Final Flashcards
1
Q
Voluntarism
A
- Created by Wundt
- Goal was to understand consciousness as it is experienced and understand the mental laws that govern the dynamics of consciousness
- 1st (School of Thought) System of Psychology
- Emphasis on will, choice, and purpose
- Still a part of contemporary psych. today
2
Q
Structuralism
A
- Created by Titchener
- Goal was to find the what, how, and why of mental life
- Thought to be first system but was actually second
- Sought only to describe mental experience, unlike Wundt
- Focused on observable conscious events via introspection
- The structure of the adult, normally functioning, human mind was what Titchener wanted to describe
- Virtually extinct
3
Q
Functionalism
A
- Created by John Dewey’s publication “The Reflex Arc in Psychology”
- Never was a well-defined system, unorganized, liberal, and open
- Strongly tied to Darwin’s theory of evolution
- Goal was to understand the function of the mind, the “is for” rather than the “is” of the mind
- William James held biggest influence
- Interested in individual differences that allow us to adapt to our environment
4
Q
Psychoanalysis
A
- Created by Freud
- Goal was to understand the causes of mental illnesses
- Revolve around consciousness
- Freud: Sexual motivations causing mental disorders
- Very closed system
- Failed because of its inability to evolve
5
Q
Early Psychoanalysis Alternatives
A
- Focused on social causes of mental disorders and also life stages past childhood
- Jung: Collective unconscious and self-actualization
- Adler: The creative self
- Horney: Cultural causes for mental disorders
- Erikson: Stage theorist of life-span development
6
Q
Behaviorism
A
- Created by Watson
- aka objective psychology
- Goal was the prediction and control of behavior
- Brought on respondent conditioning
- Still around today
7
Q
Neobehaviorism
A
- Resulted from the combination of behaviorism and logical positivism
- Use of nonhuman animals for research because variables are easier to control and information learned can be generalized for human’s behavior
- Brought on Operant conditioning: reinforcement and punishment
- Skinner
- viewed as precursor for cognitive psych
- still used in experimental psych today
8
Q
Humanistic
A
- aka third force psych (the mind, body, and spirit)
- Created by Maslow
- Hierarchy of needs
- Focused on the specificity of man, upon that which sets him apart from mall other species
- Believed study of nonhuman animals was irrelevant in helping understand humans
- Goal was to formulate a complete description of what it means to be a human being
- also involved self-actualization like Jung’s psychoanalysis
- said to have been formed by the fusion of psychoanalysis and behaviorism
9
Q
Person Centered Therapy
A
- Created by Rogers
- Focused on Self-actualization
- Increased openness to experience. All the emotion, cognitions, and perceptions occurring to the organism at any given moment that potentially can be consciously considered.
- The person is “time competent”…experiencing life in the here and now. They live existentially, going with the flow…no rigid preconceptions that things must be the way they have been in the past and without needing to control how things should be in the future.
- The person places full trust in his or her intuitions. Doing what feels right after weighing all of the available info.
10
Q
Contemporary Psychology
A
- (2nd wave of behavior therapy) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) by Beck: behavioral activation, challenge of negative automatic thoughts, and schema modification
- BA found most effective component
- (3rd wave) Contextual Behavior Therapy: Acceptance of symptoms, target avoidance behavior, and practice mindfulness
11
Q
Comparison of Freud and Skinner
A
- Skinner’s ideas of reinforcements and punishments help explain Freud’s psychosexual stages of development exceptionally.
- For example, in the oral stage a baby seeks pleasure from oral gestures, which could be considered positive reinforcements. Too much positive reinforcement could explain the over gratification that causes a fixation in this stage of development.
12
Q
Why is psychology a science
A
- Because it is a way of knowing characterized by the attempt to apply objective, empirical methods when searching for causes of natural events.
- The history of psych is old although the discipline is young, and knowing your history helps guide your future
13
Q
Hierarchy of needs
A
-Activate and direct human behavior Pyramid of needs: -----self-actualization ----esteem ---love --safety -physiological
14
Q
Characteristics of needs (7)
A
- The lower the need is on the pyramid, the greater the strength and priority
- Higher needs appear later in life
- Failure to satisfy lower needs produces a crisis
- Higher needs contribute to survival and growth
- Satisfaction of higher needs leads to commitment, happiness, and fulfillment
- Gratification of higher needs requires better external circumstances
- Need does not have to be fully satisfied before next need becomes important
15
Q
Physiological Needs
A
Encompasses specific biological requirements for water, oxygen, proteins, vitamins, proper body temperature, sleep, sex, exercise, etc…
16
Q
Safety Needs
A
Encompasses security, protection, stability, structure, law and order, and freedom from chaos and fear.
17
Q
Belongingness and Love Needs
A
Orient a person toward affectionate relationships with people, and a sense of place in family and groups.
18
Q
Esteem needs (2)
A
- Personal drives for adequacy, mastery, competence, achievement, confidence, independence, and freedom
- Receiving from other people: fame, dominance, status, recognition, or social success.
19
Q
Self-Actualization Needs
A
“What a person CAN BE, that person feels compelled TO BECOME.” aka Be all you can be
20
Q
Review conditioning in chapter 12-13 note cards
A
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21
Q
Psychosocial Stages of Development (8)
A
- Trust vs mistrust
- Autonomy vs doubt and shame
- Initiative vs guilt
- Industry vs inferiority
- Identity cohesion vs role confusion
- Intimacy vs Isolation
- Generativity vs Stagnation
- Ego integrity vs Despair
22
Q
Trust vs mistrust
A
- Oral-sensory
- Trust-reasonable trust fullness of others and trustworthiness of oneself
- Basic strength is hope…one’s desires will be satisfied
23
Q
Autonomy vs doubt and shame
A
- Muscular-anal stage
- 2 and 3 years of life
- Toilet training…holds very similar views to the psychoanalytic perspective
- Strength is will…free will and choice
24
Q
Initiative vs guilt
A
- Locomotor-genital stage
- 3 to 5 years of life
- Child begins to grow together both physically and psychologically.
- Resolution of the Oedipus or Elextra complex
- Conscience becomes established
- Strength is purpose…
25
Q
Industry vs inferiority
A
- Latency stage
- 6 to 11 years old
- Begin to engage in the adult world.
- Refinement of social skills
- Strength is competence…exertion of skill and intelligence in pursuing and completing tasks.
26
Q
Identity cohesion vs role confusion
A
- Adolescence
- 12 to 18
- Must resolve the crisis of our basic ego identity…our personality or self-image.
- Role confusion- don’t know who they are, what they want to do, or where they are going. May result to crime…even a negative identity is better than no identity at all.
- Strength is fidelity…sincerity, genuineness, sense of duty in relationships with others.
27
Q
Intimacy vs Isolation
A
- Young adulthood
- 18 to 35
- Productive work and establish intimate relationships.
- Strength that develops is love…greatest human virtue.
28
Q
Generativity vs Stagnation
A
- Adulthood
- 35 to 55
- Generativity is primarily the interest in establishing and guiding the next generation.
- Similar to Jung’s mid-life crisis
- Strength is care…a broad concern for others…manifested in the need to teach.
29
Q
Ego integrity vs Despair
A
- Old age
- Past 55
- Ego integrity is found by being able to accept one’s place and one’s past.
- Despair occurs if we view our lives with frustration and anger…leading to being disgusted with ourselves and bitter…unconscious fear of death.
- Strength is wisdom…detached concern for the whole of life.
