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PNS > FINAL #2 > Flashcards

FINAL #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of glial cells is a satellite cell most like?

A. Microglia
B. Schwann Cell
C. Astrocyte
D. Oligodendrocyte

A

C. ASTROCYTE

  • Most numerous
  • Mechanical and metabolic support (neurons get so busy they forget to take care of themselves, where astrocytes come in)
  • Can act like scar tissue @ site of injury
-Schwann cells AKA Modified Satellite Cells
Myelinates the PNS
Has nodes of Ranvier
Facilitates axon regrowth
Only myelinate 1 fiber at a time

-Microglia
Move around a lot & phagocytic
Immune system of the CNS

-Oligodendrocyte
Schwann cell of the CNS. Myelinate CNS.
In both white matter/gray matter
Can myelinate several fibers

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2
Q

What type of cells are located in the ventricular zone of the neural tube?

A. Pluripotent stem cells
B. Glioblasts
C. Neuroblasts
D. Mature neurons

A 
A. Pluripotent stem cells
Ventricular zone=innermost, becomes ventricle or central canal
-Neurons made in neural tube
-Contains neuroepithelial stem cells
-They're undetermined

Intermediate zone (middle)

  • Now blast cells (Neuroblast/Glioblast)
  • Determined (neuron or glia)
Marginal Zone (outermost)
-Mature neurons & oligodendrocytes or astrocytes
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3
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the inferior oblique muscle?

A

Oculomotor - inferior branch

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4
Q

The upper and middle trunks of the brachial plexus combine to form the _____ cord.

A

Lateral Cord

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5
Q

Which splanchnic nerves receive input from sympathetic trunk levels T10-11?

A

Lesser splanchnic nerves

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6
Q

Which nerve runs with hypoglossal nerve?

A

Geniohyoid

Of C1

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7
Q

Which is NOT a mechanoreceptor?

A. Thermoreceptor
B. Follicular Receptor
C. Pacinian Corpuscle
D. Meissner’s Corpuscle

A

A. Thermoreceptor (temperature)

Nociceptors=noxious stimulus=pain

Follicular Receptor: Free nerve ending without capsule. Wraps around hair follicle. Rapidly adapting.

Merkel Cell: Free nerve ending without capsule. EDGE DETECTOR, responds to deeper touch/pressure & is in bottom of epidermis. Slowly adapting.

Meissner’s Corpuscle: Encapsulated, in papilla (superficial part) of dermis and responds to LIGHT TOUCH. Rapid adapting.

Ruffini: Deeper than Meissner, respond to SHEARING FORCES. SA.

Pacinian: Respond to VIBRATION. Large enough to see. RA.

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8
Q

Minimal number of neurons required for a simple circuit?

A

2 neurons

i.e., simple sensory or motor unit

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9
Q

What functional component is associated with taste?

SVE
SVA
GVE
GVA

A

SVA
Special Visceral Afferent
Cranial Nerve I, VII, IX, X
I-olfactory
VII-taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue (gustatory)
IX-taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
X-taste from back of mouth and throat to epiglottis

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10
Q

What type of reflex is stimulated by tapping the patellar tendon?

Extensor
Myotatic
Withdrawal
Flexor

A

Myotactic AKA Passive

  • Knee jerk reflex
  • Tendon is stretched (passive-think of Ortho). Alpha motor neurons and inhibitory neurons (which prevent hamstring contraction)
  • Withdrawal AKA Flexor Reflex
  • Involves whole limb/multiple spinal segments
  • Crossed effects=simultaneous and opposite pattern of activity in the contralateral limb

Golgi Tendon: @ muscle-tendon junction. Measures force of contraction. Autogenic inhibition (self control). Protects muscle from excessive contraction.

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11
Q

Which is true of BOTH parasympathetic & sympathetic division of ANS?

A. Use ACh as NT in ganglia
B. Long postganglionic neurons
C. ACh to excite effector
D. Long preganglionic neurons

A

A. They use ACh as NT in the ganglia

Preganglionic= ACH (nicotinic receptor) for both

Postganglionic:
Sympathetic (long postgang) use norepi
Parasympathetic - use ACh

SNS has short preganglionic/long postgang

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12
Q

Where are the receptors for the auditory system?

Macula
AMpulla
Crista
Spiral Organ

A

Spiral organ!

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13
Q

What dermatome is at the umbilicus?

C7
S2
T10
T4

A

T10

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14
Q

What root(s) contributes to the phrenic nerve?

C3-5
C2-3
C2-4
C3,4

A

C3-5

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15
Q

Which supraclavicular branch is also known as the anterior branch?

Lateral
Middle
Medial
Intermediate

A

Medial

Anterior=medial
Middle=intermediate
Posterior=Lateral

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16
Q

Which layer of the neural tube produces stem cells?

A. Middle
B. Ventricular
C. Intermediate
D. Marginal

A 
B. Ventricular
-Innermost later.
-Pluripotent epithelial cells 
-Neurons made in the NEURAL TUBE
Undetermined

-Middle (intermediate): Neuroblast or glial = determined

-Marginal (outermost): Mature neurons. Neurons or oligodendrocytes & astrocytes
Fibers extend out called Rays

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17
Q

What nerve provides the PREGANGLIONIC GVE innervation to submandibular ganglion?

A. Short ciliary
B. Chorda Tympani
C. Greater petrosal
D. Lesser petrosal

A

B. Chorda Tympani

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18
Q

Junction between an axon and muscle fiber is called:

A. Neuromusclar junction
B. Synapse
C. Neuroglandular junction
D. Gap junction

A

Neuromuscular junction

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19
Q

Which nerve branches directly from a root?

A. Musculocutaneous
B. Radial
C. Suprascapular
D. Long Thoracic

A

D. Long thoracic (C5, 6, 7)

[Other one is dorsal scapular (C5)]

Radial=C5-T1
Musculocutaneous= C5,6,7
Supraspacular=C5,6

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20
Q

Which nerve carries GSA input from mucosa of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A. Facial
B. Vagus
C. Glossopharyngeal
D. Mandibular

A

D. Mandibular

21
Q

Which cell (soma) is part of PNS?

A. Oligodendrocyte
B. Multipolar neuron
C. Astrocyte
D. Pseudounipolar neuron

A

D. Pseudounipolar neuron

Oligodendrocyte=CNS myelination
Astrocyte=CNS
–Protoplasmic in gray matter, fibrous in white matter
Multipolar neurons-most common type

22
Q

What nerve innervates laryngeal mucosa?

A. Internal laryngeal
B. Inferior laryngeal
C. Recurrent Laryngeal
D. External Laryngeal

A

A. Internal Laryngeal

23
Q

Compensatory eye movement is stimulated by activating the:

A. Macula
B. Superior Olive
C. Christa
D. Spiral Organ

A

B. Superior Olive

24
Q

Which of the following converts pressure wave in the endolymph into nerve impulses?

A. Spiral Organ
B. Crista
C. Macula
D. Round Window

A

Spiral Organ

25
Q

The glossopharyngeal nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the ____

A. Submandibular gland
B. Sublingual gland
C. Lacrimal gland
D. Parotid Gland

A

Parotid Gland!

26
Q

The neuroglial cell involved in the blood brain barrier is the _____

A. Astrocyte
B. Microglia
C. Satellite Cell
D. Ependymal Cell

A

D. Ependymal cell

Line the ventricles and produce CSF with modified capillaries to form choroid plexus
Move CSF via pseudo-stratified columnar cells
Basal Layer replaces ependymal cells

  • Satellite AKA Schwann Cell - like oligodendrocyte of CNS
  • Astrocyte-most numerous, provides nutrients to neurons
  • Microglia-macrophages
27
Q

What fluid bathes the optic nerve?

A. Perilymph
B. CSF
C. Interstitial fluid
D. Endolymph

A

B. CSF

28
Q

What are thermoceptors?

A. Follicular receptors
B. Merkel cell ending
C. Muscle spindles
D. Free nerve endings

A

D. Free nerve endings

Follicular and Merkel are also free nerve endings

29
Q

What type of fiber does the intermediate nerve carry?

Motor
Sensory
Autonomic
Both motor and sensory

A

Sensory

SVA anterior 2/3 of the tongue
GSA (to the ear)

30
Q

Which nerve roots form the lumbosacral trunk?

A

L4-L5

31
Q

There are ___ pair of spinal nerves

A

31

32
Q

Which cranial nerve exits caudal to the inferior colliculus?

A

Trochlear!

33
Q

Most common type of glioma?

A. Ependyoma
B. Oligodendroglioma
C. Microglioma
D. Astrocytoma

A

D. Astrocytoma
23% of all brain tumors

Ependyomas - 8%
Oligodendroglioma - 3%

34
Q

Neurons that conduct nerve impulses from receptors to the CNS are

A. Efferent
B. Association
C. Afferent
D. Relay

A

Afferent

35
Q

Embryologically, the optic nerve is derived from the ___

A. Mesencephalon
B. Telencephalon
C. Diencephalon
D. Myelencephalon

A

Diencephalon

Olfactory from telecephalon?

36
Q

Nerves of brachial plexus innervate the____

A. upper limb
B. lower limb
C. thorax
D. Head & neck

A

Upper limb

37
Q

Where are the olfactory receptor nerves?

A. Nasal epithelia
B. Olfactory bulb
C. Entorhinal cortex
D. Glomerulus

A

Nasal epithelia

38
Q

Which nerve pierces anterior psoas major, runs inferiorly and innervates genitalia/femoral triangle?

A

Genitofemoral

39
Q

Which plexus is covered by psoas major?

A

Lumbar plexus

40
Q

Where are the golgi tendon organs?

A. deep within muscle fibers
B. along periosteum
C. In skin
D. Muscle tendon junction

A

Muscle tendon junction

41
Q

Patient comes in having burned the tip of his tongue. Which nerve was involved?

A

Trigeminal

Mandibular branch - sensory to anterior 2/3 of the tongue

42
Q

Ciliary ganglion lies lateral to which nerve?

A

Optic nerve

43
Q

What is the connective tissue layer that encloses a single nerve fiber?

A. Endoneurium
B. Perineurium
C. Myelin Sheath
D. Epineurium

A

Endoneurium!

Perineurium covers fascicle
Epineurium covers entire nerve

44
Q

Lesion of the femoral nerve causes which condition?

A. loss of cutaneous sensation between the first two toes
B. Paralysis of vastus lateralis
C. Loss of cutaneous sensation in popliteal fossa
D. Paralysis of peroneus longus

A

B. Paralysis of vastus lateralis

45
Q

What leads to formation of filum terminale?

A. Degeneration of spinal cord
B. Elongation of nerve roots
C. Growth of CT
D. Growth of vertebral column

A

Degeneration of spinal cord

Filum terminale interna is surrounded by pia mater only. It’s the little bit of pia that remains when the cord terminates. Fuses with dural sac and continues as filum terminale externa, which attaches to coccyx (hence AKA, coccygeal ligament). Anchors dural sac and spinal cord

Spinal cord 40-45cm long. From Foramen Magnum to L2
Conus medullaris: where it ends/begins to branch off

46
Q

What type of photoreceptor is in the fovea centralis of the retina?

A

Cones!

47
Q

The sense that tells us which muscles are contracted, amount of tension in a joint, position of joints and orientation of head in space is called:

A. Proprioception
B. Touch reception
C. Nociception
D. Gustation

A

Proprioception!

Nociception=pain
Gustation=taste

48
Q

What are the main output neurons form the olfactory bulb?

A. periglomerular
B. Purkinje
C. Granular
D. Mitral

A

Mitral

PNS (3 decks)

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