occpiptal joint?

A

25 degrees

321
Q

What amount of axial rotation is accommodated by the atlanto-occpiptal joint?

A

3-8 degrees one side axial rotation

322
Q

Which motion is best accommodated by the atlanto-occpiptal joint?

A

flexion-extension

323
Q

What amount of lateral bending is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

5 degrees

324
Q

What is the function of the transverse atlantal ligament?

A

primary stabilizer of the atlanto-acial joint restricting the distance of C2 from the anterior arch of C1

325
Q

What is ADI?

A

atlanto-dental interspace, radiographic distance between the surfaces of the anterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint

326
Q

The ADI is observed between which surfaces?

A

fovea dentis of C1 and facet for fovea dentis of C2

327
Q

What is the ADI of children compared to that of adults?

A

about 4.5 mm in children; a range of 2-3mm or abound 2-5 mm in adults

328
Q

What are the attachment sites for the accessory atlanto-axial ligament?

A

the base of the dens and vertebral body of axis to the tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament on the lateral mass of C1; a superior continuation may attach on the occpital bone just behind that of the alar ligament

329
Q

What are the degrees of movement facilitated at the atlanto0axial joint?

A

about 20 degrees flexion-extension, 40 degrees one side axial rotation and 5 degrees of lateral bending

330
Q

The occiput-C1-C2 joint complex accounts for what percentage of all cervical axial rotation?

A

60%

331
Q

What ligament attaches to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum and the top of the dens of C2?

A

apical dental ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament

332
Q

What is the embryonic derivative of the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament?

A

notochord

333
Q

What is the function of the alar ligament?

A

together the function to resist axial rotation

334
Q

What forms the cranial continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

membrana tectoria or tectorial membrane

335
Q

What are the attachment sites for the superficial layer of the membranan tectoria or tectorial membrane?

A

posterior part of the inferior epiphyseal rim and vertebral body of C2 to the capsular ligament of the atlanto-occipital joint and cranial dura of the posterior cranial fossa

336
Q

List, in order, the ligaments in the midsagittal plane from the dura mater at the level of the medulla oblongata to the anterior bursa of the median atlanto axial joint.

A

membrana tectoria
crutiate ligament
capsular ligament of the posterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint
apical ligament of the dens

337
Q

For the cervical spine below C2, what is the range of flexion-extension?

A

about 90 degrees or about 18 degrees per couple

338
Q

For the cervical spine below C2, what is the range of one side lateral bending?

A

about 50 degrees or about 10 degrees per couple

339
Q

For the cervical spine below C2, what is the range of one side axial rotation?

A

about 33 degrees or 6 degrees per couple

340
Q

What are the locations for the costovertebral joints on the vertebra?

A

costocentral joint at the vertebral body and the costotransverse joint at the transverse process

341
Q

Which costocentral ligament forms part of the anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen?

A

costocentral capsular ligament

342
Q

The costocentral radiate-stellate ligament is identified with which joint classification?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis

343
Q

An intra-articular ligament will be identified with which ribs?

A

2-9

344
Q

What are the attaching surfaces of the intra-articular ligament?

A

intra-articular crest of the head of the rib and the intervertebral disc

345
Q

Which vertebra will have a synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) costotransverse joint?

A

typically T1-10

346
Q

What are the accessory ligaments of the costotransverse joint?

A

superior costotransverse ligament, inferior costotransverse ligament and the lateral costotransverse ligament

347
Q

At what rib will the superior costotransverse ligament be absent?

A

first rib

348
Q

What ligaments will attach to the neck of the 12th rib?

A

superior costotransverse ligament form T11 and the lumbosacral ligament from L1

349
Q

What is the age and gender bias associated with ankylosis of the sacro-iliac joint?

A

age 50 and male bias particularly in African American males

350
Q

What is the age and surface bias associated with degenerative arthrosis of the sacro-iliac joint?

A

age 40, iliac auricular surface

351
Q

What does ankylosis mean?

A

a condition of fibrous adhesion occurs within the joint

352
Q

What does degenerative arthrosis mean?

A

condition of degeneration of the joint, sometimes referred to as degenerative joint disease (DJD)

353
Q

What pathological or age-related modifications of the sacro-iliac joint may occur?

A

degenerative arthrosis and ankylosis

354
Q

What forms the accessory sacro-iliac joint?

A

sacral tuberosity and the iliac sulcus

355
Q

Which gender is biased with greater unevenness of the auricular surface of the sacro-iliac joint?

A

males

356
Q

What is the superficial appearance of the auricular surfaces of the sacro-iliac joint by age 15?

A

the sacrum develops a sacral groove while the ilium develops an iliac ridge

357
Q

What is the auricular surface of the ilium composed of?

A

articular cartilage, interspersed with fibrocartilage

358
Q

What does the sacral cornu represent?

A

inferior articular process and facet of S5

359
Q

What is the homolog of the capsular ligament at the sacrococcygeal joint?

A

intercornual ligament

360
Q

What is the homolog of the intertransverse ligament at the sacrococcygeal joint?

A

lateral sacrococcygeal ligament

361
Q

What forms the closure for the spinal canal inferiorly?

A

the fusion of the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament with the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

362
Q

List, inorder, from cranial to caudal the ligaments forming the posterior boundary of the spinal canal.

A

posterior atlanto-occipital ligament, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum and the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

363
Q

List, in order, from cranial to caudal the ligaments forming the anterior boundary of the spinal canal.

A

membrana tectoria, posterior longitudinal ligament and the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

364
Q

List, inorder, from cranial to caudal the ligaments forming teh anterior boundary of teh spinal column.

A

anterior atlanto-occipital ligament, anterior atlanto-axial ligament, anterior longitudinal ligament and the anterior sacrococcygeal ligament

365
Q

Which rangeof motion is least for the L5/S1 vertebral couple?

A

oneside lateral bending

366
Q

Which range of motion is least for L1-L5 vertebral couples?

A

one side axial rotation

367
Q

Which range of motion is greatest for all lumbar vertebral couples?

A

flexion-extension

368
Q

Which vertebral couple of the lumbar spine has the greatest range of motion?

A

L5/S1

369
Q

What are the attachment sites for teh accessory iliolumbar ligament?

A

transverse process of L4 and iliac crest

370
Q

Which ligament from the iliolumbar ligament complex represents the lumbosacral ligament of classical descriptions?

A

inferior iliolumbar ligament

371
Q

Which ligament from the iliolumbar ligament complex will attach to the sacral ala?

A

inferior iliolumbar ligament

372
Q

Which of the current ligaments from the iliolumbar ligament complex repressents the iliolumbar ligament of classical descriptions?

A

superior iliolumbar ligament

373
Q

Which ligaments replace the intertransverse ligment at the lubosacral joint?

A

iliolumbar ligament and lumbosacral ligament

374
Q

Which range of motion is least for lower thoracic vertebral couples?

A

one side axial rotation

375
Q

Which range fo motion is greatest for lower thoracic vertebral couples?

A

flexion-extnsion

376
Q

Which vertebral copules of the thoracic spine have the greatest motion?

A

T11/T12 and T12/L1

377
Q

What are the attachemtn sites for the lumbocostal ligament?

A

neck of the 12th rib and the transverse process of L1

378
Q

What is the function of the superiro costotransverse ligment?

A

limitation of lateral bending or maintianing lateral stability

379
Q

What are the attachment sites for teh inferior costotransvserse ligametn?

A

neck of the rib and transverse process of the vertebra at that level

380
Q

Which vertebral will have an attachment for teh inferior costotransverse ligament?

A

T1-T11

381
Q

What is the name of teh space between the transversse process and the neck of the rib?

A

costotransverse foramen

382
Q

Which ligament “fills” the costotoransverse foramen?

A

infeiror costotransverse ligament

383
Q

What are the attachment sites for the lateral costotransverse ligament?

A

non-atricular surface of teh tubercle of the rib and the transverse tubercle of the transverse process of the vertebra at that level

384
Q

Which vertebral wil have an attachemtn for the lateral costotransverse ligament?

A

T1-T11

385
Q

Which vertebra will lack an attachment for the lateral costotransverse ligament?

A

T12

386
Q

What are the attachment sites of the interosseous sacroiliac ligament?

A

at the sacral tuberosity and iliac sulcus

387
Q

What is the relationship between the capsular and interosseous sacroiliac ligaments?

A

interosseous sacro-iliac ligament replaces the capsular ligament posteriorly

388
Q

What passes between the layers of the interosseous sacro-iliac ligament?

A

dorsal rami from the sacral spinal nerves

389
Q

What forms the falciform process?

A

continuation of the sacrotuberous ligament along the ischial ramus

390
Q

What separates the greater sciatic and lesser sciatic foramina?

A

sacrospinous ligament

391
Q

What vertebral levels correspond to the position of the manubrium sterni?

A

T3-4

392
Q

What separates the manubrium sterni and corpus sterni?

A

manubriosternal symphysis

393
Q

What vertebral levels correspond to the position of the corpus sterni?

A

T5-9

394
Q

How many sternabrae for the corpus sterni?

A

4 sternabrae

395
Q

What articular sites for the costal cartilage of teh ribs will be identified on the corpus sterni?

A

costal notches II-VII

396
Q

What feature of the corpus sterni is present in 4-7% of the population?

A

sternal foramen

397
Q

What causes the appearance of the sternal foramen?

A

failure of the ossification centers of the sternum to fuse together normally

398
Q

What attaches to the scalene tubercle of the first rib?

A

anterior scalene muscle

399
Q

Which groove on the body (corpus or shaft) of the first rib is close to the vertebral end?

A

groove for the subclavian artery and first thoracic nerve

400
Q

Which groove on the body (corpus or shaft) of the first rib is close to the sternal end?

A

groove for the subclavian vein

401
Q

What specifically will attach to the crest of the neck of the second rib?

A

superior costotransverse ligament from the transverse process of T1

402
Q

What unique feature is present on the body (corpus or shaft) of the second rib?

A

tuberosity of the serratus anterior

403
Q

What are the classifications of ribs 8-9 in the typical adult skeleton?

A

typical ribs, false ribs, costa spuriae, vertebrochondral ribs

404
Q

What are the classifications of rib 10 in the typical adult skeleton?

A

atypical rib, false rib, costa spuriae, vertebrochondral rib

405
Q

What are the classifications of the ribs11 or 12 in a typical adult skeleton?

A

atypical ribs, false ribs, costa spuriae, vertebral ribs

406
Q

What are the joints of the anterior thorax?

A

costochondral, sternocostal or sternochondral, interchondral and sternal joints

407
Q

What ribs will participate in the sternocostal or sternochondral joint?

A

rib1-7

408
Q

What is the classification of the first sternocostal or sternochondral joint?

A

cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis

409
Q

What is the classification of the second-seventh sternocostal or sternochondral joint?

A

synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

410
Q

Which of the sternocostal or sternochondral ligaments is unique to the second sternocostal or sternochondral joint?

A

intra-articular ligament

411
Q

The capsular ligament is present at which interchondral joints?

A

the 6-9th interchondral joint

412
Q

What is the classification of the 6th-9th interchondral joints?

A

synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

413
Q

What is the classification of the 5-6th or 9-10th interchondral joint?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis

414
Q

Which costal cartilages fil to form a joint at their sternal end?

A

11-12th costal cartilages

415
Q

In the developing sternum, what joint classification is present between the manubrium, corpus and xiphoid process?

A

cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis

416
Q

Primary centers of ossification for the sternum first appear at what age?

A

5th fetal month

417
Q

In what part of the sternum will a secondary center of ossification appear?

A

xiphoid process

418
Q

In what part of the rib will secondary centers of ossification appear?

A

head, aritcular surface of the tubercle and the non-arituclar surface of the tubercle

419
Q

Which ribs will deminostrate primary centers of ossification for the body (corpus or shaft)?

A

all ribs (1-12)

420
Q

What are the contents of the optic canal?

A

optic nerve and opthalmic artery

421
Q

What are the contents of the superior orbital fissure?

A

the opthalmic veins, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, abducent nerve

422
Q

What bony feature is prominent in the median plane of the middle cranial fossa?

A

sella turcica

423
Q

The olfactory nerve exits the cranial vault via what opening?

A

cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

424
Q

What points on the skull are used to measure cranial vault capacity?

A

nasion, vertex and inion

425
Q

What points on the skull are used to measure the skull size?

A

nasion, vertex, inion and gnathion

426
Q

What is the tip of the external occipital protuberance called?

A

inion

427
Q

what forms the indented chin?

A

well developed bilateral mental tubercles and a slight mental protuberance

428
Q

What forms a bullet-like chin?

A

large mental protuberance

429
Q

What is the name given to the alveolar jugum of the canine tooth in the maxilla?

A

canine eminence

430
Q

What is the name given to the outline of the nasal cavity at the front of the skull?

A

piriform apeture

431
Q

what is the norma verticalis?

A

skull viewed from the top

432
Q

what is the appearance of the intersection of the coronal and sagittal sutures called?

A

bregma

433
Q

What is the appearance of the intersection of the lambdois and sagittal sutures called?

A

lambda

434
Q

what is the diamond shaped remnant of developing membrane bone at the intersection of the frontal bone with both parietal bones?

A

anterior fontanelle

435
Q

What is the diamond shaped remnant of developing membrane bone at the intersection of the occipital bone with both parietal bones?

A

posterior fontanelle

436
Q

What is the glabella?

A

elevation of bone over the frontal sinus between the orbits

437
Q

What are the characteristics of sutura notha (false sutures)?

A

sutures lacking interlocking of adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by endochondral ossification

438
Q

What are the characteristics of the sutura vera (true sutures)?

A

sutures demonstrating interlocking of adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by intramembranous ossification

439
Q

What forms of the roof of the poserior cranial fossa?

A

tentorium cerebelli

440
Q

What part of the cerebrum ocupies the posterior cranial fossa?

A

none; the tentorium cerebelli separates the cerebrum into a space above the posterior cranial fossa

441
Q

What part os the central nerve system occupies the posterior cranial fossa?

A

cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongota

442
Q

What are the contents of the internal acoustic meatus?

A

cranial nerves VII (facial nerve) and VIII (vestibulocochlear/auditory nerve), nerve intermedius/nerve of Wrisberg/sensory root of VII and the motor root of VII, the vestibular and cochlear roots of VIII and the internal auditory/internal labyrinthine artery and vein

443
Q

What cranial nerves are located within the juglular foramen?

A

craial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal), X(vagus) and XI (spinal accessory)

444
Q

What can the five layers of the scalp spell?

A

Skin, Connective tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose Connective Tissue, Periosteum (SCALP)

445
Q

What are the principal sources of the blood to the scalp?

A

internal carotid and external carotid artery branches

446
Q

Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve receive sensory information from the scalp?

A

all 3 divisions; opthalmic, maxillary and mandibular nerve

447
Q

Which mandibular division, trigeminal nerve branch innervates the scalp?

A

auriculotemporal nerve

448
Q

What type of motor fibers to skeletal muscles are given off by the facial nerve?

A

branchial efferent (BE)

449
Q

What is the third layer of the scalp associated with?

A

musclar compnent of the scalp

450
Q

What muscles are specifically associated with the scalp?

A

frontalis and occpiptalis bellies of the epicranius muscle

451
Q

Which muscles lack any attachemtn to bone?

A

obicularis oris, procerus and risorius

452
Q

Most of the seventh cranial nerve will exit the skull via what opening?

A

stylomastoid process

453
Q

Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve contain somatic afferent (SA) pathways?

A

all three

454
Q

The optic canal is located along which wall of the orbit?

A

superior wall of the orbit

455
Q

What are the contents of the optic canal?

A

optic nerve and opthalmic artery

456
Q

What is the name given to the medial wall of the orbit?

A

lamina papyracea

457
Q

The superior orbital fissure is located along which wall of thorbit?

A

lateral wall fo the orbit

458
Q

What are the contents of the superior orbital fissure?

A

oculomotor, trochlear and abducent cranial nerves, opthalmic division of the trigeminal cranial and opthalmic veins

459
Q

What opening is located along the inferior wall of the orbit?

A

infeiror orbital fissure

460
Q

What is contained in the inferior orbital fissure?

A

maxillary division of trigeminal nerve

461
Q

What are the layers of the eyelid?

A

skin, obicularis oculi muscle, tarsal plate/tarsus and palpebral conjunctiva

462
Q

What are the names given to the modified sebaceous gland in the tarsus of the eyelid?

A

tarsal or Meibomian gland

463
Q

What is the function of the Meibomian gland?

A

produces a thick, hydrophobic substance that prevents tears from overflowing onto the cheeks along the margin of the eyelid

464
Q

What is the ciliary gland?

A

modified sebaceous gland at the base of the eyelash

465
Q

What are the anems given to the modified sebaceous glands of the palpebra?

A

tarsal gland or Meibomian gland and ciliary gland

466
Q

What is the name given to the union of the skin at the eye lid margins?

A

medial palpebral commissure or lateral palpebral commisure

467
Q

what is the name given to the elevation at the medial canthus?

A

lacrimal caruncle

468
Q

What is the crescent shaped appearance of the conjunctiva at the medail canthus called?

A

plica semilunaris conjunctiva

469
Q

What is the name given to the elevation at the medial margin of the eyelid?

A

superior lacrimal papilla or inferior lacrimal papilla

470
Q

What is the name given to the opening at the lacrimal papilla?

A

lacrimal punctum

471
Q

The lacrimal punctum is continuous with what structure?

A

lacrimal calaliculus

472
Q

The lacrimal gland is an example of what classification of gland?

A

exocrine gland

473
Q

Superior and inferior lacrimal canaliculi drain into what structure?

A

lacrimal sac

474
Q

What is the name of the structure draining the lacrimal sac?

A

nasolacrimal duct

475
Q

The nasolacrimal duct will open into what specific location?

A

inferior nasal meatus of nasal cavity

476
Q

What specific pathways are identified with Visceral Efferent (VE) innervation?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic motor pathways

477
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in teh Visceral Efferent (VE) parasympathetic pathway to the lacimal gland?

A

facial and trigeminal (maxillary and opthalmic divisions)

478
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation of blood vessels in the lacrimal gland will result in what?

A

vasodilation of blood vessels, increased availability of water to secratory units, thinner or more watery product in lumen

479
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of teh lacrimal gland will result in what events?

A

vasoconstriction of blood vessels, limited availability of water to secretory units, more viscous or thcker product formed in the glandular lumen

480
Q

What are the names of the layers of the eyeball?

A

fibrous tunic, uveal tranct and retina

481
Q

What are the parts of the fibrous tunic of teh eyeball?

A

cornea and sclera

482
Q

What are the parts of the vascular tunic of the eyeball?

A

iris, ciliary body, choroid and pupil

483
Q

What are the parts of the uveal tract of the eyeball?

A

iris, ciliary body, choroid, pupil

484
Q

What is the name of the innermost layer of the eyeball?

A

retina

485
Q

What is the function of the rod cell?

A

provide vision in dim light conditions

486
Q

What is the function of the cone cell?

A

provide vision in bright light conditions and mediate color vision

487
Q

What is the most numerous photoreceptor cell?

A

rod cell

488
Q

What are the chambers of the eyeball in front of the lens?

A

anterior chamber and posterio chamber

489
Q

Wat separates the anterior chamber and posterior chamber in the eyeball?

A

iris

490
Q

What is the location of the antieror chamber of the eyeball?

A

between cornea and iris

491
Q

What is the location of the posterior chamber of the eyeball?

A

aqueous humor

492
Q

What is contained in the posterior chamber of the eyeball?

A

aqueous humor

493
Q

What is the name given to the chamber behind the lens?

A

vitreous chamber

494
Q

What is the location of the vitreous chamber?

A

behind the lens, infront of the retina

495
Q

What fills the vitreous chamber?

A

vitreous body

496
Q

What are the common characteristics in origin and insertion of all rectus extraocular muscles?

A

they all originate from a common annular tendon in the orbit

they all insert into the sclera in front of the corona equator of the eyeball

497
Q

What is the common characteristic regarding the insertion of both oblique extraocular nuscles?

A

both insert onto sclera on the lateral margin of the eyeball behind the coronal equator

498
Q

What is the common characteristic concerning the insertion of the superior and inferior rectus extraocular muscles?

A

they insert onto the sclera of the eyeball in front of the coronal equator and are displaced slightly medially

499
Q

What is the apparent function of the medial rectus extraocular muscle?

A

pulls the cornea inward/medially; adducts the cornea

500
Q

What is the apparent function of the lateral rectus extraocular muscle?

A

pulls the cornea outward/laterally; abducts the cornea

501
Q

What is the apparent function of the superior rectus extraocular muscle?

A

pulls the cornea upward/superiorly and at the same time rotates the conea inward; elevation and adduction of the cornea; conjunct movement of intorsion

502
Q

What is the apparent function of the inferior rectus extraocular muscle?

A

pulls the cornea upward/superiorly and at the same time rotates the cornea inward; depresssion and adduction of the cornea; conjunct movement of extorsion

503
Q

What is the apparent function of the superior oblique extraocular muscle?

A

pulls the back of the eyeball upward and inward which causes the corena to rotate conjunct movement of intorsion

504
Q

What is the apparent function of the inferior oblique extraocular muscle?

A

pulls the back of the eyeball downward and inward which causes the cornea to rotate upward and outward; elevation and abduction of the cornea; conjunct movement of extorsion

505
Q

What is the embryonic origin of the extraocular muscles or extrinsic muscles of the eyeball?

A

skeletal muscle is derived from the somites hence somatic efferent (SE)

506
Q

Which nerves will innervate specific extrinsic/extraocular muscles?

A

oculomotor- superior rectus, medial recuts, inferior rectus, inferior oblique
trochlear- superior oblique
abducens- lateral rectus

507
Q

What type of cartilage forms the auricle?

A

elastic cartilage

508
Q

What feature are commonly observed in the skin of the ear?

A

hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

509
Q

What is the helix of the external ear?

A

rounded outer rim of the auricle

510
Q

What is the rounded outer rim of the auricle called?

A

helix

511
Q

What is teh name given to the anterior fold of the helix above the tragus?

A

crus of helix

512
Q

What consititutes the crus of the helix of the external ear?

A

anterior fold of the helix above the tragus

513
Q

What is the spine of the helix of the external ear?

A

palpable anterior projection of the helix

514
Q

What is the palpable anterior projection of the helix of the external ear called?

A

spine of the helix

515
Q

What is the scaphoid fossa of the external ear?

A

depression under the rim of the helix

516
Q

The depression under the rim of the helix of the external ear is called…?

A

scaphoid fossa

517
Q

The rounded inner rim of the external ear is called the…?

A

antihelix

518
Q

What is the antihelix of the exernal ear?

A

rounded inner rim of the external ear

519
Q

The antihelix of the external ear divides to form the…?

A

superior crus and inferior crus of the antihelix

520
Q

What is the superior crus of the antihelix of the external ear?

A

rounded linear upper extension of the antihelix

521
Q

What is the inferior cruse of the antihelix of the external ear?

A

rounded linear lower extension of the antihelix

522
Q

What is formed between the crura of the atihelix of the external ear?

A

triangular fossa

523
Q

What is teh cymba concha of the external ear?

A

part of the concha between the helix and the inferior crus of the antihelix

524
Q

What feture is between the inferior crus of the antihelix and the helix of the auricle?

A

cymba concha

525
Q

What is the name of the cavity leading to the external auditory meatus?

A

chona

526
Q

What is the name of the eminence anterior to the concha?

A

tragus

527
Q

What is the name given to the “goat’s bear” of the auricle?

A

tragus

528
Q

What is the name of the indentation between teh tragus and antitragus?

A

intertragic incisure

529
Q

What is the name of the rounded elevation superior to the lobule of the auricle?

A

antitragus

530
Q

What is the name given to the fatty, suspensory, inferior part of the auricle?

A

lobule

531
Q

The lateral third of the external acoustic meatus is protected by…?

A

cartilage

532
Q

The medial part of the external acoustic meatus is protected by…?

A

temporal bone

533
Q

Skin lining the external acoustic meatus contains what modified sebaceousglands?

A

ceruminous glands

534
Q

What is cerumen?

A

product of ceruminous glands forming the bulk of ear wax

535
Q

What vein is formed within the parotid gland?

A

retromandibular vein

536
Q

What veins unite to form the retromandibular vein?

A

superficial temporal and internal maxillary veins

537
Q

Within the parotid gland what does the facila nerve form?

A

facial nerve plexus

538
Q

What are the branches of the facial nerve plexus?

A

temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical branches

539
Q

What branch of the facila nerve penetrates the parotid gland, but is not given off within it?

A

chorda tympani nerve

540
Q

What is the superior boundary for the temporal region?

A

temporal lines of the paritetal and frontal bones

541
Q

What forms the floor of the temporal region?

A

pterion (sphenoid, parital, temporal, frontal bones)

542
Q

What is teh major feature of the temporal region?

A

temporalis muscle

543
Q

The temporal region is vascularized by which branches of the external carotid artery?

A

superficial temporal artery

544
Q

The temporal region is drained by which vein?

A

superficial temporal vein

545
Q

What are the contents of the infratemporal region?

A

medial and lateral pterygoid muscles, internal maxillary artery and branches, pterygoid venous plexus, internal maxillary vein, branches of the trigeminal and facila nerves and otic ganglion

546
Q

What is the innervation of each muscle of mastication?

A

medial pterygoid (medial pterygoid nerve, mandibular division, trigmeninal)
lateral pterygoid (lateral pterygoid nerve, mandibular division, trigeminal)
masseter (masseteric nerve, mandibular division, trigeminal)
temporalis (anterior and posterior deep temporal nerves, mandibular division, trigeminal)

547
Q

What are the extracapsular ligaments of the temporomandibular joint?

A

temporomandibular/lateral ligament, stylomandibular ligament, sphenomandibular ligament

548
Q

What does the lateral/temporomandibular ligament represent?

A

thickening of the fibrous capsule of the temporomandibular joint

549
Q

What are the attachment sites of the stylomandibular ligament?

A

styloid process of the temporal bone to the angle of the mandible

550
Q

What does the stylomandibular ligament represent?

A

a thickening of the deep cervical fascia

551
Q

What are the attachemtn sites of the spenomandibular ligament?

A

spine of the sphenoid bone to the lingula of the mandible

552
Q

What muscles act to depress the mandible or open the mouth?

A

lateral pterygoid along with the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

553
Q

What muscles act to elevate the mandible or close the mouth?

A

temporalis, masseter and meidal pterygoid

554
Q

What muscles act to protract the mandible or protrude the chin?

A

masseter, meidal pterygoid and lateral pterygoid

555
Q

What muscles act to retract the mandible or pull the chin back?

A

temporalis

556
Q

What are the names given to the opening of the mouth?

A

oral orifice, oral fissure, rima oris, or the rima of the mouth

557
Q

What is the name given to the space between the lips and the teeth?

A

labial vestibule

558
Q

What is the name given tot he space between the cheecks and teeth?

A

buccal vestibule

559
Q

What is the name given to the junction between the skin and the red region of the lip?

A

vermillion border

560
Q

What is the name given to the red region of the human lip?

A

vermillion zone

561
Q

What is the name given to the median depression of the upper lip?

A

philtrum

562
Q

What is the name given to the depression extending from the nasal ala to the corner of the upper lip?

A

nasolabial groove/sulcus

563
Q

What is the name given to the horizontal furrow between teh lower lip and the chin?

A

mentolabial groove, the labiomental groove, mentolabial sulcus or the labiomental sulcus

564
Q

What is the name given to the union of the upper and lower lips at the corner of teh mouth?

A

labial commissure

565
Q

Wat is the name given to the attaching material in the midan plane from thelip to the gingiva proper?

A

supeiror labial frenulum or the inferior labial frenulum

566
Q

What cutaneous or superficial branches arise from the cervical nerve plexus?

A

lesser occipital nerve, ventral primary ramus of C2
greater auricular nerve, ventral rami of C2, C3
transverse cervical nerve, ventral primary rami of C2 and C3
Supraclavicular nerve, ventral primary rami of C3 and C4

Spinal Anatomy Quizzie Questions (4 decks)

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