Final

Question 1

Define intersex

Answer 1

individual with biological sex outside realm of regular male/female classification due to variation in genes, hormones or anatomy

Question 2

What 3 components make up the 3-part alignment?

Answer 2

Chromosomes
Gonads (internal)
Genitalia (external)

Question 3

What are the two main intersex categories? Define them in the framework of 3-part alignment

Answer 3

Gonadal Intersex
- XX, XY or other
- has both test/ovary tissue
- genitalia ambiguous, male or female
(AIS/CAH) - more common)
- external genitalia does not match chromosome/gonads (which are the same sex)

Question 4

Define transsexual

Answer 4

person who’s bio sex doesn’t match gender identity

Question 5

Define gender dysphoria. How is this different from body dysphoria

Answer 5

Gender dysphoria - dislike of current body because gender ID doesn’t match bio body
Body dysphoria - dislike body because of certain trait

Question 6

Define cisgender

Answer 6

individual who’s bio sex matches gender id

Question 7

What is the difference between cross-dressing and drag?

Answer 7

Cross-dressing - personification of opposite sex through dressing
Drag - performance related - dressing as opposite sex

Question 8

What is the difference between transsexual/gender? (2 each)

Answer 8

Both indicate that biological sex does not match gender identity
Transsexual - seeks to change within 2 sex/gender framework, more likely to undergo transitional surgery
Transgender - identifies to gender that might not fall within 2 sex/gender framework, less likely to undergo transitional surgery

Question 9

What is the difference between transpeople and intersex?

Answer 9

Intersex - anatomy not within 2 sex category, but identify with one specific gender
Transpeople - standard anatomy, but identify with different gender

Question 10

2 Spirits - are examined through framework of BGWSS. Define how a woman-man and man-woman are defined by this

Answer 10

woman-man (opp for man-woman except sex-assignment)
biological sex - male
gender - 3rd gender woman-man
work - female work
sex reassignment - none
sexual orientation - not a lot of evidence, maybe more relationships with men

Question 11

What are 3 reasons that influence women to become sworn virgins?

Answer 11

1 - more freedom
2 - not enough men in society (to work)
3 - avoid arranged marriage without blood feud

Question 12

No country has achieved 100% gender equality as rated by gender gap index (GGI). What are the 4 categories of the GGI and which category is lacking the most?

Answer 12

Political empowerment @ 21%
Economic participation/opportunity
Education
Health & survival

Question 13

What is the correlation between the gender gap index and the global competitive index and gdp growth?

Answer 13

Positive correlation

Question 14

What are 2 questions that examine the relationship between GGI and GCI/GDP? (2)

Answer 14

How well is human talent used?

Women make up 50% of population, how well is their talent used?

Question 15

What are the two ideas discussed about the creation of gender inequality?

Answer 15

the state - federal/country policy supporting female subordination
economic participation/opportunity

Question 16

What makes the Tuareg different than most pastoralists? What contribution do women make to diet, who owns livestock and family home?

Answer 16

Different because of descent system
Women contribute to diet because they own livestock
Women own livestock (consinaguine gifts) and home (dowry)

Question 17

What do “children of the stomach” and “children of men” offer? (Tuareg)

Answer 17

stomach - matrilineal, more likely to take care of mother later in life
men - are thought to inherit fathers intelligence, partner with kins in business settings

Question 18

What are two explanations of gender stratification in Canada regarding economic opps?
What proportion do women make up in workforce working at minimum wage?

Answer 18

Preferential treatment - women discriminated against
Motherhood penalty
Min wage ~70% women

Question 19

How did Norway increase the proportion of women employed as directors?

Answer 19

Rigid enforcement

Trade minister set goal of 40% women representation, companies would face consequences like exchange delisting

Question 20

What are 4 benefits that have arisen from greater women representation on company boards? How has decision making process changed?

Answer 20

Higher level of education
Higher level of preparedness
Higher quality decision making
Better financial performance
Decision making - men (1 contributor, micro perspective)
- women (widespread contribution, macro perspective)

Question 21

What are 2 trends about how men are portrayed in magazine ads? 2 trends for women?

Answer 21

1. males still dominant to women but decreasing
2. males becoming sexualized - objects of desire - suggestive positions
3. females portrayed in more public roles
4. females increasing trend of ritualization of subordination

Question 22

How are men and women (2) portrayed in music videos and games?

Answer 22

women - sexualized, fragile

men - hyper aggressive

Question 23

What are some trends in US films regarding men(1) and women(2)? What about g-rated films(2)?

Answer 23

Men - hyper aggressive
Women - sex objects, underrepresented
G-rated - women twice as likely to be in relationship and be a parent

Question 24

Harrison’s 2003 studied the relationship between “ideal bodies” and the shows females watched. What were the 2 explanations that described this relationship?

Answer 24

Cultivation theory - seeing something repeatedly reinforces belief that it is correct
Mainstreaming - worldwide groups with divergent views converge to one “reality”

Question 25

What is objectification and objectification theory?

Answer 25

objectification - turning a part of a person into an object

objectification theory - framework that explores negative effect of objectification (physical and psychological)

Question 26

What is self objectification? What type of consequences accompany objectification(3)? How have men’s ads changed to increase self objectification?

Answer 26

objectifying one self - becoming critical
positively correlated to depression, eating disorders and shameful feelings
men’s ad changed focus from face to body

Question 27

Describe the changes in market segmentation that has arisen from men’s grooming products? How are the marketers utilizing strategies that have worked on women on men? (2) [BS]

Answer 27

Body as self paradigm - must look good to feel good. Ads serve as benchmark for male body, but unattainable
Segment market to make products gender exclusive

Question 28

Explain the concept of misery is not miserly

Answer 28

Sad experiences carry over to influence economic decisions. Sad people are likely to pay more for their purchases

Question 29

What is the major flaw of Dove’s “real beauty” campaign?

Answer 29

Although the campaign highlighted that the perception of beauty if socially constructed, the focus on appearance is still front and centre

Question 30

What are 6 concepts that can buffer the gender polarization effects in the media?

Answer 30

1. androgynous - males and females score high (31%)
2. gender similarities
3. natural selection predicts little differences between men/women
4. gender polarization doesn’t exist in all socieities (constructed)
5. genders constructed
6. wean off body-as-self paradigm

Question 31

What are the 3 challenges in marketing men’s grooming products?

Answer 31

1. re-market beauty products to men’s grooming products
2. create men’s sections in stores
3. enlist sports sponsors

Question 32

Define market and gender segmentation in the context of the marketers?

Answer 32

Market seg - separate individuals into groups, and convince they belong in these groups?
Gender seg - convince genders they are different and support stereotypes to sell products

Question 33

Briefly discuss the 4 concepts presented in Ceausescus’ Romania. (PICA)

Answer 33

Policy - banned contraception and abortion to increase population for state
Illegal Abortions - women resorted to these, would rather bare death than have another child
Child Abandonment - parents unable to support another child, state rationed resources
AIDS - orphanages spread AIDS as tools used unsanitary, resulted in numerous child deaths