Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cell Biology > FInal 4 > Flashcards

FInal 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Provide mechanical strength in cells

A

IF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Used for cell locomition and cell surface shape

A

Actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Determine position of organelles and direct movement

A

MTs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Specialized structures that increase absorptive surface area in epithelial cells

A

Microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What kind of cytoskeletal material are nuclear lamina made from?

A

IFs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cytoskeletal material used for flagella

A

MTs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Birthplace of all cytoplasmic MTs

A

MTOC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are MTs protofilaments?

A

Polymers of alpha-beta tubulin heterodimers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which subunit of MT does not cleave GTP to GDP?

A

Alpha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many MT protofilaments assemble to form a tube?

A

13

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do actin monomers bind?

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many actin protofilaments intertwine to form a fiber?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do two monomers of IFs form?

A

Coiled-coil dimer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do two coiled-coil dimers of IFs form?

A

Staggered tetramer in an antiparallel arrangement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many protofilaments of IFs twist into a ropelike filament?

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the rate-limiting step for actin filament assembly?

A

Nucleation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the nucleation process of filament assembly dependent upon?

A

Concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Free actin and tubulin monomers are bound by what?

A

NTP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens when a GTP cap is lost?

A

MT will fray and shrink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name for when MTs shrink due to loss of GTP cap

A

Catastrophe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

MTs regrowing after a catastrophe

A

Rescue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does taxol do to MTs?

A

Stabilizes them, essentailly killing rapidly dividing cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Complex responsible for initiating MTs

A

gamma-TuRC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What end of MTs are inside MTOC

A

Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Complex responsible for initiating actin arrays

A

Arp2/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where do Arp2/3 usually nucleate?

A

PM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What angle do Arp2/3 bind to sides of existing actin filaments to form branches?

A

70

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

2 actin monomer binding proteins

A

Thymosin, profilin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Actin filament destabilizing protein

A

cofilin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Actin filament severing protein

A

Gelsolin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

2 actin filament capping proteins

A

CapZ, tropomodulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

MT binding protein

A

Stathmin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

MT filament binding protein

A

MAPs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

2 MT filament destabilizer

A

Catasrophin, katanin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Actin-based motor

A

Mysoin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

MT-based plus-end directed motor

A

Kinsein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

MT-based negative-end directed motor

A

Dynein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

WHat happens when myosin is treated with trypsin?

A

Heads and a small piece of tail are released from the tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What happens when myosin is treated with papain?

A

Splits the heads up and removes the tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which myosin moves towards the minus end?

A

Mysoin Vi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the fastest motor protein?

A

Dynein

42
Q

Which motor protein “walks”

A

Kinesin

43
Q

While ____ binds tightly with bound NTP, ____ binds tightly without NTP

A

Kinesin, mysoin

44
Q

One dimensional finger-like projection of actin

A

Filopodia

45
Q

Two dimensional sheet-like structure of actin

A

Lamellipodia

46
Q

Three dimenisional projections used for phagocytosis

A

Pseudopodia

47
Q

3 extracellular stimuli receiving g-proteins that actin cytoskeleton responds to

A

Rho, Rac, Cdc42

48
Q

Produces large numbers of actin stress fibers

A

Rho

49
Q

Yields large numbers of filopodia

A

Cdc42

50
Q

Generates very large lamellapodia that encircles the cell

A

Rac

51
Q

How long is S-phase

A

10-12

52
Q

Comittment to undergo another round of cell division

A

Start point (G1)

53
Q

Key part of prophase

A

Chromsomes condense

54
Q

Key part of prometaphase

A

Breakdown of nuclear envelope

55
Q

Key part of metaphase

A

Chromosomes aligned at equator

56
Q

Key part of anaphase

A

Chromosomes are being pulled apart

57
Q

Key part of telophase

A

Chrosomes are at the poles

58
Q

How is centrisome duplication triggered?

A

G1/S-Cdk complex

59
Q

MTs that radiate in all directions

A

Astral MTs

60
Q

Attach end-on to kinetochore

A

Kinetochore MTs

61
Q

Span distance between bipolar spindle

A

Overlap MTs

62
Q

Push overlap MTs against each other

A

Kinesin-5

63
Q

PUll spindles towards each other

A

Kinesin-14

64
Q

Attach chromosomes to MTs for positioning

A

Kinesin-4, Kinesin-14

65
Q

Attach astral MTs to periphery and pull spindles apart

A

Dyneins

66
Q

3 forces that move chromosomes on the spindle

A

Kinetochore generated poleward force, poleward MT flux, polar ejection force

67
Q

What force is Anaphase A defined by?

A

Kinetochore generated poleward force and MT flux

68
Q

What force is Anaphase B defined by?

A

SPindle poles move apart, dynein pulling on astral MTs

69
Q

Visible pucker in PM during cytokinesis

A

Cleavage furrow

70
Q

How do cleavage furrows form?

A

Contraction along actomyosin contractile ring

71
Q

Region between future duaghter cells

A

Midbody

72
Q

What is the organization and deposition of contractile ring regulated by?

A

RhoA

73
Q

WHat kind of proteins are cyclin dependent kinases?

A

Serine/threonine kinases

74
Q

4 classes of cyclins

A

G1/S, S, M, G1

75
Q

Bind to Cdks at the end of G1 and commit the cell to DNA replication

A

G1/S cyclin

76
Q

Bind to Cdks during S-phase and are required for the initiation of DNA replication

A

S-cyclin

77
Q

Promote events of mitosis and G2/M transition

A

M-cyclins

78
Q

Promote the passage through “start” point by helping govern G1/S cyclins

A

G1-Cyclins

79
Q

2 steps of Cdk activation

A

Cyclin binding alters conformation of T-loop, CAK phosphorylates a threonine residue within T-loop

80
Q

Inhibitory protein of Cdk

A

Wee1

81
Q

Inhibitory protein of Wee1

A

Cdc25

82
Q

General family of inhibitor proteins of Cyclin-Cdk

A

CKI (Cdk inhibitor)

83
Q

Responsible for initiating S-phase by destruction of G1-Ss cyclins and CKIs

A

SCF

84
Q

Responsible for initiating M-phase by destruction of M cyclins and regulators

A

APC/c

85
Q

3 enzymes that function in series for attachment of ubiquitin

A

E1, E2, E3

86
Q

What activates APC/C?

A

Cdc20

87
Q

Initiate DNA replication once per cycle and ensures that every base of DNA is faithfully replicated once

A

S-Cdks

88
Q

Where does DNA replication begin?

A

ORF

89
Q

COmplex of initiator proteins that assembles on ORF during late mitosis

A

pre-RC

90
Q

WHat does preRC mature into?

A

Preinitiation complex

91
Q

What mediates preinitiation complex?

A

S-Cdks

92
Q

First two molecules nucleates by ORC complex

A

Cdc6, Cdt1

93
Q

What does S-cdk phosphorylate to allow replication machinery to work?

A

Cdc6

94
Q

How is Cdt1 bound until it is liberated by S-Cdk

A

Geminin

95
Q

What is geminin destoryed by?

A

APC/C

96
Q

What are duplicated chromosomes held together by?

A

Cohesin

97
Q

When triggers entry into mitosis?

A

Accumulation of M-cyclins

98
Q

Phosphatase that removes the brakes on the regulatory factors stopping M-Cdk

A

Cdc25

99
Q

What triggers siter-chromatid separation?

A

APC/C

100
Q

Protein that uses negative feedback to block APC/C from initiating sister-chromatid separation

A

Mad2

101
Q

How does the exit of mitosis occur?

A

Inactivation of M-cdk activity by APC/C degradation

Cell Biology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions