Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 290 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Parts of the Neuron

A 
Cell Body & Nucleus
Dendrites
Axons
Terminal Buttons or Axon Endings
Glia Cell- “Schwann cells”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cell Body & Nucleus

A

As in all cells, these help keep the cell alive & enable it to reproduce.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive messages from adjacent neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Axons

A

Transmit messages through the neuron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Terminal Buttons or Axon Endings

A

Send messages to adjacent neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Glia Cell- “Schwann cells”

A

Wraps around axons, forming myelin sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Saltitory Conduction and Nodes of Ranvier

A

Enables transmission to skip from node to node through the neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

A disorder where the myelin deteriorates, broken down by the immune system for an unknown reason.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ions

A

Are simply “charged particles”.

Salt (NaCl) + H2O= H2O + (Na+) + (Cl-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The Cell Membrane

A

A phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded. Hydrophobic heads (water soluble layer), hydrophilic tails (fat soluble layer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Transmission Within A Neuron: Resting Potential

A

Inside of the neuron is slightly negative with respect to the outside.
About -70 millivolts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Transmission Within A Neuron: Graded Potentials

A

Stimulation produced change in the resting potential.
Graded means the change mirrors the amount of stimulation.
Two kinds: Hyperpolarization, Depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

increased polarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Depolarization

A

decreased polarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Transmission Within A Neuron: Threshold

A
  • Refers to the voltage level that needs to be reached for an action potential to occur.
  • Threshold is about -60 to -65 millivolts.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Transmission Within A Neuron: Action Potential

A
  • A large enough depolarization causes the inside of the cell to become positive with respect to the outside at the point of stimulation.
  • Is contagious & results in the info being carried down the length of the cell.
  • Is all-or-none, it either happens or it doesn’t happen.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Synaptic Transmission - Steps

A

 Must be an action potential in presynaptic neuron.
 Molecules involved in transmitter synthesis must be transported into cell.
 Transmitter must be synthesized.
 Transmitter must be stored (in vesicles).
 Transmitter must be released into synapse.
 Transmitter must interact with receptors in membrane of postsynaptic neuron.
 Transmitter must be deactivated (by reuptake or breakdown by MAO).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

EPSP, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential

A

lead to depolarizations, more likely to see an action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

IPSP, Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential

A

lead to hyperpolarizations, less likely to see an action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Excitatory synapse

A

Round synaptic vesicles, postsynaptic thickening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Inhibitory synapse

A

Oval synaptic vesicles, no postsynaptic thickening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Spine synapse

A

Synapse has a “spine”, round synaptic vesicles, postsynaptic thickening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Spatial Summation

A

Two small EPSP’s that occur in close proximity add together to create an action potential.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Temporal Summation

A

When two EPSP’s occur in rapid succession from the same terminal button, the postsynaptic neuron doesn’t have time to recover completely from the first stimulation and an action potential results.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Chemical Criteria for Neurotransmitters

A

 Should be found in the presynaptic cell.
 Presynaptic cell should have the enzymes to make it.
 A method for its deactivation should exist.
 Its application to the postsynaptic membrane should work.
 Following stimulation of the presynaptic cell, it should be present in the synapse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Types of Neurotransmitters

A

Biogenic Amines: Catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine)
Indoleamines (Seratonin or 5-Hydroxytryptamine)

Others acetylcholine (Ach), GABA (Gamma-Aminobuytric acid), peptides, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Acetylcholine

A

 Found in the neuromuscular junction and in areas of the brain involving memory
 Occurs by breakdown (i.e., no reuptake).
 Relevant enzyme is Acetylcholine Esterase (AChE).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Serotonin

A

 Used in brain areas that regulate sleep, mood and appetite
 Occurs primarily by reuptake. (SSRI)
 MonoAmine Oxidase (MAO) does do some breakdown.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Catecholamines

A

Tyrosine->L-DOPA->dopamine->norepinephrine->epinephrine
 Occurs primarily by reuptake.
 Breakdown does occur though.
 There are two relevant enzymes:
• MonoAmine Oxidase (MAO)
• Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Mechanisms of Drug Action I: Neurotransmitter Synthesis

A

May increase or decrease synthesis of neurotransmitters.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Mechanisms of Drug Action I: Neurotransmitter Transport

A

May interfere with transport of neurotransmitter molecules to terminal buttons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Mechanisms of Drug Action I: Neurotransmitter Storage

A

May interfere with storage of neurotransmitter in the synaptic vesicles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Mechanisms of Drug Action I: Neurotransmitter Release

A

May cause terminal buttons to prematurely release neurotransmitter into the synapse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Mechanisms of Drug Action I: Neurotransmitter Deactivation

A

May influence the breakdown of neurotransmitters by enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Mechanisms of Drug Action I: Neurotransmitter Reuptake

A

May block reuptake of neurotransmitters into the axon terminals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Mechanisms of Drug Action I: Receptor Activation

A

May activate a receptor site by mimicking a neurotransmitter (i.e., an agonist).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Mechanisms of Drug Action I: Receptor Blocking

A

May cause a receptor to become inactive by blocking it (i.e., an antagonist).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Divisions of the NS

A

o Nervous system is divided into the CNS (Brain and Spinal cord) and the PNS (Somatic (voluntary) and Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system)
o Autonomic nervous system: divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Brain

A

Central core (hindbrain), Limbic System (midbrain), Cerebrum (forebrain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Central core

A

 Medulla: life preserving function (reflexes, breathing, BP)
 Cerebellum: movement, motor coordination, posture, balance
 Reticular formation: Arousal reactions, information screening (ability to selectively focus your attention)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Limbic System

A

 Thalamus: major relay station for messages from all parts of the body, important in sensations of pain
 Hypothalamus: Regulation of metabolism, temperature, emotions (homeostasis and behavior)
 Hippocampus: important role in memory, uses Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Cerebrum

A

Corpus Callosum, Occipital lobe, Parietal lobe , Temporal lobe, Frontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Corpus callosum

A

communication between the brain’s right and left hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Occipital lobe

A

visual discrimination and some aspects of visual memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Parietal lobe

A

somaesthetic and motor discriminations and functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Temporal lobe

A

discrimination of sounds, verbal and speech behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Frontal lobe

A

learning, abstracting, reasoning, inhibiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Brain Structure Review

A

Central Core (ARAS, Medulla, Cerebellum), Limbic System (Hypothalamus, Thalamus, Amygdala (aggression), Septum (submission), Hippocampus), Cerebrum (Occipital lobes, Parietal lobes, Temporal lobes, Frontal lobes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Nootropics

A

Enhance mental performance (Smart drugs).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Ergogenics

A

Enhance physical performance (e.g., steroids & other hormones).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical substances secreted by glands. Are to the endocrine system what neurotransmitters are to the N.S.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Demographics

A

 1 million Americans have used or are currently using.
 90% of athletes in 1960 Olympics used. Estimates from 1993 suggest that 15% of NCAA & 50% of professionals use.
 2% of college-aged men.
 6.7% of male high school athletes.
 1% of female high school athletes.
 While athletes are not more likely to use most drugs of abuse, they are more likely to use these.
 52,000 U.S. children & adolescents are using steroids.
 In MA middle schools, 2.7% of athletes were using steroids (Begley et al., 1999).
 Males are much more likely to use steroids than females (NIDA, 2004).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Some Hormones that Affect Behavior

A 
	Pituitary
	Pineal
	Adrenal Cortex
	Adrenal Medulla
	Pancreas 
	Duodenum 
	Gonads
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Pituitary

A

the “master gland”. Interfaces with Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Pineal

A

melatonin is believed to play a role in circadian rhythms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

sex hormones & other steroids; corticosterone involved in stress.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

adrenaline related to arousal & fight/flight response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Pancreas

A

insulin affects hunger.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Duodenum

A

entrance to small intestine, CCK promotes satiety.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Gonads

A

sex hormones influence behavior & physical development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Anabolic Steroids - Types

A

Oral

Parenteral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Oral

A 
Clear the body in 2-14 days.
Exs:
• methandrostenolone - Dianabol
• oxandrolone - Anavar
• ethylestrenol - Maxibolin
• stanozolol - Winstrol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Parenteral

A 
Clear the body in 30 days.
Less dangerous (especially for liver).
Exs:
• nandrolone deconoate (Deca-Durabolin)
• testosterone cypionate (Depo-Testosterone)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Anabolic Steroids - 2 Primary Effects

A

Anabolic

  • Increases muscle mass in one who is active & eating a lot (especially protein). Body building.
  • Masculinizing
  • Facial & body hair
  • Broadening of the shoulders
  • Deepening of the voice
  • Adam’s apple
  • Aggressive behavior
  • Interest in sexual activities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Anabolic Steroids - Medical Uses

A

Hypogonadism (or testosterone deficiency).
Anemia (certain types) Stimulates red blood cell production.
Weight Gain - In underweight, elderly, wheel chair bound, or seriously ill.
Breast Cancer
Osteoporosis - Is a loss of bony tissue.
Arthritis - Reduces inflammation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Anabolic Steroids - Abuse Issues

A

Became illegal in 1991.
-Extreme doses (10-100x therapeutic).
Stacking, Cycling, Plateauing, Pyramiding, Array
-Use of other drugs to help clear the steroid from the urine (or block it - ex. probenecid).
-Using oral & parenteral agents together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Stacking

A

combining more than one steroid at a time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Cycling

A

or taking different steroids in sequence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Plateauing

A

developing tolerance to a particular steroid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Pyramiding

A

starting with low doses, moving to higher doses, then reducing doses at end of cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Array

A

use of other drugs to avoid side effects. Exs. ing diuretics, anti-acne, anti-estrogens (to reduce breast growth in males).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Typical Patterns of Anabolic Steroid Use

A

Pattern of Use Dosing Wks
Light
Methandrostenolone (Dianabol) 15 mg, oral 6
Moderate
Methandrostenolone 20 mg, oral 10
Nandrolone decanoate (Deca-durabolin) 200 mg, im 10
Testosterone cypionate (Depo-Testosterone) 200 mg, im 10
Intense
Methandrostenolone 40 mg, oral 16
Oxandrolone (Anavar) 40 mg, oral 16
Nandrolone decanoate 600 mg, im 16
Boldenone undecylenate (Vebonol) 8 ml/wk, im 16

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Anabolic Steroids - Side Effects 1

A

 Hepatic - Liver dysfunction including tumors.
 Cardiovascular - Increases BP & cholesterol.
 Reproductive
 M- testicular atrophy, less sperm, breast growth.
 F- clitoris enlarges, abnormal menses, masculinization, breast shrinkage.
 Immunologic - Increased susceptibility to infections. Less defense against abnormal tissue.
 Psychological - Cyclic changes in libido. Mood changes- increased aggression (“roid rage”). Addiction.
 Miscellaneous - Acne, hair loss/gain, muscle spasms, GI disturbances, water retention, stunted growth (adolescent males), unpleasant breath odor, swelling of feet & limbs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Side Effects of Steroids in 10 Women Athletes

A

Effect # Reporting Reversible
Lower voice 10 no
Increased facial hair 9 no
Enlarged clitoris 8 no
Increased aggressiveness 8 yes
Increased appetite 8 unknown
Decreased body fat 8 unknown
Diminished/
stopped menstruation 7 yes
Increased sexual drive 6 yes
Increased acne 6 yes
Decreased breast size 5 unknown
Increased body hair 5 no
Increased loss of scalp hair 2 no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Other Hormones

A

Growth Hormone
Melatonin
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Thyroid Hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Synthetic Growth Hormone

A
  • less easily detected agent
  • has many of the effects of anabolic steroids.
  • main side effect is acromegaly (increase in the size of hands, feet, & face).
  • effect is irreversible & seen most often in the soft tissues/bones of the mandible, maxilla, forehead, & fingers.
  • other side effects include enlargement of the visceral organs & cardiomyopathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Melatonin

A

 The hormone has a strong influence on a person’s circadian rhythms.
 Produced by the light-sensitive pineal gland & is secreted only during darkness. Its secretion stops when the eyes are exposed to daylight or its artificial equivalent (which can occur even when the eyes are closed).
 The trick in properly using melatonin to reset the body clock, a step called phase shifting, is to take the hormone at the right time and in the right amount to adjust the clock without causing sleepiness at the wrong time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Other Ergogenic Drugs I

A

Zeranol, Carnitine, Clenbuterol, B-complex Vitamins, Deprenyl, Stimulants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Zeranol

A

Used to fatten cattle. Is a non-steroidal estrogen agonist derived from fungi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Carnitine

A

An antioxidant that helps the body turn fat into energy. Anabolic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Clenbuterol

A

Asthma (in Europe, not US). Anabolic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

B-complex Vitamins

A

Enhance body metabolism & increase energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Deprenyl

A

Parkinson’s disease; inhibitor of MAO. Amphetamine-like stimulant for endurance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Other Ergogenic Drugs II

A

Caffeine, Ephedrine, & OTC Decongestants, Chromium Picolinate, Furosemide, Beta Blockers, Diuretics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Caffeine, Ephedrine, & OTC Decongestants

A

Treat asthma & congestion. Improve breathing, reduce fatigue & increase endurance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Chromium Picolinate

A

Mineral. Weight control.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Furosemide

A

Mask steroid use & enable rapid weight loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Beta Blockers

A

Used to treat hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, & social anxiety. Increases steadiness in shooting events & stimulates growth hormone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Diuretics

A

To reduce water retention. Causes rapid weight loss by wrestlers, jockeys, & gymnasts as well as dilution of the urine to minimize detection in drug testing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Other Ergogenic Drugs III

A

Blood Doping, Soda Doping or Buffer Boosting

Note: The word dope originates from the practice of Kaffir tribesmen in South Africa, who drank a mixture of alcohol & cola called dop, to gain increased energy & stamina. The Boer settlers in South Africa added an “e” at the end, giving the world the word that is frequently taken to mean illicit drugs in general.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Blood Doping

A

(Infusion with red blood cells from one’s own blood). No medical application. Increases O2 carrying capacity of the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Soda Doping or Buffer Boosting

A

Liquid of bicarbonate soda drunk before an event; no medical application. Prevents lactic acid buildup in order to delay muscle fatigue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Nootropics

A

Nimodipine, Ginko Bilboa, Vasopressin, Piracetam, Hydergine, Ephedra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Nimodipine

A

Ca+ channel blocker may help memory in the aged. Main use is treatment of ruptured blood vessel in the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Ginko Bilboa

A

CNN

Increases blood flow to numerous regions of the body. Fights memory loss due to blocked blood vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Vasopressin

A

First smart nasal spray & a pituitary hormone. Rumored to be a genuine hangover helper & brain enhancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Piracetam

A

Taken daily, it is supposedly a brain enhancer, improving flow of info between right & left hemispheres.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Hydergine

A

Has been shown to be useful in treating mental decline due to aging. Was originally developed to treat hypertension & is also used to stabilize oxygen levels in the brain. Another derivative of ergot discovered by Hoffman.

99
Q

Ephedra

A

An ancient Chinese herb sometimes sold as Ma huang. Used in nasal decongestants. During 1994 & 95, the FDA received reports of 330 adverse reactions (heart attack, strokes, seizures, etc. including 12 deaths) to ephedrine containing products. At least a dozen states have restricted sales (partly because it can be used in the manufacture if CAT).

100
Q

Nootropics - Nutrients

A

Dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE), Choline, L-phenylalanine, Pyridoxine or Vitamin B6

101
Q

Dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE)

A

Short-term studies have shown an increase in vigilance and alertness with a positive influence on mood. Present in sardines & anchovies. A low-key stimulant.

102
Q

Choline

A

precursor of ACh. To oversimplify, more choline=more ACh, & more ACh=better memory.

103
Q

L-phenylalanine

A

a amino acid that produces E & NE.
Thiamine – or Vitamin B1 is an antioxidant that can reportedly protect nerve tissues from alcohol, drugs & other neuropollutants.

104
Q

Pyridoxine or Vitamin B6

A

Is essential to optimal mental functioning. Believed to be particularly valuable for people who eat high-protein diets.

105
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of internal stability; often biochemical in nature

106
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers released into the blood by glands

107
Q

Nervous system

A

Relating to the brain, spinal cord, neurons and their associated elements

108
Q

Endocrine system

A

Relating to hormones, their functions and sources

109
Q

Neurons

A

Specialized nerve cells that take up the nervous system and release neurotransmitters

110
Q

Glia

A

Supporting cells that are critical for protecting and providing sustenance for the neurons

111
Q

Axons

A

An extension of the neuronal cell body along which electrochemical signals travel

112
Q

Receptors

A

Special proteins in a membrane that are activated by natural substances or drugs to alter cell function

113
Q

Synapse

A

Site of communication between a message-sending neuron and it’s message-receiving target cells

114
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

A minute gap between the neuron and target cell, across which neurotransmitters transmitters travel

115
Q

Dendrites

A

Short branches of neurons that receive transmitter signals

116
Q

Opiate receptors

A

Receptors activated by opioid narcotic drugs such as heroin and morphine

117
Q

Endorphins

A

Neurotransmitters that have narcotic-like effects

118
Q

Cannabinoid system

A

Biological target of tetrahydrocannabinol in marijuana

119
Q

Anandamide

A

A naturally occurring fatty acid neurotransmitter that selectively activates cannabinoid receptors

120
Q

Angonistic

A

A type of substance that activates a receptor

121
Q

Antagonistic

A

A type of substance that blocks a receptor

122
Q

Muscarinic

A

A receptor type activated by ACh; usually inhibitory

123
Q

Nicotinic

A

A receptor type activated by ACh; usually excitatory

124
Q

Catecholamines

A

A class of biochemical compounds including the transmitters norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine

125
Q

Sympathomimetic

A

Agents that mimic the effects of norepinephrine or epinephrine

126
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

One of the major divisions of the nervous system, composed of the brain and spinal cord

127
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Includes the neurons outside the CNS

128
Q

Anticholinergic

A

Agents that antagonize the effects of acetylcholine

129
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

Part of the CNS limbus system and a critical brain region for reward systems

130
Q

Frontal cortex

A

Cortical region essential for information processing and decision making

131
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

Controls the unconscious functions of the body

132
Q

Steroids

A

Hormones related to the corticosteroids released from the adrenal cortex

133
Q

Androgens

A

Male sex hormones

134
Q

Anabolic steroids

A

Compounds chemically like the steroids that stimulate production of tissue mass

135
Q

Barbiturates

A

Potent CNS depressants, usually not preferred because of their narrow margin of safety

136
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

The most popular and safest CNS depressants in use today

137
Q

Antihistamines

A

Drugs that often cause CNS depression, used to treat allergies and are often included in over the counter sleep aids

138
Q

Sedatives

A

CNS depressants used to relieve anxiety, fear and apprehension

139
Q

Anxiolytics

A

Drugs that relieve anxiety

140
Q

Hypnotics

A

CNS depressants used to induce drowsiness and encourage sleep

141
Q

Amnesiac

A

Causing the loss of memory

142
Q

Anesthesia

A

A state characterized by the loss of sensation or consciousness

143
Q

Frequently abused barbiturates

A

Amobarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, secobarbital, tuinal

144
Q

Frequently abused barbiturate-like drugs

A

Chloral hydrate, glutethimide, methyprylon, methaqualone, antihistamines

145
Q

Social lubricant

A

Belief that drinking represses inhibitions, strengthens extroversion and leads to increased sociability

146
Q

Methyl alcohol

A

Wood alcohol

147
Q

Ethylene glycol

A

Alcohol used as antifreeze

148
Q

Isopropyl alcohol

A

Rubbing alcohol, sometimes used as an antiseptic

149
Q

Anesthetic

A

A drug that blocks sensitivity to pain

150
Q

BAC

A

Blood alcohol concentration, concentration of alcohol found in the blood

151
Q

Alcohol dehydrogenase

A

Principal enzyme that metabolizes ethanol

152
Q

Behavioral tolerance

A

Compensation for motor impairment through behavioral pattern modification by chronic alcohol users

153
Q

Polydrug use

A

The concurrent use of multiple drugs

154
Q

Dishinhibition

A

Loss of conditioned reflexes due to depression of inhibitory centers of the brain

155
Q

Diuretic

A

A drug or substance that increases the production of urine

156
Q

Hepatotoxic effect

A

A situation in which liver cells increase the production of fat, resulting in an enlarged liver

157
Q

Alcoholic hepatitis

A

The second stage of alcohol-induced liver disease in which chronic inflammation occurs; reversible if alcoholic consumption ceases

158
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Scarring of the liver and formation of fibrous tissues; results from alcohol abuse; irreversible

159
Q

Alcoholic cardiomyopathy

A

Congestive heart failure due to the replacement of heart muscle with fat and fiber

160
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

Psychotic condition connected with heavy alcohol use and associated vitamin deficiencies

161
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

A condition affecting children born to alcohol-consuming mothers that is characterized by facial deformities, growth deficiency, and mental retardation

162
Q

Binge use

A

A pattern of drinking five or more drinks for men and four or more drinks for women on a single occasion, such as the same time or within two hours of each other, on at least 1 day in the past 30 days; includes heavy use

163
Q

Heavy use

A

Five or more drinks of the same occasion on each of 5 or more days in the past 30 days

164
Q

Teetotalers

A

Individuals who drink no alcoholic beverages whatsoever, a term in common usage in decades past

165
Q

Alcoholism

A

A state of physical and psychological addiction to ethanol, a psychoactive substance

166
Q

Alcohol abuse

A

Uncontrollable drinking that leads to alcohol craving, loss of control, and physical dependence but with less prominent characteristics than found in alcoholism

167
Q

Drunken comportment

A

Behavior exhibited while under the direct influence if alcohol; determined by the norms and expectations of a particular culture

168
Q

Disinhibitor

A

A psychoactive chemical that depresses thought and judgement functions in the cerebral cortex, which has the effect of allowing relatively unrestrained behavior (as in alcohol inebriation)

169
Q

Set and setting

A

Set refers to the individual’s expectation of what a drug will do to his or her personality; setting is the physical and social environments where the drug is consumed

170
Q

Pseudointoxicated

A

Acting drunk even before alcohol has had a chance to cause its effects

171
Q

Acquaintance and date rape

A

Unplanned and unwanted forced sexual attack from a friend or a date partner

172
Q

Codependency

A

Behavior displayed by either addicted or no addicted family members (codependents) who identify with the alcohol addict and core up the excessive drinking behavior, allowing it to continue and letting it affect the codependent’s life

173
Q

Enablers

A

Those close to the alcohol addict who deny or make excuses for enabling his or her excessive drinking

174
Q

Relapsing syndrome

A

Returning to the use of alcohol after quitting

175
Q

Acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome

A

Symptoms that occur when an individual who is addicted to alcohol does not maintain his or her usual blood alcohol level

176
Q

Delirium tremens (DT’s)

A

The most severe, even life-threatening form of alcohol withdrawal, invoking hallucinations, delirium, and fever

177
Q

Psychodrama

A

A family therapy system developed by Jacques Moreno in which significant interpersonal and intrapersonal issues are enacted in a focused setting using dramatic techniques

178
Q

Role playing

A

A therapeutic technique in which group members play assigned parts to elicit emotional reactions

179
Q

Genogram

A

A family therapy technique that records information about behavior and relationships on a rule of family tree to elucidate persistent patterns of dysfunctional behavior

180
Q

PTSD

A

A psychiatric syndrome in which an individual who has been exposed to a traumatic event or situation experiences persistent psychological stress that may manifest itself in a wide range of symptoms, including re-experiencing the trauma, numbing of general responsiveness and hyperarousal

181
Q

Volatile

A

Readily evaporated at low temperatures

182
Q

euphorigenic

A

Having the ability to cause feelings of pleasure and well-being

183
Q

Arrhythmia

A

A irregular heartbeat

184
Q

Hypoxia

A

A state of oxygen deficiency

185
Q

Who uses inhalants?

A

 Of the grades sampled, 8th graders were the heaviest users.
 These are among the most commonly used drugs by this age group.

186
Q

List With Abuse Potential

A

Gasoline, glues & cements, paint thinners, lacquers & enamels, varnishes & varnish removers, cigarette or charcoal lighter fluid, fingernail polishes & polish remover, stain removers & other dry-cleaning products, upholstery protection spray products, windshield deicers, disinfectants, fire extinguishing volatile chemicals, typewriter correction fluid, permanent felt marker ink, aerosol hair sprays, vegetable frying pan lubricants, spray deodorants, spray paints, whipped cream propellants, freon.

187
Q

Household Product and Possible Ingredients: Glues, plastic cements

A

Acetates, acetone, benzene, chloroform, hexane, toluene

188
Q

Household Product and Possible Ingredients: Cleaning solutions

A

Tricholorethylene, petroleum products, carbon tetrachloride

189
Q

Household Product and Possible Ingredients: Nail polish removers

A

Acetone

190
Q

Household Product and Possible Ingredients: Lighter fluids

A

Butane, propane

191
Q

Household Product and Possible Ingredients: Paints & paint thinners

A

Acetone, butylacetate, methanol, toluene

192
Q

Household Product and Possible Ingredients: Petroleum products

A

Acetone, benzene, ether, gasoline, hexane, petroleum, tetraethyl lead, toluene

193
Q

Household Product and Possible Ingredients: Typewriter correct fluid

A

Trichloroethylene

194
Q

Household Product and Possible Ingredients: Hair sprays

A

Butane, propane

195
Q

Toxicity: Acetone

A

Kidney damage.

196
Q

Toxicity: Acetates

A

Possible liver damage.

197
Q

Toxicity: Benzene

A

Repeated reports SSD, liver, kidney, & bone marrow damage common. Barred from public sale in many countries because of its toxicity.

198
Q

Toxicity: Carbon Tetrachloride

A

Nausea, vomiting, weight loss, liver & kidney damage/failure. Anuria, jaundice, possible uremia & convulsions. SSD reported.

199
Q

Toxicity: Gasoline

A

Fairly low toxicity. Occasional nerve damage & brain wave abnormalities.

200
Q

Toxicity: Fluorocarbons

A

SSD common. Cardiac arrhythmia & cardiac failure. Massive respiratory failure reported.

201
Q

Toxicity: Toluene

A

Fairly low toxicity. Possible liver & kidney damage.

202
Q

Toxicity: Hexane

A

Damage to NS reported repeatedly.

203
Q

Toxicity: n-Hexane

A

Severe damage to NS called polyneuropat.

204
Q

Toxicity: Perchlorethylene

A

Uncertain. Possible liver & kidney damage.

205
Q

Toxicity: Trichlorethane

A

SSD reported.

206
Q

Alkyl Nitrites

A

 Vasodilators with a psychoactive effect.
 Amyl & Butyl are examples.
 Alkyl nitrites are called “poppers” on the street.

207
Q

A Chronology of Nitrite Inhalation Abuse

A

Date Example of inhalation
1867 First therapeutic use of amyl nitrite for angina pain (heart problems).
1960 Amyl nitrite prescription requirement eliminated by FDA.
1960s Recreational use of nitrites among young adults began & became widespread. High lasts a few minutes.
1969 Amyl nitrite prescription requirement reinstated.
1970 Street brands of butyl nitrite become available.
1974 “Popper” craze beginning.
1977 Nitrite inhalation predominant among homosexual men. Is said to enhance sex.
1979 >5 million people estimated to have used nitrites >1/week. 19 cases of Kaposi’s sarcoma found in retrospect.
1980 56 cases of Kaposi’s sarcoma reported.
1981 Increased suspicions of a link between nitrite use & Kaposi’s sarcoma.
1990s Nitrite inhalation abuse greatly reduced among nonhomosexual populations.

208
Q

Nitrous Oxide (Laughing Gas)

A

 Grand Exhibition - Discovered in 1776, parties were common in Europe & N. America in the 1800s.
 Prescription for Scolding Wives?
 More Modern Party
 Currently used for sedating patients during dental procedures. It acts as a mild depressant when used in conjunction with oxygen in therapeutic amounts.

209
Q

Binge Drinking

A

5 or more drinks on one occasion

210
Q

Demographics - State & Local

A

 WI is one of the biggest drinking states in the USA.
 State Ranked 1st (AP - 6/22/88)
binging (3rd year).
binging & driving (2nd year).
chronic drinking (60+ drinks/month).
 State Students Say They Use Alcohol (AP - 10/2/91)
63% of WI HS students use alcohol & 43% binged in previous month (only NY listed a higher figure - 64%).
 WI Tops Nation in Binge Drinking: Report (AP - 8/1/97)
23% of adults are binge drinkers.

211
Q

WI Act 100

A

New Law 7/1/2010: 2009 WI Act 100. Four main changes:

  1. 4th offense OWI is felony if it occurs within 5 years of an earlier offense.
  2. Ignition Interlocks Devices (IIDs) required for repeat offenders & 1st time offenders => 0.15 BAC.
  3. Increases 1st offense OWI to a misdemeanor if child (<16yrs) is in vehicle.
  4. Greater emphasis on treatment.
212
Q

BAC Effects

A 
#	         BAC Effects
.02-.03	No overt effects, slight mood elevation.

.05-.06 Feeling of relaxation, warmth; slight decrease in RT & fine muscle coordination.

.08-.09 Balance, speech, vision, hearing slightly impaired; feelings of euphoria, increased confidence; loss of motor coordination.

.11-.12 Coordination & balance becoming difficult; distinct impairment of mental faculties, judgment.

.14-.15 Major impairment of mental & physical control; slurred speech, blurred vision, lack of motor skills.

.20 Loss of motor control - typically need assistance in moving about; mental confusion.

.30 Severe intoxication; minimum conscious control of mind & body.

.40 Unconsciousness, threshold of coma, death possible.

.50 Deep coma, death likely.

.60 Death from respiratory failure.

213
Q

BAC calculation

A

Alcohol is “burned up” by your body at .015% (or 1 drink)/hour. To calculate BAC, consider # of drinks consumed, body weight, stomach, gender, time, etc.

214
Q

Gender Differences in Alcohol Effects

A

Women get drunk faster than men for 3 reasons:

  1. They typically weigh less, thus the same amount of alcohol is concentrated in a smaller body mass.
  2. They typically have a higher % of body fat & less body water. Alcohol dissolves more readily in water. This means that when alcohol enters a woman’s body, it becomes more concentrated, & therefore has a more potent effect.
  3. An enzyme present in the stomach that metabolizes alcohol is about 4x as active in men as in women.
215
Q

Summary of Effects: Low Doses

A

 Disinhibition
 Social setting & mental state influence response
 From euphoric, friendly, talkative to aggressive
 Interferes with motor coordination

216
Q

Summary of Effects: Moderate Doses

A

 Slightly increases heart rate & slightly lowers BP
 Slightly dilates blood vessels in arms, legs, skin
 Stimulates appetite
 Increases production of gastric secretions
 Increases urine output

217
Q

Summary of Effects: Higher Doses

A

 Social setting has little influence on response
 Gross motor & cognitive impairment
 Induces drowsiness & causes sleep

218
Q

Basic Effects

A

 Sedative-hypnotic.
 Increases skin temperature.
 Increases the flow of urine (diuretic) resulting in body dehydration.
 In large doses it is an emetic.
 Withdrawal Symptoms include hangovers & the DTs.

219
Q

Delirium Tremens (or the DTs): Symptoms

A

 mental confusion
 abnormal perception (errors of interpretation, hallucinations)
 disruption of the sleep/wake cycle with insomnia or daytime sleepiness
 increase or decrease in psychomotor activity
 temporo-spatial disorientation
 non-recognition of close family & friends
 memory problems
 generalized convulsive seizures

220
Q

Warning Rotations

A

A 1984 law requires rotation of the following 5 warnings:

  1. The Surgeon General has determined that the consumption of this product, which contains alcohol, during pregnancy can cause mental retardation and other birth defects.
  2. Drinking this product, which contains alcohol, impairs your ability to drive a car or operate machinery.
  3. This product contains alcohol and is particularly hazardous in combination with some drugs.
  4. The consumption of this product, which contains alcohol, can increase the risk of developing hypertension, liver disease, and cancer.
  5. Alcohol is a drug and may be addictive.
221
Q

Task Force on College Drinking - found:

A

 1,400 college students die each year in alcohol related accidents
 Motor vehicle accidents were the most common cause of deaths caused by alcohol. Falls & drowning were included but homicides & suicides were not.
 In addition, drinking by college students contributes (annually) to:
 500,000 injuries
 70,000 cases of sexual assault or date rape
 400,000 students aged 18-24 had unprotected sex as a result of drinking

222
Q

Chronic Drinking Effects: CNS

A

specific & general cognitive impairments.

223
Q

Chronic Drinking Effects: Liver

A

minor, reversible damage (with abstinence) to irreversible, sometimes fatal damage (liver toxicity).

224
Q

Chronic Drinking Effects: Cardiovascular

A

increased mortality from CHD & increased risk for cardiovascular diseases in general; alcoholic cardiomyopathy.

225
Q

Chronic Drinking Effects: Endocrine

A

affects secretion of various hormones.

226
Q

Chronic Drinking Effects: Gastrointestinal

A

causes gastritis & increases risk of pancreatitis. Increases risk of contracting the following cancers: oral cavity, tongue, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, lung, pancreas, colon, & rectum.

227
Q

Chronic Drinking Effects: Immune

A

diminished functioning.

228
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

A

 Korsakoff’s typically develops as Wernicke’s subsides.
 Wernicke’s encephalopathy involves damage to multiple nerves in both the CNS & PNS.
 Cause is attributed to malnutrition, especially lack of vitamin B-1 (thiamine), which commonly accompanies habitual alcohol use.
 Korsakoff syndrome (or psychosis), involves damage to brain areas underlying memory. The most distinguishing symptom is confabulation (fabrication) where the person makes up detailed, believable stories about experiences to cover the gaps in their memory.

229
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

A

 The condition was first described in the 70s.
 Alcohol produces physical & mental problems in babies of mothers who drink.
 FAS is caused by permanent CNS damage. This can create an array of primary cognitive & functional disabilities (including poor memory, attention deficits, impulsive behavior, & poor cause-effect reasoning) as well as secondary disabilities (e.g., predispositions to mental health problems & drug addiction).
 Fetal alcohol exposure is the leading known cause of mental retardation in the Western world. In the US & Europe, prevalence rate is ≈ 0.2-2/1000 live births.
 Prevalence of drinking among women in the US.
As is typical of consumption rates, WI is at the top.

230
Q

Signs of FAS may include:

A

 Distinctive facial features (small eyes, thin upper lip, short upturned nose, & lack philtrum.
 Deformities of joints, limbs and fingers.
 Slow physical growth before & after birth.
 Vision difficulties or hearing problems.
 Small head circumference & brain size.
 Poor coordination
 Heart defects

231
Q

Candida Albicans Drunken Syndrome

A

Doctor says food may have intoxicated woman:
A physician testified at the drunken driving trial of a 48 year-old woman that food she had eaten the night she was stopped by police may have helped make her inebriated. She had a medical history of someone suffering from Candida albicans drunken syndrome, a gastrointestinal fermentation process that produces alcohol. The syndrome mainly affects women and those with a heavy use of antibiotics and sugar. However, an article in JAMA called the syndrome theory “speculative and unproven.”

232
Q

Pathological Intoxication

A

Characterized by repetitive & automatic movements & the occurrences of extreme excitement with aggressive, uncontrolled irrational behavior after ingesting a relatively small amount of alcohol. The episode may last for minutes or hours & is followed by a prolonged sleep with amnesia for the event upon awakening

233
Q

Conclusion

A

 1-2 drinks a day is good.
 Note: 1-2/day is not equal to 14 on the weekend.
 And 1 drink = 1 oz whiskey or 4 oz wine or 12 oz beer.

234
Q

Absinthe

A

 A distilled, highly alcoholic (45–74%) beverage. An anise-flavored spirit derived from the flowers & leaves of Artemisia absinthium (a.k.a. “grand wormwood”), green anise, sweet fennel, & other aromatic herbs.
 It is commonly referred to as the green fairy (it may be green or colorless).
 It is normally diluted with water prior to being consumed.
 Has often been portrayed as a dangerously addictive psychoactive drug. The chemical compound thujone (present only trace amounts) was blamed for its alleged harmful effects.
 Whether absinthe has psychoactive effects in addition to those of alcohol has not been conclusively resolved. Its effects have been described by some as mind opening. The most commonly reported experience is a “clear-headed” feeling of inebriation - a form of “lucid drunkenness

235
Q

Fermentation

A

C6H12O2 + Yeast -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

Glucose Ethanol CO2

236
Q

Biology - Drug Treatments

A 
	≈14 million people in USA (1 in 13), meet diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse (National Council on Alcoholism & Drug Dependence, 2000).  Studies indicate that >50% treated for alcoholism will relapse within 3 months, 75% within 1 year, &  90% within 4 years.
Three main drugs: 
	Disulfiram (Antibuse)
	Naltrexone (Revia & Depade)
	Acamprosate (Campral)
237
Q

Disulfiram

A

 Approved in 1951.
 Results in illness when patient under treatment ingests alcohol by blocking its metabolism (reaction 2).
 The sick feeling is essentially a hangover & includes flushing, throbbing in head & neck, headache, respiratory difficulty, nausea, vomiting, sweating, thirst, chest pain, palpitation, hyperventilation, marked uneasiness, weakness, vertigo, blurred vision, & confusion.
 Duration of the reaction is variable, from 30-60 mins in mild cases, to several hours in more severe cases (or as long as there is alcohol remaining in the blood).

238
Q

Naltrexone

A

 Approved in 1994.

 Decreases cravings.

239
Q

Acamprosate

A

 Approved in Europe since 1989 & in the US since 2004.
Although well tolerated, side effects:
 Serious - diarrhea, allergic reactions, irregular heartbeats, & low or high BP.
 Less serious - headaches, insomnia, & impotence.
 Intended for use in patients who are receiving some form of psychosocial support & have been abstinent from alcohol for at least a few days.
 Improves likelihood of abstinence.
 May be even more effective when used in combination with naltrexone.

240
Q

Biology – Genetics

A

 A person with an identical twin who is an alcoholic has a 60% chance of becoming one.
 Risk of becoming alcoholic quadruples if a close relative (i.e., mom, pop, &/or sib) is.
 While the data are clearly supportive of a role of genetics, heritability varies considerably, depending on factors such as gender, measure of drinking behavior, definition of alcoholism, & population studied.

241
Q

Alcohol is involved in (1977)

A 
Traffic accidents	50% (still true).
Fire fatalities	        83%.
		                53% of victims were alcoholic.
Drownings	        69%.
Falls		                63% of injuries.
		                70% of deaths.
Homicides	        50%.
Suicides	                >33%.
Rapes	                50% of rapists.
		                31% of victims.
Assaults	                72% of attackers.
		                79% of victims.
Robberies	        72% of robbers.
Child Abuse	        77%.
Arrests	                33%.

In WI in 2010, at least 1,732 people died, 3,511 were injured, and 67,345 were arrested as a direct result of alcohol use & misuse.

242
Q

Drunk Walking

A

 Friends shouldn’t let friends walk drunk.
 Walking drunk is a risk factor for pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions. It is less studied than and often overshadowed by the dangers of driving drunk.
 CDC data from 2008 showed 36% of pedestrians killed in motor vehicle crashes had BACs above 0.08.
 Thus, drunk walking accounts for ≈1200-1500 deaths/year.

243
Q

% Students Reporting Alcohol-Related Problems

A

Nonbinge Infrequent Frequent
Had a hangover 30 75 90
Regretted a behavior 14 37 63
Forgot what I did 8 26 54
Argued w/ friends 8 22 42
Missed class 8 30 61
Had unplanned sex 8 20 41
Had unprotected sex 4 10 22
Trouble with police 1 4 11

244
Q

Secondary Effects of Binging
% non-binge drinkers reporting secondary effects (problems due to others drinking) in relation to binge drinking level of school.

A

% Bingers at School
50%
Insulted or humiliated 21 30 34
Had serious argument 13 18 20
Was hit or assaulted 7 10 13
Had property damaged 6 13 15
Took care of a drunk 31 47 54
Experienced unwanted
sexual advance (women) 15 21 26

Psych 290 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions