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Physiology II > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

0
Q

paracrines (2)

A

somatostatin

histamine

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1
Q

hormones (5)

A 
gastrin
CCK
secretin
GIP
motilin
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2
Q

neurocrines (5)

A 
ACh
norepinephrine
VIP
GRP
Substance P
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3
Q

VIP functions (4)

A

relaxation of smooth muscle
increased pancreatic H2O & HCO3 secretion
increased intestinal secretions
inhibits gastrin-stimulated H+ secretion

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4
Q

Bombesin/GRP function

A

mediates vagally-stimulated gastrin release from gastric G cells

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5
Q

what mediates relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter

A

VIP

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6
Q

norepinephrine functions (3)

A

increased salivary secretions
contraction of sphincters
relaxation of smooth muscle

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7
Q

location of myenteric plexus

A

between the longitudinal & circular muscle layers

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8
Q

location of submucosal plexus

A

in the submucosal layer

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9
Q

sympathetic innervation of the salivary glands?

A

cervical ganglia

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10
Q

sympathetic innervation to the stomach?

A

celiac ganglia

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11
Q

ACh functions (3)

A

increased gastric secretions
relaxation of sphincters
contraction of smooth muscle

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12
Q

enkephalins functions (2)

A

contraction of smooth muscle

decreased intestinal secretion

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13
Q

neuropeptide Y functions (2)

A

relaxation of smooth muscle

decreases intestinal secretion

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14
Q

Substance P functions (2)

A

contraction of smooth muscle

increased salivary secretion

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15
Q

oral phase?

A

initiation of the swallowing reflex

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16
Q

pharyngeal phase?

A

breathing is inhibited

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17
Q

esophageal phase?

A

propels food through the esophagus

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18
Q

omeprazole inhibits?

A

H+/K+ pump

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19
Q

stimulator of primary peristalsis?

A

medullary swallowing center

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20
Q

gastric secretions use?

A

H+/K+ pump

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21
Q

mechanisms of gastric secretion in the parietal cell (4)

A

stimulation of CCK receptors by gastrin
stimulation of muscarinic receptors by ACh
H2 receptors by gastrin-induced histamine
H2 receptors by ACh-induced histamine

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22
Q

pepsinogen secreted by?

A

chief cells

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23
Q

mucous neck cells secrete?

A

mucus & pepsinogen

24
Q

factors that increase gastric emptying (3)

A

PNS stimulation
Gastric distension
Gastrin & motilin

25
Q

factors that decrease gastric emptying (3)

A

SNS stimulation
Secretin, CCK, GIP
Enterogastric reflex (food digestion products present in duodenum)

26
Q

cephalic phase stimulator

27
Q

gastric phase stimulators (2)

A

distension

peptides, amino acids

28
Q

increases gastric mixing & emptying (4)

A

PNS stimulation
gastric distension
gastrin & motilin

29
Q

increases gastric emptying during migrating myoelectrical complexes (2)

A

gastrin

motilin

30
Q

decreases gastric emptying & mixing (6)

A 
SNS
secretin
CCK
GIP
H+
digestion products of fats & proteins
31
Q

pancreatic juice at low flow rates?

A

bicarbonate is lowest

chloride is highest

32
Q

as flow rate increases, pancreatic juice:

A

concentration of bicarb increases

33
Q

regardless of flow rate, pancreatic juice is (2)

A

isotonic

Na+ & K+ are always similar to plasma

34
Q

mediator of pancreatic cephalic phase

A

PNS

stimulatory phase

35
Q

mediator of gastric phase of pancreatic secretion

A 
gastric distension (vasovagal reflex)
stimulatory phase
36
Q

fats & protein products in the duodenum stimulate?

A

CCK from I cells

increased pancreatic enzyme secretion

37
Q

H+ in the duodenum stimulates?

A

secretin from S cells

increased aqueous component of pancreatic juice

38
Q

CCK effects of the gallbladder (2) & stimulation?

A

contraction of the gallbladder
relaxation of sphincter of Oddi

CCK is stimulated by ingestion of a fat-rich meal

39
Q

increases intestinal motility (5)

A 
ACh
motilin
CCK
Substance P
Enkephalins
40
Q

decreases intestinal motility (5)

A 
Norepi
Somatostatin
Secretin
GIP
VIP
41
Q

CCK functions in pancreas, liver, & gallbladder (4)

A

gallbladder contraction
increased pancreatic enzyme secretion
relaxation of sphincter of Oddi
potentiates secretin-induced stimulation of pancreatic HCO3 secretion

42
Q

secretin functions on gallbladder, liver, and pancreas (3)

A

increased pancreatic HCO3 secretion
increased HCO3 & H2O secretion by the liver
increased bile production

43
Q

enterogastric reflex

A

decreases gastric emptying when food digestion products are present in the duodenum

44
Q

gastroileal reflex

A

gastric secretion or motility will increase ileal motility

45
Q

ileocecal reflex

A

distension of the ileum relaxes ileocecal sphincter

46
Q

gastrocolic reflex

A

distension of the stomach (after a meal) increases colonic motility
results in the urge to defecate

47
Q

defecation reflex

A

distention of the rectum causes a reflex relaxation of the internal anal sphincter

48
Q

absorption of glucose & galactose (method & channel)

A

Na+-dependent secondary active transport

SGLT1

49
Q

fructose absorption

A

facilitated diffusion

50
Q

glucose, galactose, & fructose transport across basolateral membrane

A

facilitated diffusion via GLUT2

51
Q

amino acid absorption (where & how)

A

in the small intestine

co-transport with sodium

52
Q

amino acid transport across basolateral membrane

A

facilitated diffusion

53
Q

dipeptide & tripeptide absorption & transport across basolateral membrane

A

co-transport w/ hydrogen

passively diffuse across basolateral membrane

54
Q

fatty acid absorption

A

passive diffusion

55
Q

pancreatic lipase reaction

A

TGs –> 2-monoglyceride & fatty acid

56
Q

cholesterolester hydrolase products

A

cholesterol
fatty acid
glycerol

57
Q

phospholipase A2 products

A

lycolecithin

fatty acid

Physiology II (4 decks)

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