Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 290 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Substances that alter sensory processing in the brain, causing perceptual disturbances, changes in thought processing, depersonalization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Psychotomimetic (mimics)

A

Substances that cause psychotic-like symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Psychedelic (deliberates)

A

Substances that expand/heighten perception and consciousness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Psychotogenic (generates)

A

Substances that initiate psychotic behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

5HT Hallucinogens (Also called tryptamine derivatives)

A

LSD
Psilocybin (or Teonanacatl)
Other Natural Sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) Creator

A

Synthesized in 1938 by a chemist (Albert Hoffman) working for Sandoz Laboratories in Switzerland, but is derived from the ergot fungus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

LSD potency

A

It is the most potent hallucinogen known (dosages are measured in micrograms).
-100x more potent than psilocybin -4,000x more potent than mescaline.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

5HT: Psilocybin

A

Mushrooms of genus psilocybe, conocybe, panaeolus, stropharia (also baeocyctis, semilanceata, and stunzii).
-Grow throughout the world.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Natural Sources of 5HT

A

 Iboga plant from Africa.
 Virola tree
 Morning glory seeds
 Bufotenine - Toad Smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Toad Smoking

A

 The skin and poison of Bufo alvarius
 Venom is taken from parotid then dried and smoked. The high lasts about 20m. The user is usually unresponsive for 5m or more, making little noises until they open their eyes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

5HT Sensory and Psychological Effects

A

Users may experience some or all of the following stages during a typical trip.
1. Heightened, exaggerated senses.
Synethesia is common.
2. Loss of control.
3. Self-reflection.
4. Loss of identity and a sense of cosmic merging.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

5HT Visual Effects

A 
May Include:
	Walls breathing 
	Tracers
	Moving colored geometric patterns (especially with closed eyes) 
	Intensification of colors and brightness (sparkling)
	New textures on objects
	Blurred vision 
	Shape suggestibility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Guidelines for Dealing with a Bad Trip

A
  1. Stay calm with the person.
  2. Reassure the person that the situation is temporary & that you will not leave until s/he returns to normal.
  3. Encourage deep, calm breathing.
  4. Advise person to view trip as though watching a movie.
  5. Reduce loud noises & bright lights, but avoid darkness because it encourages hallucinations.
  6. You can divert attention from panic by encouraging enjoyment of music/art collections.
  7. If you cannot get the situation under control within a reasonable time, seek medical attention. Bad trips can be treated with minor/major tranquilizers.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

NE Hallucinogens (or phenylethylamine derivatives): Nutmeg

A

 Contains Myristicin
-hallucinogenic at 2 tbsp
 Recreational properties take ≈ 4 hrs to take effect.
 May cause severe tiredness, prolonged sleep and dehydration.
 Effects can last for days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

NE Hallucinogen Characteristics

A
  1. Synthesized from common chemicals in backroom laboratories.
  2. Was initially exempt from control by the DEA.
  3. Skillfully marketed with exotic names.
  4. Most common is Ecstasy. Produces a sensation of being closer to people, with enhanced empathy.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

NE Hallucinogen Types

A

MDMA- (Ecstasy, XTC, Adam)
MDA- (Love Drug)
MDE- (Eve)
DOM- (STP (Serenity, Tranquility, & Peace))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

NE Hallucinogen Concerns

A

 ‘backyard’ chemists, quality control is poor.
 “dance drug”, stimulates the nervous system, it energizes the muscles and allows for continuous movement. It also increases BP and temperature.
 Occasional deaths result from effect on the body’s thermoregulatory system (i.e., overheating).
 There are also some concerns about long term effects on the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ACh Hallucinogens

A

Plant substances that block ACh receptors in CNS/PNS.
 Causes delirium, clouding of consciousness, disrupted memory, and then sleep as well as dilated pupils, dry mouth, racing heart, excitement, a sensation of lightness and/or flight, frenzied dancing, dreamy visions.
 Used in past as beautifiers, love potions, poisons, and in witchcraft/black mass.
 Most come from the potato family.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ACh Hallucinogens: Deadly Nightshade Plant

A

 Contains atropine.
 14 berries will kill.
 Used for centuries by assassins.
 Species name means “beautiful woman” because of pupil dilation effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Anesthetic Hallucinogens Types

A

Ketamine

Phencyclidine (PCP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ketamine

A

 Brand name Ketalar; slang Special K.
 Used as an anesthetic in Vietnam. Currently a veterinary anesthetic.
 Can cause a sensation of floating, dissociation, stimulation/hallucinations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Phencyclidine 1: PCP

A

Brand name Sernyl or Sernylan. Slang; Angel Dust, Killer Weed, Embalming Fluid, and Rocket Fuel.
 When pure, it is a white crystalline powder. Impure- tan to brown, consistency from powder to a gummy mass.
 Sold in tablets, capsules, powder or liquid form, applied to a leafy material, such as parsley, mint, oregano or marijuana, and smoked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

PCP History

A

In 1950s, it was investigated as an anesthetic but, due to the side effects, development for human use was discontinued. It became available for veterinary use in the 1960s.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

PCP Effects

A

Causes stimulation, a sensation of floating, a sense of incredible strength and mental distortions. User feels “like a rubber doll.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

PCP : Low Dose (>5mg)

A 
	Agitation
	Serious incoordination
	Blank stare, catatonic rigidity
	Unable to speak
	Lessened response to pinprick
	Flushed, profuse sweating
	Sensitive to sound
	Nystagmus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

PCP: Moderate Dose (5 - 10 mg)

A 
	Coma or stupor.
	Eyes remain open, pupils in middle & reactive.
	Extreme salivation, vomiting.
	Repetitive motor movements.
	Flushed, shivering, profuse sweating.
	Nystagmus.
	Fever.
	Insensitive to pain, touch.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

PCP: High Dose (> 10 mg)

A 
	Long coma (12 hours to days).
	Eyes closed.
	High BP.
	Muscular rigidity, convulsions.
	No peripheral sensation.
	Profuse sweating.
	Decreased corneal & gag reflexes.
	Hypersalivation.
	Fever.
	Repetitive motor movements.
	Posture may be bowed (abdomen out).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Salvia Divinorum

A

 Powerful psychoactive plant.
 Typically chewed or smoked, it produces experiences ranging from laughter to intense hallucinations.
 The duration of effects is brief (mins).
 Became illegal in WI due to the 2009 WI Act 141.
 Active psychoactive constituent is a structurally unique κ-opioid receptor agonist.
 Common reported aftereffects include improved mood, sensations of insight, calmness, connection with nature. However, it may cause dysphoria and STM loss.
 It has low toxicity and low addictive potential, may have potential as an analgesic and therapeutic tool for treating drug addictions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Marijuana: HS Senior Use (1975-05)

A

High point in late 70s
Low point in early 90s
Currently ≈35%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Marijuana Forms

A 
	Most ordinary marijuana: 3% THC. 
	Sinsemilla: 7.5% THC (up to 24%). 
	Hashish: 3.6% (up to 28%). 
	Hash oil: 16% (up to 43%). 
	Cannabis Extract was used historically.
	K2/Spice
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

K2/Spice

A

 A synthetic form of marijuana marketed as incense. Products contain 1 or more compounds similar to THC.
 Most common compound is called JWH-018, synthesized by John W. Huffman in 1994.
 Another compound found in Spice products sold in Germany is an analog of CP-47,497
 Toxicology studies are not yet there. Although we can expect similar toxicology to other cannabinoids, it is a synthetic drug and so research is needed.

32
Q

JWH-018

A

One of over 100 indoles, pyrroles, and indenes synthesized by the Huffman lab to develop cannabimimetics, drugs that mimic the effect of cannabinoids such as THC.

33
Q

Marijuana administration

A 
	Joints
	Bongs
	Blunts 
	Vaporizers
	Edibles
34
Q

Marijuana Physiological Effects

A

 Vasodilation, tachycardia, red sclera
 analgesic, antiemetic and antinauseant properties
 Enhances effects of stimulants sedative-hypnotics.
 Males show increase in proportion of sperm with abnormal appearance reduced motility. However, fertility rates, etc. do not appear to be effected.

35
Q

Marijuana vs. Tobacco: Gas Phase

A

Marijuana has more: Ammonia, HCN, Acetaldhyde, Acetonitril, Benzene, Toluene
Tobacco has more: CO, Isoprene, Acetone, Acrolein, Dimethylnitrosamine (ng), Methylethylnitrosamine (ng)

36
Q

Marijuana vs. Tobacco: Particulate Matter

A

Marijuana has more: o-cresol, Naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, Benzo(a)anthracene, Benzo(a)pyrene

Tobacco has more: Phenol, m-, p-cresol, 2,4- & 2,5-dimethylphenol, THC/Nicotine

37
Q

Frequency of use

A

Cigarette users smoke ≈16-70 times as much as marijuana users. Any comparisons of which smoke is more toxic need to consider this fact

38
Q

Marijuana Behavioral Effects

A

 Low doses have biphasic mode of action (stimulation then sedation). Low to moderate doses produce euphoria and relaxation. Typical high lasts 2-3 hours.
 Moderate doses cause alterations in perception of time and distance.
 Common effects include dry mouth, some loss of coordination and balance, slower reaction times, some mental confusion.
 An acute dose of cannabis can produce adverse reactions from mild anxiety to panic.
 A minority of cases users can exhibit psychoses hallucinations. These reactions are more likely in individuals who are under stress, anxious, depressed, or borderline schizophrenic, and are using potent marijuana.
- Appetite stimulation

39
Q

Amotivational Syndrome

A

 Refers to a belief that heavy use of marijuana causes a lack of motivation and reduced productivity.
Specifically, users show:
 Apathy
 Poor short-term memory
 Difficulty with concentration
 A lingering disinterest in pursuing goals

40
Q

Weil, Zinberg, and Nelson, 1968

A

Scores are the average increase/decrease over the before-marijuana test scores on the DSST.
Thus, the effect of marijuana on memory depends on dose and experience of the user.

41
Q

Marijuana Clinical Uses

A 
	Appetite stimulant 
	Antinauseant 
	Antiseizure
	Muscle relaxant
	Analgesic 
	Glaucoma 
	May have an antidepressant effect.
	Bronchodilator 
	There have been recent discussions of anticancer as well as antioxidant and neuroprotectant effects.
42
Q

Medical Cannabis legalized States

A

18 states and the District of Columbia, starting with CA in 1996, have legalized medical cannabis or effectively decriminalized it: AK, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DE, HI, ME, MA, MI, MT, NV, NJ, NM, OR, RI, VT, and WA

43
Q

Marinol vs. Marijuana as Medicine

A

Marinol is a pill for nausea/vomiting - most chemo patients can’t even drink water. Smoking marijuana has a faster effect, 2-3 hour life and it’s easier to control the dose, whereas Marinol has a 1 hour time lag, with a 6 hour life and is expensive

44
Q

3 Propoganda movies in 1937

A
  1. Reefer Madness
  2. Assassin of Youth
  3. Marijuana: The Devil’s Weed
45
Q

1906 Pure Food and Drug Act

A

Prompted by concern about addiction to patent medicines (Ex. Collier’s 1905). Required labels on medicines to list opiate, cocaine, alcohol, and cannabis contents.

46
Q

1912 Sherley Amendment

A

Prompted by an ineffective cancer remedy.

Drug labels could not contain false claims.

47
Q

1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

A

Prompted by death of 40 people resulting from a sulfa product dissolved in diethylene glycol. Defined what was meant by term drugs; required new drugs be safe; labels to list ingredients, quantity and explain correct use; created prescription and OTC drug categories.

48
Q

1951 Durham-Humphrey Amendment

A

Prompted by concern public use of OTC drugs.

Established criteria for prescription and OTC drugs.

49
Q

1962 Kefauver-Harris Amendment

A

Prompted by the thalidomide tragedy. (Sedative for mothers) Established testing procedure for new drugs; required drug companies to demonstrate safety and effectiveness.
Phocomelia refers to the “flipper-like” limbs.

50
Q

1966 NAS/NRC-FDA Study of Drugs

A

National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council evaluates 512 OTC drugs marketed from 1938-1962.
Only 15% judged effective.

51
Q

1972 FDA OTC Drug Products Evaluation Program

A 
Seventeen panels of experts 
to review all OTC drugs (over 300,000 on market). By 1981, 700 ingredients were evaluated.  Categorized as:
1. safe and effective
2. not safe and effective
3. insufficient data.
52
Q

Federal Drug Abuse Control Laws: 1914 Harrison Act

A

First federal legislation to regulate production, importation, sale and purchase of opium or drugs derived from opium.

53
Q

Federal Drug Abuse Control Laws: 1924 Heroin Act

A

Made it illegal to manufacture heroin.

54
Q

Federal Drug Abuse Control Laws: 1937 Marijuana Tax Act

A

Provides controls over marijuana similar to the Harrison Act over narcotics.

55
Q

Federal Drug Abuse Control Laws: 1956 Narcotics Control Act

A

Intent to impose very severe penalties for those convicted of narcotics or marijuana charges.

56
Q

Federal Drug Abuse Control Laws: 1965 Drug Abuse Control Amendments

A

Adopts strict controls over amphetamines, barbiturates, LSD, etc. with provisions to add new substances as needed.

57
Q

Federal Drug Abuse Control Laws: 1966 Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act

A

Allows treatment as an alternative to jail.

58
Q

Federal Drug Abuse Control Laws: 1970 Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act

A

Replaced previous laws and categorized drugs based on schedules which consider abuse and addiction potential as well as therapeutic value.

59
Q

Federal Drug Abuse Control Laws: 1973 Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

A

Replaced the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs.

60
Q

Federal Drug Abuse Control Laws: 1986 Analogue (Designer Drug) Act

A

Made illegal substances similar in effects and structure to substances already scheduled.

61
Q

Federal Drug Abuse Control Laws: 2000 Drug Addiction Treatment Act

A

Allowed Drs to dispense certain narcotics for treatment of opioid addiction in medical facilities (rather than clinics).

62
Q

Federal Drug Abuse Control Laws: 2010 Secure and Responsible Drug Disposal Act

A

Allows consumers to give controlled substances to designated individuals for disposal.

63
Q

Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 established 5 schedules based on degree of abuse potential and clinical usefulness. What are these schedules and their characteristics?

A

 Schedule I
Have high abuse potential and no currently approved medicinal use.
 Schedule II
Have high abuse potential but can be used for some medicinal purposes.
 Schedule III-V
Have medicinal uses but differ in likelihood of abuse with Schedule III being most likely to be abused.

64
Q

Schedule I examples

A

Heroin, DMT, LSD, Mescaline, Peyote, Psilocybin, Quaaludes, Ecstasy, Marijuana

65
Q

Schedule II examples

A

Benzedrine, Dexedrine, Cocaine, Ritalin, Codeine, Morphine, Methadone, Demerol, Dilaudid, Percodan, Fentanyl, Oxycontin, Amobarbital, Pentobarbital

66
Q

Schedule III examples

A

Tylenol w/ Codeine, Vicodin, Fiorinal, Paregoric, Anabolic Steroids, Ketamine

67
Q

Schedule IV examples

A

Most Benzodiazipines, Some Muscle Relaxers

68
Q

Schedule V

A

Very low dose codeine compounds

69
Q

Legalization Debate

A

 In 1971, President Nixon declared a “war on drugs.” $2.5 trillion dollars later, drug use is half of what it was 30 years ago (2012) and thousands of offenders are successfully diverted to treatment instead of jail.
 Nonetheless, 9% of the population still uses illegal drugs, and with the highest incarceration rate in the world, we continue to fill our prisons with drug offenders. Decimated families and communities are left in the wake (e.g., E. Chamberlain).

70
Q

Summary of Arguments in Favor

A
  1. Eliminate dealer’s high profit.
  2. Reduce drug related violence and criminal activities.
  3. Reduce law enforcement costs.
  4. Reduce corruption.
  5. Reduce backlog of court cases.
  6. Reduce size of prison populations.
  7. Allow for government taxation (use money for education and treatment).
  8. Shift attitude toward drugs from a criminal activity to a health problem.
  9. Help identify and treat problem users (since threat of punishment removed).
  10. Reduce spread of diseases (i.e., AIDS and Hepatitis).
  11. Allow regulation of purity and quality.
71
Q

Summary of Arguments Against

A
  1. It will increase drug use due to:
    a) greater availability.
    b) decreased cost.
    c) perceived social approval.
  2. It will increase costs to society due to more medical and social problems as a result of increased use.
72
Q

Compromise Will Be Likely

A
  1. Selective legalization and/or decriminalization.

2. Discretionary enforcement of drug laws. (Criminal Intent)

73
Q

ACh Hallucinogens: Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium)

A

 Contains scopolamine and several less active alkoloids.

 In 2001, 1144 cases of poisoning were reported in the U.S. with 1 death (Amer. Assoc. of Poison Control Centers).

74
Q

ACh Hallucinogens: Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger)

A

 Contains hyosyamine and scopolamine.

75
Q

ACh hallucinogens: Mandrake (Mandragora officinarum)

A

 Contains scopolamine, mandragorin, atropine and hyosciamine.

76
Q

ACh Hallucinogens: Amanita Mushroom (Amanita muscaria)

A

 Contains muscarine.
 It can reach a height of 8-9 inches with a 3-8 inch wide cap.
 Commonly called the fly agaric mushroom because of its early use to stun/kill flies.
 red cap, red-orange cap, red-brown cap, yellow-orange cap, melon cap, and whitish cap.

Psych 290 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions