Final Flashcards
Watch System
Watchmen patrolled urban areas at night to provide protection against harm.
Community Policing
Emphasizes fear reduction, community organizations and order maintenance rather than crime fighting.
Juvenile Officers
Police officers who specialize in dealing with juvenile offenders, they may operate alone or a juvenile police unit.
Role Conflicts
Conflicts police officers face that revolve around the requirement to perform their primary duty of law enforcement and a desire to aid in rehabilitating youthful offenders.
Informant
A person who has access to criminal networks and shares information with authorities in exchange for money or special treatment.
Problem Oriented Policing
Law enforcement that focuses on addressing the problems underlying incidents of juvenile delinquency rather that the incidents alone.
Arrest
Taking a person into custody of law to restrain the accused until he/she can be held accountable for the offense in court.
Probable Cause
Reasonable grounds to believe the existence of facts that an offense was committed and that the accused committed that offense.
Search and Seizure
Protects citizens from any search and seizure unlawfully performed by police.
Custodial Interrogation
Questions by police to a suspect held in custody during prejudicial stage of juvenile process.
Miranda Warning
Supreme Court decisions require police to inform people of their rights when arrested.
Discretion
Use of personal decision making and choice in carrying out operations in criminal justice system.
Procedural Justice
An evaluation of the fairness of the manner in which offenders or another group’s problem or dispute was handled by police.
Pulling Levers Policing
Focused deterrence strategy that involves applying all available measures or “levers” to police as well as communication with offenders to reduce a targeted delinquent.
Guardian ad litem
Court appointed attorney who protects the interests of the child in cases involving the child’s welfare.
Public Defender
Attorney who works in a public agency or under private contractual agreement as defense counsel to indigent defendants.
Juvenile Defense Attorney
Represents children in juvenile courts and plays an active role at all stages of the proceedings.
Juvenile Prosecutor
Government attorney responsible for representing the interest of the state and bringing the case against the accused juvenile.
Juvenile Court Justice
A judge elected or appointed to preside over juvenile cases whose decisions can only be reviewed by a judge of a higher court.
Shelter Care
A place for temporary care of children in physically unrestricting facilities.
Prevention Detention
Keepings the accused in custody prior to the trial because they are a danger.
Intake
Process during which a juvenile referral is received and a decision made to file a petition in juvenile court to release a juvenile, to place the juvenile under supervision or to refer the juvenile elsewhere.
Diversion
Officially halting or suspending a formal criminal or juvenile justice proceeding at and legally prescribed processing part after a recorded justice system entry. Referral of that person to a treatment or case program.
Widening The Net
Phenomenon that occurs when programs created to divert youths from the justice systems actually involve them more deeply in the official process.
Complaint
Report made by police or some other agency to the court that initiates the intake process.
Transfer Process
Transferring a juvenile from juvenile court to the adult criminal court.
Least Detrimental Alternative
Choosing a program that will best foster a child’s growth and development.
Intermediate Sentencing
Doesn’t specify the length of time the juvenile must be held rather for correctional authorities to decide when the juvenile is ready to return to society.
Determine Sentencing
The fixed term of detention that must be served.
Mandatory Sentencing
Sentences are defined by a statutory requirement that states the penalty to be set for all cases of a specific offense.
Final Order
Order that ends litigation between two parties by determining all their rights and disposing of all the issues.
Appellate Process
Allows the juvenile opportunity to have the case brought before a reviewing court after it has been heard in juvenile or family court.
Confidentiality
Restricting information in juvenile court proceedings in the interest of protecting the privacy of the juvenile.
Community Treatment
Using non-secure and non-institutionalized residences, counseling services, victim restitution programs, and other community services to treat juveniles in their communities.
Suppression Effect
Reduction of the number of arrests per year for youths who have been incarcerated or punished.
Probation
Supervised release from jail..
Pre-Disposition Report
Developed by juvenile probation officer includes clinical diagnosis of juvenile and the need for court assistance and other information in developing a treatment plan.
Balanced Probation
Program that integrates community protection and accountability of juvenile offender based on the principle that the juvenile offender must accept responsibility for their behavior.
Monetary Restitution
Offenders compensate crime victims for out of pocket losses caused by that crimee, including property damage, lost wages and medical expenses.
Victim Service Restitution
Offenders provide some service directly to that crime victim..
Community Service Restitution
Offenders assist some worthwhile community organization for a period of time.
Group Home
Non-secured structured residences that provide counseling, education, job training and family living.
Family Group Home
Combination of foster care and group home, run by a single family instead of a profession staff.
Rural Programs
Specific recreation and work opportunities provided for juvenile in a rural setting such as forestry camp, farm or ranch.
Reform Schools
Institution in which education and psychological services are used in an effort to improve the conduct of juveniles or are forcibly detained.
Cottage System
Housing in a compound of small cottages, each which can accommodate 20-40 children.
Least Restrictive Alternative
A program with the least restrictive or secure setting that will benefit the child.
Behavior Modification
Technique for shaping desired behaviors through a system of rewards and punishments.
Guided Group Interaction
Delinquents can acknowledge and solve personal problems with supports from other group members.
Positive Peer Culture
Counseling program in which peer leaders encourage other group members to modify their behaviors and peers help reinforce acceptable behaviors.
Milieu Therapy
All aspects of the environment are part of the treatment and meaningful change, increased growth and satisfactory adjustment are enxcouraged.
Meta Analysis
An analysis technique that synthesizes results of the program over time.
Aftercare
Transitional assistance to juvenile’s equivalent to adult parole to help youths adjusts to community life.
Reentry
Process and experience of returning to society upon release from custody facility post adjudication.
Pledge System
Early English system where neighbors protected each other from thieves and warring groups.
Warantless Searches
- Stop and Frisk
- Search incidents to arrest
- Automobile Search
- Consent Search
- Plain view
- Electronic Surveillance
- Home Entry
Police Strategies to Prevent Delinquency
- Aggressive law enforcement
- Police in schools
- Community policing
- Problem oriented policing
Waiver Procedures
- Concurrent jurisdiction-14 states and DC, the prosecutor has the discretion of filing charges for certain offenses in either juvenile or criminal court.
- Statutory Exclusion Policies- in 29 states, certain offense are automatically excluded from juvenile court can be minor or serious. Accounts for the largest number of juveniles tried as adults.
- Judicial Waiver: A hearing is held before a juvenile court judge who then decides whether jurisdiction should be waived and the case is transferred to criminal court. 44 states and DC offer provisions for juvenile waivers.
Concurrent Jurisdiction
14 states and DC, the prosecutor has the discretion to file charges on certain offenses in either juvenile or criminal court.
Statutory Exclusion Policies
in 29 states, certain offenses are automatically excluded from juvenile court and transferred to adult court. Number on reason why juveniles are tried as adults.
