1st Test

Question 0

Concerns

Answer 0

Ecological factors driving these dynamics; develop quantitative descriptions and models -> to make predictions

Question 1

Population ecology

Answer 1

Sub discipline examining dynamics and structure of populations

Question 2

Population

Answer 2

Group of individuals of one species within a particular area at a particular time usually use same resources and influence by the same environmental factors

Question 3

Community

Answer 3

Group Of different species interacting

Question 4

Population biology

Answer 4

Includes ecological and genetic concepts. Brings in genetic aspects of populations.

Question 5

Population genetics view

Answer 5

Subdivided populations into local interbreeding groups (demes) “genetic neighborhood”

Question 6

Gene pool

Answer 6

Total of all genes and their different forms within a population. Changes in a gene pool over time= microevolution often focus on one gene.

Question 7

Alleles

Answer 7

Different forms of a gene. For a gene in an individual there can be two alleles ( two chronometer of each type- diploid)
Homogenous- if all alleles are the same AA of aa
Heterogenous- if genes are different Aa
Polymorphic- many alleles, no limit
Monomorphic- if only one allele in the entire pop gene “fixed”

Question 8

Genetic structure -

Answer 8

pattern of frequencies of genotype and alleles in a pop.

Question 9

Exogenous factors

Answer 9

(Aka extrinsic) things on the outside of pop. do not depend on pop. to occur. (External to the population) are considered to be density- independent.
-weather conditions- precipitation, temperature, climate

Question 10

Endogenous factors

Answer 10

(Aka intrinsic) due to population itself, are considered density dependent factors. ( time lags in response to density, decline in reproduction output with increase in density ..) monarch - pathogen infection frequency depends on pop.size

Question 11

High density in infraspecific competition

Answer 11

Density-dependent - increases for resources and or Space thus results in decreases in survival, growth and reproduction.

Question 12

Intraspecific competition

Answer 12

A biotic agent within the species. Increasing in density (crowding) leads to decrease in survival, growth and reproduction
-a bit pricey agent of natural selection evolutionary consequences

Question 13

Competitive ability

Answer 13

High competitive ability- high growth rates, ability to grow at low resource level, Etc…

Question 14

Competitive effect

Answer 14

How strongly an individual can suppress growth and reproduction rates of other.

Question 15

Competitive response

Answer 15

How little or much an individual is suppressed by neighbors.
It may not be apparent if an individual had an ability to dealing with stressful competitive env.

Question 16

Asymmetric competition

Answer 16

Common in nature- larger individuals have great effect in smaller individuals and smaller have close to no effect on larger individuals

Question 17

Floaters

Answer 17

Floaters without territories with numbers of territorial males.

Question 18

Negative competition

Answer 18

“Inverse density- dependence” as density decreases population growth increases

Question 19

Allee effect

Answer 19

If populations get too small probability of extinction had become unacceptably high. Allee proposed that all species have a minimum viable population (MVP) number varies with species.

Question 20

Population fluctuations

Small, irregular

Answer 20

Some fluctuations mostly due to demographic stochasticity.

Lots of deaths and birth maintain somewhat balances pop size

Question 21

Population fluctuation

Large, irregular

Answer 21

When the females and males are of the same age and are left to repopulate a species. Most females will be the same age and will hit their Unreproductive old age at the same time. Reproduction will stop until those females daughters become mature

Question 22

Cyclical- population fluctuations

Answer 22

Regular fluctuations - predator- prey cycles of abundance a when prey pop increase so does predator-> than prey pop goes down and so does predator->the. Prey goes up ( that’s the cycle )

Question 23

Irruption

Answer 23

Mostly low density but occasionally pop explosions (ex: mice and insects)

Question 24

Extrinsic, biotic “school”

Answer 24

Density- dependent factors external to the species, regulates their population.
Ex: self-thinning p
Ex: food supply determine reproductive success and pop densities in bird species and large mammals
Ex: predators regulatory ; prey densities
Ex: disease- pathogen spread often increase with host density

Question 25

Intrinsic biotic school

Answer 25

Ex: territoriality- defense of territory-> limits populations density
Ex: dispersal- more individuals may move out of a pop. As its density increases ( pre saturation dispersal- pop is at or more than k)

Question 26

Non equilibrium theory abiotic

Abiotic school all factors extrinsic

Answer 26

Under favorable conditions, species show high, innate capacitor for pop. Growth
- however unpredictability of weather and associated abiotic conditions is so extreme most pops. Never get very close to their carrying capacity

Question 27

Meta population theory

Answer 27

Population exists as a series of sub populations. A population within a populations.
With potential colonization of new / in inhabited patches of habitat and local extinction in other patches.
- have to be able to breed with in the populations need to come across eachother

Question 28

Spatial scale

Answer 28

One species in one area like: Bluejays in one forest=big scale. Insects in a log = small scale

Question 29

“Yeild-density” Relationship

Answer 29

“Yield” is the amount of something per unit area. Ex: mass or no. Of offspring. Yield tends to increase with increasing density up to a point and then levels off. The “Law of Constant Yield” Kira et al 1953

Question 30

Self thinning

Answer 30

The process of density- dependent mortality occurring in Crowded populations.
Relationship occurs when size is plotted against density.