Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Population Ecology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Local extinction

A

Is when one of the separate smaller populations from the Metapopulation dies out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Colonization

A

Colonization is the dispersal of a species into a new suitable habitat, creating a new population from a main population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Patch dynamics

A

Local population processes determined by dynamics of metapopualtion. More common now due to habitat fragmentation due to human activity. Important cause of local extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Spatial heterogeneity

A

Variation in environmental factors from one place to another. Also termed spatial variation. Changes in spatial patterns over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sources

A

Larger populations often function as sources for smaller populations and for new colonies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sinks

A

Small populations that have unstable dynamics commonly becoming extinct unless rescued by a larger population- called rescued effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Core population

A

Surrounded by satellite populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Factors important to metapopulation dynamics

A
  1. Distances between populations and the habitat patches are suitable
  2. Dispersal distances
  3. Dispersal rates ( along habitat corridors as % population size)
  4. Spatial correlation of environment variation and demographic processes
  5. Availability of unoccupied patches
  6. They must reproduce or change genetic alleles between the smaller populations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Life history traits

A

Impacts survival and reproduction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Life history strategies (ecology and evolution)

A

Set of genetically based morphological, physiological and behavioral characteristics/ traits. (Considered adaptions) which enable individual to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Life history features

A
  1. Diapause- genetically determined “resting stage” ex: spiders, seed, eggs, hibernation
    2.metamorphosis- major life stages
  2. Senescence lagging- late life decline in fecundity, lifespan can be considered life history trait
  3. Size- affects many life history traits. Larger organisms- greater fecundity, longer lifespans, longer generation time, longer pre- reproductive pd
    Longer generation time-> lower intrinsic rate of increase (r) (increase relationship; negative correlation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Allometry

A

Shows variation in a measured trait related to size typically gives a straight line on a log to log plot (y=aX^b).
Is the study of how these processes scale with body size and with each other and the impact this has on ecology and evolution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Types of reproductive systems:

A
  1. Sexual

2. Asexual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Asexual

A

Type of reproductive system
2. Asexual- no gamete formations, no fertilization; reproduction results from growth or modules- genetically identical clones.
A. Binary fission in bacteria
B. Budding in yeast and some invertebrates ex: hydra small organisms
C. Parthenogenesis- development of unfertilized eggs in some animal and plants eg: dandelions, aphids
D. Vegetative reproduction- by clonal plants ( produce new modules that separate: ryzomic root, all clones American beach quaking apsen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sexual

A

Type of reproductive systems
Sexual- gamate formation and subsequent fertilization. A. Hermaphroditism (both Male and female organs in one individual) “ breeding system” aka mating system- range from out crossing to in breeding self fertilization- common in plants and some animals. B. Separate sexes (dioecious)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Metapopulation

A

Collection of local, interacting populations-dispersal among the populations individuals can disperse from one population to another. Area regional assemblages of plant and animal species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Reproductive effort

A

Amount of energy organisms allocates to reproduction. Mass of reproductive units - body mass of parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cost of reproduction

A

Relative reduction in survival growth or future reproduction following the current reproduction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Patterns of reproduction

A

Timing=phenology, number of repro episodes.
Energetic trade-offs are in all aspects of life-history. When the parent devotes energy to reproduction parent will have less energy to devote to their own growth and Maintenance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Reproductive effort

A

The allocation of energy devoted to reproduction over a lifespan.
Iteroparity and semelparity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Reproductive effort iteroparoty

A

Repeated episodes of reproduction throughout lifespan. Or anima which high juvenile mortality, small litter sizes or long pre repost five periods ( slow maturity)
Type 1 survivorship tends to favor iteroparity ex humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Line history theory (MacArthur and Wilson 1967)

A

R and k selection. We should recognize that is based on the assumption that life histories have evolved as a response to the selective pressures of competition and colonizing or dispersal ability. Life histories that appear to be r selected may have evolved due to predation or to uncertainties of the physical environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

R- strategy

A

Traits maximize success when densities are low. Found in temporary, highly disturbed unpredictable environments. Have traits that give them high rates of increase (r) rapid growth reproduction, semelparity high fecundity.
Eg weeds and mice part of succession

24
Q

K strategy

A

Orgnaims close to k. Traits maximizes success when densities are high and the is much competition relatively stable, predicable , more competitor environments ( slower growth delayed reposition, low fecundity -> higher quality, more competitive offspring. Eg; trees and elephants

25
Q

Grimes 1977 general model for three evolutionary strategies. Developed life history model specifically for plants. Categorized factors that limit plant biomass or production into:

A
  1. Ruderals- r- selected - highly disturbed habitats rapid growth short life high fecundity, rapid colonization
  2. Stress - tolerators- I unproductive environment w/ limited resources eg: arid and desert habitats b. Arctic or alpine area c. Under tropical forest canopy d. Nutrient deficient habitats. Long lives slow growing in frequent reproduction low fecundity evergreen leaves
  3. Competitors- crowded density habitats. K selected high growth rates, lower fecundity, but higher quality offspring can acquire limited resources
26
Q

Interspecific competition

A 
Reciprocal mega or interaction between two or more species (-,-) 
Biotic agent (living) of natural selection.
27
Q

Animals are-

A

Heterotrophs ( gets food by ingestion)
•mobile and actively seek food
• competition often not continuous over / long time
• alter behavior and avoid competition

28
Q

Plants are-

A

Autotrophs (produce their own food nutrients)
•immobile (sessile) and complete for similar resources ( light water and minerals)
• continually compete mainly with immediate neighbors ( “neighborhood competiton”) over long time

29
Q

Niche

A

Set of environmental factors that normally define the conditions a species can live under.
Trophic position and feeding habits of an animal.

30
Q

Very similar niches for two species

A

Increase in interspecific competition.
Traits / features that help minimize or reduce competitor interactions will be favored by selection via effects on growth and reproduction

31
Q

The ghost of competition past

A

Niche partitioning - niche differentiation
Competition has been difficult to demonstrate directly in the field. The historical or evolutionary result of competition may have resulted in co evolution between species to minimize competition.
The competitive- exclusion principle established an expectation that competitive interactions not only shape present day ecological interactions but also have directed past evolutionary events.

32
Q

Interspecific competition
Competitive exclusion principle: (-,-)
Interactions between populations

A

If two species that occupy the exact same niche (use same resources ) one species ( the better competitor ) will exclude the other species (the two species will no co-exist indefinitely)

33
Q

Competitive refuge

A

They can live in a wider set if conditions but don’t because they are competitor excluded.
Freshwater plays could survive in salt water but don’t because salt water plants are better competitors.

34
Q

Mutualism (+,+)

A

Symbiosis where bother interacting species benefits

35
Q

Obligate mutualism

A

One or both species must be in the relationship to survive and reproduce.

36
Q

Facultative mutualism

A

Both species benefit by neither depends on the other for survival and reproduction

37
Q

Co evolution

A

Process by which two interacting species act as agents of natural selection on the other (reciprocal selection”)

38
Q

Antagonism

A

“Attenuated antagonism”
Affect in one no effect on the other.
Virtually transmitted- endosymbionts - mutualism is usually favored selected for. Mildly antagonistic - where it doesn’t really effect host

39
Q

Commensalism (+,0)

A

No effect on host

40
Q

Mutualism (+,+) categories

A
  1. Defensive (“protective”)
  2. Energetic
    3 nutritional
  3. Transport
41
Q

Defensive mutualism category

A

One species protect the other from something harmful ex: hebivory or disease
Ex: ant and acacia tree- janzen 1960s
Central America - Bulls horn acacia has hallow thorns that ants make nests out of. Plants provide extra floral nectaries for the ants - protein rich. Ants aggressively define plant from herbivores and competitors

42
Q

Energetic mutualism category

A

Food nutrients transferred from one species to another
Ex: zooxanthellae are micros pic dinoflagellates that live within the coral. 90% of corals energy needs come from sugars (carbs) made by zoo… And zoo get place to stay and live.

43
Q

Nutritional mutualism category

A

Mineral nutrients transferred from one species to other.

Ex: mycorrhizal fungi in roots of 88% of all plant species. They produce nitrogen and potassium. Fungi get place to stay

44
Q

Transport

A

Pollinating and dispersal one species moves another gametes (offspring) of another
A. Pollination by the insects birds and bats- pollinator revives food reward
B. Seed/ fruit dispersal- plants benefits from dispersal to new area. - animal get nutritional benefit (sugars or lipids) in fruits color Chang when ripe. Elaisomes on seeds attract ants

45
Q

Parasitism (+,-)

A

Small species the parasite benefits by living in (endo) or on (ecto) the second species (host).
Disease- causing parasites = pathogens

46
Q

Transmission vector

A

Permits movement of parasite from one host to another host (air, water, other animals)
Eg) black legged tick- living vector for Lyme disease- lives in blood stream of vertabrates

47
Q

Predator - prey (+,-)

A
  1. “True” predator-prey completely consumes prey
  2. Parasite -prey
  3. Parasitoids ( insects that lay their eggs in or on host) larvae consume host
  4. Herbivores- plant interactions (grazers, insects and mammal grazers, browsers, seed predators, frugivores)
48
Q

Predator -prey systems

A

Predator and prey numbers reciprocally affected by each other. ( density abundance)
Numerical response- of predator to changes in prey density; simple models-> “coupled oscillations” with time lag in response to prey abundance (“delay density- dependence)
Ex: hates and Lynx

49
Q

Foraging

A

Set of herbivores used to get food (searching capturing handling) this cost energy for the animal.

50
Q

Optimal foraging theory

A

Foraging is a compromise between feeding costs and benefits. Natural selection should favor maximizing benefits at minimal costs.
Predictions: predators should choose profitable “prey” items.
Eg) crabs eating mussels, medium sized maximizes energy benefit (gain)

51
Q

Functional response

A

Describes how prey consumption by predator is related to prey density

52
Q

Generalist

A

Predator with long search time relative to handling time- eat prey of diverse types whenever encountered eg: insectivorous birds

53
Q

Specialist

A

Predators with short search time relative to handling time. ( energy cost to find prey is low but it is specialize in easily handled prey species) eg) Lon preying on immediate old prey

54
Q

Herbivore -plant interaction (+,-)

A

Coevolutionary “arms race”

  • growing points can be in shoot tips
  • growing points are at shoot bass

Growing responses of plants

  • under compensate (+,-)
  • compensate (+,0)
  • overcompensation (+,+)
55
Q

Inducible defense

A

Defensive change in response to attack to being eaten by predator.
Ex: water flea- different body in summer time

Population Ecology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions