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PNS > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Compared to unmyelinated axons, myelinated axons…

A. produce larger action potentials
B. Produce longer lasting action potentials
C. Conduct impulses slower
D. Conduct impulses faster

A

D. Conduct impulses faster

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2
Q

Which nerve passes posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus?

A. Medial
B. Ulnar
C. Radial
D. Axillary

A

B. Ulnar

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3
Q

What is the “blind spot” of the eye?

A. Rod dense area
B. Yellow area
C. Cone dense area
D. The starting point of the optic nerve

A

D. The starting point of the optic nerve

-Optic disc=blind spot
It has NO receptors

-Rods are more numerous at the periphery. Respond to shape/movement but do NOT require light to work

-Cones are more numerous at the middle
REQUIRE light to work
Heaviest concentration @ fovea centralis (area of highest visual acuity)

-Yellow area=macula
(within macula is the fovea centralis)

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4
Q

Which nerve runs with hypoglossal nerve?

A. Geniohyoid
B. Sternohyoid
C. Sternothyroid
D. Omohyoid

A

A. Geniohyoid

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5
Q

All of the following are mechanoreceptors EXCEPT:

A. Follicular receptor
B. Thermoreceptor
C. Pacinian’s Corpuscle
D. Meissner’s Corpuscle

A

B. Thermoreceptor

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6
Q

What fluid is in the scala tympani?

A. mesolymph
B. perilymph
C. Ectolymph
D. Endolymph

A

B. Perilymph

  • Scala Vestibuli (oval window opens into) contains perilymph
  • Scala media/cochlear duct contains endolymph

Inner ear
-Bony labyrinth contains perilymph & membranous labyrinth contains endolymph

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7
Q

What are the structures coming directly out of the spinal cord?

A. Dorsal Root Ganglion
B. Spinal nerve
C. Ramus
D. Rootlets

A

D. Rootlets

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8
Q

Neurons that conduct nerve impulses from the receptors to the CNS are:

A. Efferent
B. Association
C. Sensory

A

C. Sensory

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9
Q

What dermatome is at the umbilicus?

A. T4
B. C7
C. T10
D. S2

A

C. T10

Dermatome=area of skin innervated by single spinal nerve
Myotome=muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve

T4=Nipple area
S2=mid. posterior thigh to medial head of gastrocnemius muscle

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10
Q

The end of the paravertebral ganglion?

A. Hypogastric plexus
B. Ganglion Impar
C. Celiac Ganglion
D. Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion

A

B. Ganglion Impars

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11
Q

Which fiber type responds to stretch (as in knee tap reflex)?

A. 1b
B. II
C. Alpha
D. 1a

A

C. Alpha

(knee tap reflex=passive=myotactile)

  • 1a=muscle spindle (AKA annulospiral)-afferent portion
  • 1b=golgi tendon organ-test strength of contraction & @ muscle-tendon junction. Inhibitory too - think of throwing ball 10 feet versus 100 feet… Same muscles, different force applied
  • II=encapsulated endings (pacinian corpuscle)
  • III=pain and temp changes
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12
Q

The elongated nerve roots from L2-S2 are called:

A. Filum terminale
B. Coccygeal ligament
C. Lumbar Cistern
D. Cauda Equina

A

D. Cauda Equina

Lumbar Cistern=space between end of spinal cord and end of dural sac. At L2-S2

Cauda Equina=extended spinal cord roots + CSF

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13
Q

What cranial nerve delivers presynaptic parasympathetic fibers to the abdominal viscera?

A. Glossopharyngeal
B. Trigeminal
C. Vagus
D. Facial

A

C. Vagus

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14
Q

In what substance are the stereocilia of the spiral organ embedded?

A. Perilymph
B. ______
C. Tectorial Membrane
D. Cupula

A

B.

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15
Q

What muscle is innervated by 2 branches of the ansa cervicalis?

A. Sternothyroid
B. Omohyoid
C. Thyrohyoid
D. Geniohyoid

A

B. Omohyoid
By nerve to superior omohyoid (mostly C1)
and nerve to inferior omohyoid (C2-3)

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16
Q

The glossopharyngeal nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the:

A. Submandinbular gland
B. Parotid gland
C. Lacrimal gland
D. Sublingual gland

A

B. Parotid gland

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17
Q

Loss of cutaneous sensation and paralysis of muscles in the medial plantar side of the foot indicates damage of which nerve?

A. sural
B. Tibial
C. Common peroneal
D. Deep peroneal

A 
B. Tibial Nerve
Does Medial Plantar
-Cutaneous innervation over medial sole/medial 3.5 toes
Lateral Plantar, calcaneal & sural
Anterior division of L4-S1

-Common peroneal
Posterior division of L4-S1
Cutaneous innervation of anterolateral leg, dorsum of foot except between toe 1 & 2 (lies superficial to extensor digitorum longus)

-Deep peroneal
Cutaneous innervation of web between toe 1 & 2
Runs with anterior tibial artery

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18
Q

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also referred to as the

A. Thoracolumbar division
B. Somatic division
C. Craniosacral divison
D. Autonomic division

A

A. Thoracolumbar Division

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19
Q

The greater occipital nerve is derived from the:

A. Ventral Ramus of C2
B. Ventral Ramus of C1
C. Dorsal Ramus of C2
D. Dorsal Ramus of C1

A

Dorsal Ramus of C2

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20
Q

Which nerve passes the anterior surface of psoas major, runs inferiorly and innervates the genitalia and femoral triangle?

A. Femoral
B. Genitofemoral
C. Ilioinguinal
D. Obturator

A 
B. Genitofemoral
Pierces the psoas major
Mainly cutaneous innervation
-Femoral branch>lateral femoral triangle
-Genital branch>scrotum or labia majora
-Cremasteric muscle
-Enters deep inguinal ring
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21
Q

The tympanic nerve is a branch from which cranial nerve?

A. Trigeminal
B. Glossopharyngeal
C. Facial
D. Vagus

A

B. Glossopharyngeal
-It’s GVE parasympathetic
Becomes lesser petrosal nerve before going to otic ganglia, hitching up with auriculotemporal and heading for the parotid gland

22
Q

What type of fibers are in the main facial root? (facial nerve proper)

A. Parasympathetic
B. Motor
C. Sensory
D. Motor and sensory

A

B. Motor

23
Q

What nerve provides the preganglionic GVE innervation to the submandibular ganglion?

A. Lesser petrosal
B. Short ciliary
C. Greater petrosal
D. Chorda Tympani

A 
D. Chorda Tympani
Has GVE and SVA fibers
Joins with lingual nerve (branch of mandibular of trigeminal) on its way to the tongue
GVE - submandibular ganglion
SVA (taste) - anterior 2/3 of tongue
24
Q

Which range of spinal cord segments contribute to the cervical plexus?

A. C3-6
B. C5-T1
C. C1-C4
D. C4-C7

A

B. C5-T1

25
Q

Crossed effects are associated with which reflex?

A. Golgi tendon
B. Knee Jerk
C. Simple
D. Withdrawal

A

D. Withdrawal

  • AKA Flexor Reflex
  • Involves whole limb/multiple spinal segments
  • Crossed effects=simultaneous and opposite pattern of activity in the contralateral limb

Knee jerk: Tendon is stretched (passive). Alpha motor neurons and inhibitory neurons (which prevent hamstring contraction)

Simple: Motor & sensory units

Golgi Tendon: @ muscle-tendon junction. Measures force of contraction. Autogenic inhibition (self control). Protects muscle from excessive contraction.

26
Q

Which fiber transmits signals the slowest?

A. “A”
B. “B”
C. “C”
D. “D”

A

C. “C”
C are unmyelinated. Slowest and smallest in diameter. Pain, temp, touch and some postganglionic autonomic

-A are largest and conduct fastest

27
Q

What’s the connective tissue layer that encloses a nerve?

A. Endoneurium
B. Myelin Sheath
C. Perineurium
D. Epineurium

A

A. Endoneurium

Endoneurium - enclose one fiber
Perineurium - enclose fasicle
Epineurium-enclose whole nerve

28
Q

Special functional components get their name because

A. They’re derived from pharyngeal arches
B. Are involved with special senses
C. Are all sensory
D. Are all visceral

A

A. They’re derived from pharyngeal arches

29
Q

Which nerve roots are from the lumbosacral trunk?

A. S2, S3
B L4, L5
C. T12, L1
D. L5, S1

A

L4 and L5
Anterior and posterior fibers
Anterior=Tibial, Posterior=Common Peronal

30
Q

Satellite cells…

A. Myelinate dendrites
B. Line the ventricles
C. Line the capillaries
D. Surround neuronal cell bodies

A

D. Surround neuronal cell bodies

Satellite cells are modified Schwann Cells-they’re like flattened versions. They’re pseudo-unipolar, found in the DRG and other ganglia. They surround the neural cell body. Analogous to an astrocyte-so they fill up spaces and provide metabolic support to the cell body.

31
Q

Compensatory eye movement is stimulated by the

A.Macula
B. Spiral organ
C. Superior olive
D. Christa

A

C. Superior Olive

32
Q

Which of the following is false?

A. Fibers from lateral half of retinal cross at the optic chiasm
B. Optic nerve exits orbit through the optic canal
C. Fibers in optic nerve area are myelinated
D. Optic nerve is surrounded by 3 meninges

A

A. The fibers from lateral half of the retinal cross at the optic chiasm

33
Q

Which organelle produces glycoproteins and lysosomes?

A. Mitochondria
B. Cytoskeleton
C. Golgi body
D. Ribosome

A

C. Golgi body

Cytoskeleton-framework of cell
Mitochondria-ATP production
Ribosome-Produce protein. RER AKA Nissl Bodies.

34
Q

Where are the olfactory (receptor) nerves?

A. Glomerulus
B. Entorrhinal cortex
C. Olfactory bulb
D. Nasal Epithelia

A

D. Nasal epithelia
Replaced every 1-3 months

Receptors are epithelia
Nontopographical
Main output neuron is mitral cells and tufted cells

Periglomerular

35
Q

The junction between 2 or more nerves is called a ____

A

synapse

36
Q

Which supraclavicular branch is also known as the anterior branch?

A. Lateral
B. Intermediate
C. Medial
D. Middle

A

C. Medial

Middle=Anterior
Intermediate=Middle
Posterior=Lateral

37
Q

What cranial opening does the trochlear nerve pass through?

A. optic canal
B. Superior orbital fissure
C. Inferior orbital fissure
D. Foramen ovale

A

B. SOF

38
Q

A patient comes in having burned the tip of his tongue. What nerve was stimulated?

A. facial
B. Vagus
C. Trigeminal
D. Glossopharyngeal

A

C. Trigeminal
Mandibular nerve carries both motor and sensory (ophthalmic and maxillary are only sensory). Sensation from anterior 2/3 of tongue (NOT TASTE)

39
Q

Which nerve carries the motor component of the trigeminal nerve?

A. Ophthalmic
B. Mandibular
C. Maxillary
D. Suprior alveolar

A

B. Mandibular

40
Q

What’s in the epidural space surrounding the spinal cord?

A. Arachnoid trabeculae
B. Nothing, it’s potential space
C. Cerebral spinal fluid
D. Fat

A

Fat!

41
Q

The pudendal nerve originates from the anterior division of?

A. L4-5
B. S2-4
C. L2-4
D. T12, L1

A

B. S2-4
Sacral Plexus
Passes OVER sacrospinous ligament to innervate perineum

42
Q

What root contributes to the phrenic nerve?

A. C3/4
B. C3, 4, 5
C. C2, 3, 4
D. C2, 3

A

C3, 4, 5

Cervical Plexus

43
Q

The olfactory body is the same optic layer as?

Retina
Choroid
Cornea
Sclera

A

Choroid

44
Q

What cranial opening does the vagus nerve pass through to exit the skull?

A

Jugular Foramen

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12345 5 56 7 8 910 11 12

45
Q

The olfactory tract are the axons of which cells?

A. periglomerular
B. Granule
C. Amacrine
D. Mitral

A

D. Mitral

Periglomerular - inhibit mitral cell. Help focus on smell and eventually eliminate smell.
Granule - inhibit mitral & tufted. Locate where smell comes from.

46
Q

Which nerve branches directly from a root?

A. Long thoracic
B. Musculocutaneous
C. Radial
D. Suprascapular

A

Long Thoracic

47
Q

Which roots contribute to Radial Nerve?

A

C5-T1

48
Q

Which cranial nerve exits caudal to the inferior colliculus?

Trochlear
Facial
Abducens
Oculomotor

A

Trochlear

Facial exits - pontomeduallary junction
Abducens exits - pontomedullary junction
Oculomotor exits brainstem at interpeduncular fossa

49
Q

Which is a vagus nerve ganglion?

Nodose
Basal
Otic
Geniculate

A

Nodose

50
Q

What ganglion does the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from oculomotor nerve synapse in?

Otic
Edinger Westphal
Celiac
Ciliary

A

Ciliary!

PNS (3 decks)

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