Final Flashcards by Sierra Hernandez

A “powerful” statistical test is a test in which _____.

The probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis is high

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This statistical procedure is used when one desires to predict the value of a dependent variable from knowledge of the value of an independent variable.

regression analysis

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One can get a general idea of whether two means are significantly different if, on a graph, the values of these
do not overlap.

95 % confidence

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This term refers to the prediction of “Y” from a known value of “X” that is beyond the range of the actual
data.

extrapolation

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Which is false regarding data that are suitable for parametric tests?

sampled data are measured on an ordinal scale

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nothing

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R-squared (r2

) is also known as the _____.

coefficient of determination

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The central limit theorem states that _____.

the means of samples from a normally distributed population

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The outcomes of statistical tests are usually found in this section of a primary literature paper.

results

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A t-distribution with infinite degrees of freedom is identical to this distribution.

normal

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An observed frequency distribution of a given type will more closely conform to a theoretical frequency
distribution of the same type under this condition.

increased

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. Statistical “error” often refers to the level of confidence that one has regarding how well the statistics of
_____ estimate the statistics of _____.

samples, population

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The volume of blood (ml) is measured on this scale.

ratio

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Which of the following is a type I error?

rejection of a true null hypothesis

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The percentage results of political polls as reported on television usually have a “margin of error”
accompanying the percentages. What is a “margin of error?”

95% confidence interval

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In an ANCOVA, the covariate is a _____ variable.

continuous

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This calculated value is used in conjunction with a statistical table to determine the probability of a null hypothesis being true.

test statistic

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The shape of this theoretical probability distribution is determined by the mean and standard deviation.

normal distribution

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The cases of this distribution consist of individual sample means taken from a population.

sample distribution

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The strength of the relationship in a correlation analysis is shown by this value.

correlation

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The goal of this statistical test is to determine if the means of two separate groups are different. Data are not
normally distributed but the group variances are equal.

Mann-Whitney

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How many asterisks indicate a significance level of P<0.001?

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This general term describes the conclusion about any null hypothesis that has been statistically rejected.

significant

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H0: σa2= σb2

is the proper null hypothesis for this statistical test.

Bartlett and Levine

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This is the alpha level that most biologists use when testing a null hypothesis.

0.05

This principle states that sample means from a normally distributed population will be normally distributed regardless of sample size

central limit theorem

This is the result when a true null hypothesis is rejected.

type 1 error

The risk of making a Type 2 error can be reduced by ________.

increasing sample size

If the null hypothesis is A=B, the research hypothesis is ____.

A not = B

The goal of this statistical test is to detect differences between the means of repeated measurements on individuals in one group. Data are skewed and the group variances are unequal.

Wilcoxon

This is the test statistic for a Mann-Whitney test.

Nonparametric tests address either questions of differences or questions of _____.

relationships

This parametric test is considered to be robust.

T-test

This is the name of the tabled value of a test statistic at the specified alpha level.

Critical Value

The goal of this statistical test is to detect differences between two dependent means when the data meet parametric test assumptions.

Paired t-test

T-tests assume that variances between groups are homogeneous. How would you test this assumption?

Bartlett's

H0: μa ≤ μb is a suitable null hypothesis for this nonparametric test.

Wilcoxon

This is the numerical relationship between the standard error of the mean and the standard deviation.

SE=SD/(sqt n)

This mathematical theorem predicts that sample means from a non-normally distributed population will have a normal distribution if the sample size is large enough.

central limit theorem

This frequency distribution is basically a normal distribution whose shape varies with sample size.

t-distribution

The goal of this statistical test is to detect differences among variances of skewed data sets.

levene's

Which test is least powerful? (a) ANOVA; (b) Pearson’s correlation; (c) independent-samples t-test; (d) paired t-test; (e) Mann-Whitney test

Mann-Whitney

To determine the effect of two independent variables on a dependent variable, what is the advantage of doing a single two-way ANOVA as opposed to two separate one-way ANOVAs? (a) a two-way ANOVA is more robust; (b) a two-way ANOVA calculates the effect of a covariate; (c) a two-way ANOVA is easier to use on a calculator; (d) a two-way ANOVA assesses possible interaction between the independent variables; (e) a two-way ANOVA provides a test statistic

(d) a two-way ANOVA assesses possible interaction between the independent variables;

In a standard normal distribution, a z-score of _____ on each side of the mean encloses 95% of the cases.

1.96

In a regression analysis, “Y” is the independent variable and “X” is the dependent variable.

false

The shape of a Poisson distribution is determined by the _____.

mean

This is an important measure of data dispersion.

variance

On a SYSTAT dot graph, these graphics portray variation around the mean.

error bars

This is the square root of the sum-of-squares divided by the sample size.

variance

In an interval scale of measurement, values are neither quantitative nor ranked, and there is no mathematical or value relationship among them.

false

This is an important measure of data central tendency

median

The basic reason scientific knowledge has advanced so remarkably through the years is because many dedicated scientists have proved thousands of hypotheses and theories

false

. The temperature of a human body in Celsius should be measured on a ratio scale.

false

The various species contained within a particular genus of birds should be measured on a ranked scale.

false

The most common data transformation used in biology is the logarithmic transformation.

true

This is the probability of obtaining two heads with one flip of two coins.

0.25

Data that are influenced by many small and unrelated random effects are frequently normally distributed. As a consequence, normally distributed data are widespread and common in nature.

true

The discipline of statistics concerns _____.

using quantitative properties of samples to answer questions | about populations; (b) tallying sports information

This standardized expression permits one to directly compare the relative amount of variation associated with two or more means of one variable.

coefficient of variation

In SYSTAT, this is the preferred quantitative method for students to determine if data are normally distributed.

Komolgorov-Smirnov test

In an ANOVA, this is the normal variation expected in individuals that is not a result of being part of a “group.” It results from such things as individual genetic makeup and environmental history.

error variance

These provide a graphical portrayal of variation around the mean.

error bars

In this scale of measurement, values are neither quantitative nor ranked, and there is no mathematical or value relationship among them.

categorical

The age of a viral particle is measured on this scale.

ratio

In a regression analysis, the regression line is fitted to the data points by this method.

least squares

This is a measure of dispersion.

variance

Who made this statement, “Isn’t that what science is all about...eliminating possibilities?”

Sean Connery

A robust statistical test is a test which _____.

is insensitive to deviations from the assumptions

Which is not an example of statistical inference?

calculating a sample mean

“How heart rate relates to oxygen consumption varies from person to person. Age, weight, sex, body composition, fitness level, and other factors all play a role. Drawing from population models and their own research, the companies that manufacture heart rate monitors have developed formulas that couple heart rate with those different variables and massage it all into an estimate of calorie usage. The onboard calculators found on treadmills, elliptical trainers and other devices use basically the same approach. Depending on the machines, however, they typically don’t allow you to enter as much information about yourself as a heart monitor. The machine might ask for your weight and age, for example, but not your sex or an estimate of your fitness level. Fewer variables mean a rougher guess.” In statistical terms, what is the meaning of the last sentence, “Fewer variables mean a rougher guess?”

lower r^2