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SAM 1 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Thyroid levels are usually lower in humans than dogs

A

False

Lower in dogs than humans

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2
Q

What type of diet do you want to use in a cat with DM?

A

Low carb

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3
Q

What is the gold standart test for hypoT?

A

TSH stimulation test

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4
Q

How would you diagnostically define a sick hypercalcemia patient?

A

Dehydrated

Azotemia

Weak

Ca x PO4 > 70

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5
Q

Tx for cats with hypercalcemia?

A

High fiber diet

Prednisilone

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6
Q

Normal value for TT4?

A

>35nmol/L

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7
Q

What are the TT4, fT4, and TSH values in a dog with euthyroid sick syndrome?

A

TT4 - low

fT4 - normal

TSH - normal to low

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8
Q

What is the ideal range of [BG] in a diabetic dog on insulin therapy?

A

100-250

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9
Q

What are some common findings in a patient with hypoT?

A

Mild non-regenerative, normocytic, normochromic anemia

Horner’s syndrome

Delayed estrus

Alopecia

Hypercholesterolemia

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10
Q

In hyperT animals, what 3 systems have increased function?

A

Heart

BP/vascular resistance

Kidneys

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11
Q

What zones of the adrenal gland is Mitotane toxic to?

A

Fasiculata and reticularis

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12
Q

What is the treatment of choice for ADH?

A

Surgery

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13
Q

What is the doctor term for Addison’s?

A

Hypoadrenocorticism

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14
Q

T/F: Patients with Cushings will have a stress leukogram

A

True

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15
Q

What is the most common presenting problem with hyperparathyroidism?

A

Urocystolithiasis

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16
Q

What values on your biochem profile will be decreased with Cushings?

A

Urea

Creatinine

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17
Q

What is the best treatment for hyperT cats?

A

Iodine-131

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18
Q

When adjusting insulin dose using nadir blood glucose, what do you do if the value is 5-10 mmol/L?

A

Dont change the insulin dose

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19
Q

What are the signs of congenital hypoT?

A

Disproportionate dwarfism

Cretinism

HypoT

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20
Q

If you have Ca<6, what are the two possible causes?

A

Eclampsia

Hypoparathyroidism

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21
Q

What is deficient with atypical Addisons?

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) ONLY

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22
Q

What do you use to pretreat an animal with pheochromocytoma before surgery?

A

Phenoxybenzamine 1-2 weeks prior

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23
Q

Which form of primary adrenal failure develops first? Typical or Atypical?

A

Atypical

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24
Q

What is the desired range of an ACTH stim test in an animal being treated with Trilostane that would not require alteration of dosage?

A

20-120nmol/L

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25
Q

What is the doctor term for Cushing’s?

A

Hyperadrenocorticism

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26
Q

T/F: Patients with Cushings will have a high USG

A

False

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27
Q

What age dogs usually have thyroid tumors?

A

Middle-age to older

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28
Q

What should you do if you are treating a dog for hypoT and you see PU/PD/PP, nervousness, aggression, panting, excess weight loss, and fever?

A

Stop treatment for a few days and decrease the dose

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29
Q

What value on a hypoT test is the prognosticator in determining severity and survival?

A

fT4

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30
Q

What do you have to do when sending out a sample for ACTH assay?

A

Send frozen EDTA plasma

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31
Q

What is the most sensitive test for hypoT? Most specific?

A

Sensitive = TT4

Specific = TSH/T4

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32
Q

What is the specific treatment for glucagonoma hepatocutaneous syndrome?

A

Amino acid infusion IV

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33
Q

What type of insulin works best for cats?

A

Glargine/detemir or PZI

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34
Q

How much of the adrenal gland needs to be destroyed before you see clinical signs of Addisons?

A

>85%

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35
Q

What condition is clinically identical to RMSF?

A

Acute ehrlichiosis

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36
Q

What are the signs of congenital panhypupituitarism?

A

Proportionate dwarfism

Juvenile mentality

Coat changes (maintain puppy coat)

Reproductive dysfunction (cryptorchid males)

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37
Q

What biochem abnormalities are associated with DKA?

A

Hyperglycemia

Metabolic acidosis

Large anion gap (>30)

Hypokalemia
Hypophosphataemia (leads to anemia)

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38
Q

DDx for hypercalcemia?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

Addison’s

Renal failure

Hypervitaminosis D

Idiopathic hypercalcemia of cats

Osteolysis

Neoplasia

Spurious

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39
Q

Which screening test has better sensitivity in screening for Cushings?

ACTH stim

LDDS

A

LDDS

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40
Q

When using Trilostane to treat a dog with Cushings, what monitoring test should you perform?

A

ACTH stim test 3-5 hours after treatment

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41
Q

Effect of hypoT on metabolism?

A

Decreased metabolic rate

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42
Q

What infectious disease can IVDD be confused with?

A

RMSF

Ehrlichiosis

Anaplasmosis

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43
Q

Which value on a thyroid test is least likely to be affected by euthyroid sick syndrome?

A

Free T4

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44
Q

What changes would you see on biochem in an animal with UDM?

A

Hyperglycemia

Elevated liver enzymes (normal bile salts)

Increased cholesterol

Glycated blood proteins

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45
Q

What type of diet do you want to use for a dog with DM?

A

Low fat (<10%)

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46
Q

Effect of hypoT on growth?

A

Deficiency during development -> cretinism

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47
Q

What ROA is best for administration of insulin for DKA?

A

IM

48
Q

What 3 ticks are associated with RMSF?

A

Dermacentor

Rhiphicephalus

Amblyomma

49
Q

What other disease mimics acromegaly in dogs?

A

Hypothyroidism

50
Q

Fluid treatment for DKA?

A

High rates

K+ supplementation

PO4- supplementation

Give 20% of requirement in first few hours

0.45% saline or half-strength LRS

Dextrose in BG < 250

0.9% saline if hyponatremia

51
Q

What are the TGAA, cTSH, and T4 values in a patient with compensated hypoT?

A

TGAA - increased

cTSH - increased

T4 - normal

52
Q

Medical therapy specific to insulinomas?

A

Glucocorticoids - increase gluconeogenesis and antagonize insulin

Diazoxide - inhibit insulin secretion

53
Q

Cause of primary hypoparathyroidism?

A

Iatrogenic - post-thyroidectomy or parathyroidectomy

54
Q

What must be done before giving insulin to a patient with hyperosmolar non-ketotic syndrome?

A

Restore hydration

55
Q

What breed gets congenital secondary hypoT?

A

Giant schnauzer

56
Q

When adjusting insulin dose using nadir blood glucose, what do you do if the value is <5mmol/L?

A

Reduce insulin by 10%

57
Q

What is the cut off value to rule out Addisons?

A

56

If greater then rule out Addisons

if less then do ACTH stim test

58
Q

What does pheochromocytoma produce?

A

Catecholamine

59
Q

What is the hallmark sign of hypercalcemia?

A

PU/PD

60
Q

How do you differentiate eclampsia from hypoPTH?

A

Phosphorus will be high in hypoPTH

61
Q

Which treatment for Cushings has more severe side effects?

A

Mitotane

62
Q

T/F: When performing an ACTH assay, you will see increased ACTH concentrations with PD-HAC

A

True

63
Q

What effects does diabetes have on the immune system?

A

Impaired NØ function

Decreased prostaglandin production

64
Q

What do you do if fructosamine is >500? <300?

A

If >500 increase insulin dose 5-10%

If <300 decrease of stop insulin

65
Q

You dose Mitotane daily until you see what clinical effects?

A

Reduced water intake

Loss of appetite

Vomiting

Lethargy/weakness

66
Q

What medical conditions predispose animals to obesity?

A

Hypothyroidism

Hyperadrenocorticism

Neuter status

67
Q

What are the TGAA, cTSH, and T4 values in a patient with lymphocytic thyroiditis?

A

TGAA - increased

cTSH - normal

T4 - normal

68
Q

What is the most sensitive stand alone test for hypoT?

A

fT4

69
Q

When adjusting insulin dose using nadir blood glucose, what do you do if the value is > 15 mmol/L?

A

Increase insulin 10%

70
Q

What causes necrolytic migratory erythema (NME)?

A

Glucagonoma

71
Q

What are the TT4, fT4, and TSH levels in a dog with hypoT?

A

TT4 - low to normal

fT4 - low

TSH - high

72
Q

What are the TGAA, cTSH, and T4 values in a patient with early clinical hypoT?

A

TGAA - increased

cTSH - increased

T4 - decreased

73
Q

What test should you do for pheochromocytoma?

A

Metanephrine test

74
Q

Best test to rule out Cushings?

A

Urinary cortisol:creatinine ratio

75
Q

What should happen to PTH when TCa increases?

A

Should decrease

If within reference range = not appropriate

76
Q

What is the diagnostic tool of choice for insulinomas?

A

Exploratory laparotomy

77
Q

T/F: TSH is not affected with feline hyperthyroidism

A

True

78
Q

ACTH stim test is better for which type of Cushings?

A

Pituitary dependent

79
Q

What is the significance of fructosamines in DM?

A

Shows the last 2 weeks of glycemic control

Increased in recent cases

80
Q

What is the only drug used for AD-HAC?

A

Mitotane

81
Q

What changes would you see on UA of an animal with UDM?

A

Glucosuria

Cystitis

Ketosis

82
Q

T/F: ACTH stim test is a differentiating test

A

False

83
Q

What type of insulin works best for dogs?

A

Lente - vetsulin

84
Q

What is the best treatment option for hyperT cats with renal disease?

A

Methimazole

85
Q

If you are presented with a lactating bitch with tetany, what disease do you assume?

A

Hypocalcemia

86
Q

What test do we use to monitor therapeutic response to Cushings treatment?

A

ACTH stim

87
Q

What breed gets congenital primary hypoT?

A

Toy fox terrier

88
Q

T/F: When performing an ACTH assay, you will see increased ACTH concentrations with AD-HAC

A

False

Decreased ACTH concentrations

89
Q

What % protein do you want in a cat diet for DM?

A

50-55%

90
Q

What range do you want to keep the fructosamine level?

A

350-400

91
Q

Cushings test with the highest sensitivity?

A

Urinary cortisol:creatinine ratio (100%)

92
Q

What are the TGAA, cTSH, and T4 values in a patient with advanced clinical hypoT?

A

TGAA - decreased

cTSH - decreased

T4 - decreased

93
Q

Describe the appearance of the liver on US in an animal with a glucagonoma

A

Honeycomb liver disease

94
Q

When adjusting insulin dose using nadir blood glucose, what do you do if the value is >10 mmol/L?

A

Increase insulin by 5%

95
Q

Clinical signs of hypoT?

A

Lethargy

Obesity

Cold intolerance

Skin (alopecia, hyperpigmentation, etc)

96
Q

What happens if you give ADH to an animal with DI?

A

Rise in urine osmolality

97
Q

In a LDDST, if there is a drop in cortisol concentration at 4 hours, and then an increase at 8 hours, what type of Cushings do you have?

A

Pituitary dependent

98
Q

What is deficient with typical Addisons?

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) AND Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

99
Q

50% of hypoT cases are caused by this

A

Lymphocytic thyroiditis

100
Q

Which disease causes more of a bleeding problem? Monocytic Ehrlichiosis or RMSF?

A

Monocytic Ehrlichiosis

101
Q

T/F: You can’t interpret thyroid function in a dog on medication or one that is critically ill

A

True

102
Q

What endocrine condition does hypercalcemia cause?

A

Nephrogenic DI - impaired renal tubular response to ADH

103
Q

What is the Cushings test of choice when there is concurrent disease?

A

ACTH stim test

104
Q

On advanced imaging for Cushings, which is bilateral and which is unilateral? (AD or PD)

A

PD is bilateral

AD is unilateral

105
Q

Effect of hypoT on hair growth?

A

Hair is in telogen phase instead of anagen (causes alopecia)

106
Q

Compare iCa in primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Primary - High

Secondary - low to normal, rarely increased

107
Q

What fluids should be avoided with hypophosphatemia and therefore DKA?

A

Calcium containing fluids

108
Q

Clinical signs of hypoT in cats?

A

Decreased fur on temples and pinnae

Weight gain

Decreased GFR

109
Q

How do you diagnose panhypopituitarism?

A

GHRH stimulation test

110
Q

What is the most important complication of diabetes?

A

Hypoglycemia

More common in the evening/at night (~6 hours after dose)

111
Q

What ketones does the urine dipstick pick up?

A

Acetone

Acetoacetate

112
Q

What lab findings will you see with Rickettsial diseases?

A

Anemia

Lymphocytosis

Proteinuria

Hypoalbuminemia/Hyperglobulinemia

113
Q

Most common canine thyroid tumors?

A

Malignant invasive non-functional

114
Q

If neoplasia is the cause of hypoT, how much of the thyroid must be destroyed?

A

>75%

115
Q

What ketones are not picked up by the urine dipstick?

A

Beta hydroxybutyrate

116
Q

Medical therapy of hypoglycemia?

A

Small frequent meals of complex carbs

117
Q

What breed has the lowest normal thyroid levels?

A

Greyhounds

SAM 1 (4 decks)

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