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CAS 325A > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the difference between the growth of boys and girls in middle childhood

A

Boys are slightly larger than girls at the beginning of this period, then girls undergo the growth spurt of adolescence at an earlier age and tend to be larger than boys by the end of middle childhood

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2
Q

How many inches do children grow during the elementary school years

A

2-3 inches a year

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3
Q

How much weight on average does a child gain during middle childhood

A

5-7 pounds a year

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4
Q

what is the growth difference between African American children and White children

A

African American children grow faster and by age 6 African American girls have more muscle and bone mass than white or hispanic girls.

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5
Q

What is the growth difference between hispanic girls and white girls

A

Hispanic girls have more body fat

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6
Q

How many calories per day do children need

A

1600-2400

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7
Q

Daily food intake should include a high level of what type of nutrient

A

complex carbohydrates

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8
Q

What are the important brain developmental features of middle childhood

A

New synapses are formed and pruned
Development of the frontal cortex
Lateralization continues
corpus callosum grows

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9
Q

In developing countries, how many children under 5 years old are underweight due to malnourishment

A

174 million

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10
Q

In developing countries, how many children under 5 years have stunted growth due to malnourishment

A

230 million

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11
Q

What percent of the 12.2 million deaths of children under 5 in developing countries each year are associated with malnutrition

A

54%

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12
Q

Why have tooth decay rates declined in recent years

A

Fluoride use and proper dental care

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13
Q

A child whose weight, in comparison with height, was in the 95th percentile

A

Obese

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14
Q

Causes of obesity

A

Issues with leptin
Genetic and hormonal factors
Environment

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15
Q

A hormone that governs production of protein, which helps regulate body fat

A

Leptin

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16
Q

In middle childhood, who can children engage in a wider range of motor activities than preschoolers

A

Improved motor development

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17
Q

What kind of play is engaged in middle childhood

A

rough and tumble play

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18
Q

What percent of schoolchildren’s play is rough and tumble

A

10%

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19
Q

Why does rough and tumble play diminish

A

children engage in play with rules

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20
Q

Why is middle childhood thought to be a relatively healthy period

A

Most children are immunized against major illnesses and the death rate is the lowest in the lifespan

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21
Q

Illnesses that last a short time

A

Acute medical conditions

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22
Q

Illnesses or impairments that persist for at least three months

A

Chronic medical conditions

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23
Q

What is the leading cause of death in middle childhood

A

Accidents

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24
Q

Where do accidents occur

A

Automobiles, at home, or in and around school

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25
Q

Which children are more likely to get hurt

A

Clumsy children

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26
Q

What percentage of boys were unable to tell if a gun was real or not

A

50%

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27
Q

What is the most common vision impairment

A

Myopia or nearsightedness

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28
Q

What is a less common visual impairment

A

Hyperopia farsightedness

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29
Q

Eyes are not properly aligned with each other

A

Strabismus

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30
Q

What types of children are the most at risk for visual problems

A

Children born preterm

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31
Q

What percent of children have some hearing loss

A

15%

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32
Q

Who is more likely to have learning disabilities

A

Boys

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33
Q

What is the most common learning disability

A

Dyslexia

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34
Q

What is significant about brain patterns and dyslexia

A

During the reading those who have dyslexia have different brainwave patterns compared to those who do not

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35
Q

What part of the brain shows a typical functioning when reading with dyslexia

A

Left side of the cerebral cortex especially the temporal lobe

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36
Q

What do identical twin studies show about the causes of learning disabilities

A

They show a genetic component

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37
Q

Where are ERPs of strong readers concentrated

A

In the left hemisphere

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38
Q

What do the electrophysiological studies of strong readers indicate

A

Left hemisphere dysfunction and reduced brain lateralization are related to reading problems

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39
Q

Do most children outgrow learning disabilities

A

No

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40
Q

What may curriculum modifications for children in special education include

A

Breaking tasks into smaller steps or allowing more time to finish schoolwork or exams

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41
Q

Involves ongoing inattention or hyperactivity – impulsivity and multiple settings

A

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

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42
Q

When is ADHD usually diagnosed

A

After school entry

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43
Q

What do neural imaging studies show in the brain of a child with ADHD

A

Differences in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex

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44
Q

What may reduce symptoms of ADHD by increasing inhibitory control of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex

A

Stimulant drugs

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45
Q

What is the usual treatment for ADHD

A

Stimulant medication, counseling or therapy, and a behavior management plan at school

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46
Q

What is the age of Piaget’s concrete operational stage

A

7 to 11 years old

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47
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of Piaget’s concrete operational stage

A

Can think in a more logical fashion, can reverse operations, works in a mentally more flexible manner, are able to assume other’s view points, but cannot reason abstractly

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48
Q

What are the four parts of concrete operational thinking

A

Began to solve conservation problems, can solve senation problems, development of classification skills, understanding of class inclusion

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49
Q

The ability to classify in order of size

A

Senation

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50
Q

What is the limitation of concrete operational thought

A

Need to have the concrete objects in sight to reason about them

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51
Q

What is the flaw we now see in Piaget’s theory

A

Evidence indicates that he underestimated children’s abilities. Their performance maybe more tied to particular or contexts.many of the tasks attributed by Piaget to middle childhood are mastered at earlier stage

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52
Q

What theory views a child’s mind as analogous to a computer

A

Information processing theory

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53
Q

What are the three emphasis of information processing theory

A

Attention, processing speed, and memory

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54
Q

The ability to focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others

A

Selective attention

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55
Q

At what period does selective attention dramatically improve

A

From preschool years to age 8

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56
Q

In middle childhood what are children most likely to do with their attentional behavior

A

Plan and organize

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57
Q

What type of memory improves in middle childhood

A

Short-term memory

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58
Q

What is size of memory or digit span

A

Number of items that a person can hold in short-term memory

59
Q

How many digits can a person hold in short-term memory at age 5

A

Four items

60
Q

How many digits can a person hold in short-term memory at age 9

A

Six items

61
Q

What are the memory strategies

A

Rehearsal, organization, and elaboration

62
Q

Creating a meaning between two objects

A

Elaboration

63
Q

Awareness that you are using your memory. Knowledge about memory itself including awareness of one’s own memory skills

A

Metamemory

64
Q

Different skills considered separate aspects of general intelligence

A

Hierarchal model of intelligence

65
Q

Ratio of mental age to chronological age

A

Intelligence quotient

66
Q

What is the average intelligence quotient score at each age

A

100

67
Q

A measure of dispersion of scores used to classify scores

A

Standard deviation

68
Q

What is the stability of an IQ score

A

High degree of stability of score over time

69
Q

How many points difference is there between black and white children on IQ

A

10 points

70
Q

Where do you Hispanic children fall in the range of IQ scores between black and white children

A

In the middle

71
Q

What is an explanation for the difference in the IQ scores per culture

A

Cultural bias of the test itself

72
Q

What happens to a child’s IQ score when their environment supports intellectual skill development

A

Their IQs are higher

73
Q

What is significant about IQ scores of black children adopted into white families

A

They were higher

74
Q

What parental characteristic is correlated with children’s IQ scores

A

Parental educational level

75
Q

What did most researchers endorse as the cause for intelligence level

A

A combination of both genetic and environmental interactions

76
Q

Theory that states intelligence consists of three forms

A

Sternberg’s triarchic theory

77
Q

What are the three components of Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence

A

Analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence

78
Q

Type of intelligence referring to the ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare and contrast

A

Analytical intelligence

79
Q

Intelligence consisting of the ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine

A

Creative intelligence

80
Q

Type of intelligence involving the ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice

A

Practical intelligence

81
Q

Siri that states that intelligence is composed of many separate and independent elements

A

Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

82
Q

What are the seven and the show categories of Gardners theory of multiple intelligences

A

Linguistic, number, musical, visual arts, bodily movements, social, scientific

83
Q

What are the three pieces of evidence to support the gardeners theory of multiple intelligences

A

Each area is associated with the part of the brain
There are prodigies in each area
Each exhibits a distinctive developmental trajectory

84
Q

How many words does a child have in their vocabulary at age 6

A

10,000 words

85
Q

How many words does a child have in their vocabulary at age 11

A

40,000 words

86
Q

What words are they more likely to learn

A

Words that they here or that matter to them

87
Q

What is an important part of language that children start to understand in middle childhood that helps them to appreciate jokes

A

The ambiguity in language

88
Q

The ability to use language to achieve very canes in different circumstances

A

Pragmatic skills

89
Q

What are two important language skills that children develop during middle childhood

A

Pragmatic skills and persuasive skills

90
Q

Better understanding of how to sway parents and other people

A

Persuasive skills

91
Q

What are the five stages of learning to read according to Chall

A

Stage 0 ages 0-6 years- old letter recognition and pre-reading
Stage one ages 7 to 8 years old- translate letters and sounds into words
Stage two ages 9 to 14 years old- fluency gained
Stage 3 also 9-14 years old- ability to acquire information from print
Stage 4 14-18- learn to coordinate multiple perspectives

92
Q

What are the three methods for teaching literary skills

A

Whole language approach, basic skills approach, unified approach

93
Q

Teaches reading of entire words from the onset

A

Whole language approach

94
Q

Emphasizes awareness of the sound patterns of language

A

Basic skills approach

95
Q

Combines both reading an entire words and awareness of the sound patterns of language

A

Unified approach

96
Q

What are the two common approaches to second language instruction

A

English as a second language and bilingual approach

97
Q

Classes taught entirely in English to children who speak another language

A

English as a second language

98
Q

Instruction in both English and native language

A

Bilingual approach

99
Q

Fluency in a second language is added to competence and native language

A

Additive language development methods

100
Q

How many years does it take to speak a second language well enough to meet practical challenges in daily life

A

2 to 5 years

101
Q

How many years does it take to learn english well enough to be able to do academic work in English

A

4 to 7 years

102
Q

What area of the brain involves processing first and second languages

A

Broca’s area

103
Q

What part of the brain do you neural imaging studies show active when native English speakers read English

A

Broca’s area and frontal cortex of the left hemisphere

104
Q

What affects the brain organization

A

Timing of exposure

105
Q

What part of the brain do native signers activate when signing

A

Both the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere as well as Broca’s area

106
Q

At what age do most children in the United States start school

A

Five

107
Q

What is the percent of primary school enrollment worldwide

A

82%

108
Q

What are the variables that may affect a child being enrolled in school

A

War, poverty, disease, gender and so on

109
Q

What are some influences on school achievement

A

Affluence versus poverty, parental education and attitude, residential stability

110
Q

Is physical development more or less rapid in middle childhood?

A

Less

111
Q

In middle childhood children still describe themselves in terms of

A

External features

112
Q

Besides external features in middle childhood children describe themselves by these additional features

A

They compare themselves to peers
More focus on internal life ( i’m nice, I’m kind)
Describe psychological characteristics

113
Q

Harter’s six major components of self-concept

A 
Global self-esteem
Scholastic competence
Social acceptance
Physical appearance
Athletic competence
Behavioral conduct
114
Q

The five components of ethnic identity

A 
Ethnic self identification
Ethnic constancy
Ethnic role behavior
Ethnic knowledge
Ethnic feelings and preferences
115
Q

During The end of middle childhood what concepts do children start to develop

A

They begin to integrate race and ethnicity

They also start thinking of self in terms of romantic and sexual attraction

116
Q

What type of parental attachment are more likely to behave in socially approved ways

A

Secure parental attachment

117
Q

Joint planning and regulation

A

Coregulation

118
Q

Reduced monitoring and guidance and parents are under stress

A

Minimal parenting

119
Q

Children at the end of middle childhood start to develop what ideas about morality

A

increased focus on intention rather than outcome
Increasing differentiation among different domains
Increasingly give different judgments across different issues and context
Highly developed idea about right and wrong

120
Q

How many years after divorce do most families regain some level of stability

A

2 to 3 years

121
Q

What are the factors affecting a child’s response to divorce

A

Age and temperament, quality of parenting, intervention in the legal system

122
Q

What is the fastest growing group of unmarried mothers

A

Employed college educated women

123
Q

What are three main problems for custodial grandparents

A

They have more stressors, they are more likely to be poor, and they have no health insurance

124
Q

What type of method is used to determine status in a peer group

A

Sociometric method

125
Q

Two groups each with its own distinctive profile

A

Sociometrically popular

126
Q

Children that are loved or hated

A

Sociometricly controversial

127
Q

Children who tend to be disruptive, inattentive, aggressive

A

Sociometrically rejected

128
Q

Children who tend to be overlooked by peers

A

Sociometrically neglected

129
Q

This is the least stable of all the sociometric categories

A

Sociometrically neglected

130
Q

This sociometric category usually predicts later problem such as drug abuse and depression

A

Sociometrically rejected

131
Q

Peter category of children that has typical behavior for their age

A

Sociometrically average

132
Q

Reflects the compatibility between a specific child and specific environment

A

Sociometric status

133
Q

Which type of children are most likely to be bullied

A

Children who have unusual physical characteristics or who appear vulnerable

134
Q

What is a deterrent to bullying

A

Helping children create friendships

135
Q

Which had the families are the heaviest TV users

A

Low income families

136
Q

What is television viewing a good predictor of

A

Weight gain

137
Q

What are the four strategies for safe television viewing

A

School program such as TV turn off week
Parental control
Government regulation
Technology such as the V-chip

138
Q

What are the most common fears of school-age children

A

Dark and burglars

139
Q

What percentage of children develop anxiety disorders

A

10%

140
Q

What are the characteristics of children with school phobia

A

They have low expectations about their coping skills, and tend to become anxious and upset in ambiguous situations

141
Q

At what age do boys and girls start to engage in relational aggression

A

As early as three years old

142
Q

What contributes to the development of chronic aggressive behavior according to Dodge and Pettit’s biosocial model

A

Predispositions, socio-cultural context, and peer experiences

143
Q

What are the four factors that contribute to resiliency

A

Warm secure parental relationship
Supportive teachers
Strong self concepts
Peer friendships

CAS 325A (3 decks)

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