EXAM 1 Flashcards
Cognitive thought develops in four qualitatively different stages ranging from exploring through the sense and motor abilities to abstract, logical thinking
Piaget
Humans are limited in how much information they can process at any given time
Information processing theory
Psychology is the science of behavior and as much deals only with observable ask that can be objectively described in terms such as stimulus and response
Behaviorist theory
People learn from observing other people
Social learning theory
Development is lifelong and involves a number of psychosocial tasks
Ericsson
From conception to birth
Prenatal Period
birth to two years old
Infancy and toddlerhood
Two years to six years old
Early childhood
Six years to 11 years old
Middle childhood
Motor development and physical health and illness: Brain, nervous system, muscles, senses, etc.
Physical development
Thinking reasoning and language development: memory, learning, problem-solving, intelligence
Cognitive development
Changes in emotions, self-concept, and interpersonal relationships: interaction with others, Peer relationships
Social/emotional development
Stability and change of a persons characteristics
Personality development
Why do we change
Nature versus nurture
How do we change
Continuity and discontinuity
When does learning take place
Critical versus sensitive period
How are we alike and how are we different from each other
Universality and diversity
The inherited or genetic characteristics of a person
Nature
The environmental influences that shape behavior
Nurture
Gradual changes that occur little by little overtime
Continuity
Changes that are sudden and qualitative rather than gradual and quantitative
Discontinuity
A specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences
Critical Period
The period during which organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli, but the absence of the stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences
Sensitive period
An organized set of ideas that are designed to explain and make predictions about development
Child development theory
Primitive drives related to hunger, sex aggression and irrational impulses; operates by pleasure principles, in which the goals are to maximize satisfaction and reduce tension
Id
The part that is rational and reasonable; operates by reality principle, in which instinctual energy is restrained to maintain the safety of the individual and help integrate the person into society
ego
Represents a persons conscience, incorporating distinctions between right and wrong. It develops around age 5 or six and is learned from an individual’s parents, teachers, and other significant figures
super ego
The theory that states that developmental change occurs throughout our lives in eight distinct stages. The stages emerge in a fixed pattern and are similar for all people.
Eric Erickson Psychosocial theory
Describes development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. Early experiences are emphasized
Freud psychoanalytic theories
Theory that states that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development
Piaget’s cognitive development theory
A socio-cultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development
Vygotsky’s socio-cultural cognitive theory
Emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. Central to this theory are the processes of memory and thinking
The information processing theory
The consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior’s occurrence
Operant conditioning
Theory that behavior environment and cognition are the key factors in development
Bandura’s social cognitive theory
Theory that stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods
Ethology
Emphasizes that self efficacy is a key person/cognitive factor in children’s achievement
Bandura
And environmental systems theory that focuses on five environmental systems
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory
Bronfenbrenner’s five environmental system
Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem
The setting in which the individual lives
Microsystem
Relations between Microsystems
Mesosystem
links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individuals immediate context
Exosystem
The culture in which individuals live
Macrosystem
The patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course as well as socio-historical circumstances
Chronosystem
And orientation that does not follow any one theoretical approach but rather selects from each theory whatever is considered the best in it
Eclectic theoretical orientation
The approach to the study of development that states behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflict which a person has little awareness or control
Freud’s psychosexual theory
The five is psychosexual stages of development
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
The three parts of personality
Id, ego, superego
The part of the personality a person is unaware of it contains infantile wishes, desires, demands, and needs, that are hidden, because of their disturbing nature, from conscious awareness
Unconscious
Primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and air rational impulses; operates by pleasure principles in which the goals are to maximize satisfaction and reduce tension
Id
Is the part that is rational and reasonable operates by reality principle in which instinctual energy is restrained to maintain the safety of the individual and help integrate the person into society
Ego
Represents a persons conscience incorporating distinctions between right and wrong it develops around age 5 or six and is learn from an individual’s parents teachers and other significant figures
Super ego
Theory that suggests that developmental changes occurred throughout our lives in eight distinct stages. The stages of emerge in a fixed pattern and are similar for all people. Each stage represents a crisis or conflict that the individual must resolve
Eric Erickson psychosocial theory
What does Erikson psychosocial theory emphasize
Social environment, culture, contextual issues
Who began the American study of behaviorism
John Watson
Who did research to support Watsons theory
BF Skinner
What are the keys to understanding development according to learning theory
Observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment
Molding children’s behavior by controlling stimulus – response association
Classical conditioning
A thing that can already elicit a response
Unconditioned stimulus
A thing that is already elicited by a stimulus
Unconditioned response
A new stimulus we deliver the same time we gave the old stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
The new stimulus – response relationship we created by associating a new stimulus with an old response
Conditioned response
A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weekend depending on its association with positive or negative consequences
Operant conditioning on
A consequence that increases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows
Reinforcement
Rewarding people by giving a reward
Positive reinforcement
Rewording people by taking away an unpleasant thing
Negative reinforcement
A consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows
Punishment
Theory that states behavior environment and cognition is the key factors in development
Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory
What is the main focus of social cognitive theory
Observational learning that occurs through observing what others do
What are the three elements of social cognitive theory
Behavior, the person/cognition, and the environment
Theory that states the children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development
Piaget’s cognitive development theory
What are the four stages of Piaget’s cognitive development theory
Sensorimotor stage, Preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, formal operational stage
The infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions. An infant progresses from reflexive, instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought toward the end of the stage.
Sensorimotor stage
The child begins to represent the world with words and images. These words and images reflect increased symbolic thinking and go beyond the connection of sensory information and physical action
Preoperational stage
The child to now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets
Concrete operational stage
The adolescent reasons in more abstract idealistic and logical ways
Formal operational stage
Piaget stage at birth to 2 years of age
Sensorimotor stage
Piaget’s stage from 2 to 7 years of age
Preoperational stage
Piaget stage from 7 to 11 years of age
Concrete operational stage
Piaget’s stage of 11 years of age through adulthood
Formal operational stage
The process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking
Assimilation
The process that changes the existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or events
Accommodation
Theory that states that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. Central to this theory are the processes of memory and thinking
Information processing theory
Theory that states that individuals develop a gradually increasing capacity for processing information, which allows them to acquire increasingly complex knowledge and skills
Information processing theory
Theory that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interaction between members of a culture
Vygotsky Contextual perspective
A teaching style that matches the amount of assistance given to the learner’s needs
Scaffolding
The difference between what one can do with health and what one can do alone
Zone of proximal development
Theory that emphasizes the impact of various aspects of the environment on child development
Urie Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory
Five systems of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory
Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, Chronosystem
System that includes family, school, daycare, peers, neighborhood play area
Microsystem
System that includes the interaction among different microsystems
Mesosystem
System that includes extended family, neighbors, community services
exosystem
System that includes media, attitudes, beliefs, culture
Macrosystem
System that includes the dimensions of time
Chronosystem
Theory that views development from an evolutionary perspective in this theory many behaviors are adaptive – they have survival value
Ethology
Rapid, innate learning that occurs within a critical period of time and that involves attachment to the first moving object infant seas
Imprinting
Research design that includes independent variable dependent variables and random assignment
Experimental design
Studies measuring individual change over long periods of time
Longitudinal studies
Study in with people of different ages are compared at the same point of time
Cross sectional study
Studies in which researchers examine members of a number of different age groups at several points in time
Sequential Study
Perspective that states different pathways can lead to similar developmental outcomes
Dynamic systems perspective
A research design whose goal is to describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics
Correlational research
What are the four elements of ethics in research
Safety, informed consent, do no harm, privacy
Evolutionary process by which those individuals of the species that are best adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce
Natural selection
Emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior
Evolutionary psychology
Threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acids or DNA
Chromosome
How many pairs of chromosomes do we have
23 pairs
